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OF THE 



Hampton [nIorivial and /\gricultural 

INSTITUTE 

AT HAMPTON, VIRGINIA. 



RECORDS 

of Neero and Indian Graduates and ex-Students 



With historical and personal sketches and testimony on important 
race questions from within and without, to which are add- 
ed, by courtesy of Messrs Putnam's Sons, N. Y., 
some of tne Songs of the Races gath- 
ered in the School. 



ILLUSTRATED WITH VIEWS AND MAPS. 



Hampton 

NORMAL SCHOOL PRESS 



I 







HAMPTON NORMAL AGRIC yLTURAL INSTITUTE. 

HAIWPTQN. ,^ 



oo)oy ^ 



From 
AaerlcaK Colonization Society 
May 28, 1913. 

copVrigHted 

1S91 
BY S. C. ARMSTRONG, 

Hampton, va. 



PREFACE. 



IN 1873, the book, " Hampton and its Students," giving the 
early story of the Hampton Institute, illustrative sketches 
and a number of the students' Plantation Melodies, was pub- 
lished By G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, and went through 
several editions, selling chle'fi'y at the concerts of the "Hamp- 
ton Studifnt.s"4hQn "»ipgin,g up the jiA^aJils"^ 04 Virginia Hall, 
the second larsfe buiiding: ereete.d at the School. 

Since that time, its buildings have increased from five or 
six to over fifty; its students from 175 to 650 boarding stu- 
dents, representing twenty-two states and territories; it is 
known as the first of the modern Eastern Schools for Indians 
as well as the first Southern School of its kind for the freedmen, 
and, with sometimes representatives of other races or nationali- 
ties — Afro-Cuban, Russian, Native African, Armenian, Persian, 
Chinese, Japanese, Australian and Hawaiian, — may claim to 
have "put a girdle around the world." Graduating its first class 
in 187 t, it has now 797 graduates (37 of them Indians), almost 
without exception teachers and leaders of their people, chiefly 
in the country districts of Virginia and neighboring SoutlTern 
states These, with at least half as many more colored under- 
graduates who teach and do other work, and over 400 returned 
Indian students, the great majority of whom have done well, 
are the fruit and measure of Hampton's work for two races. 

To keep this progress before the public, on whose intelli- 
gent interest it depends, the School has relied on its Annual 
Reports, its monthly "Southern Workman," and occasional 
pamphlets and outside magazine and newspaper articles; 
with presentations of its cause at Northern meetings and with 
its open doors to the visitors who come in increasing num 
bers — hundreds during the year — to see its work for them- 
selves. 



JV PREFACE. 

This reliance has been justified by the fact that its work 
continues and that its expenses, which have, of course, grown 
in due proportion with its growth, have continued to be met — 
not without hard work — $60,000 having to be raised annually 
from private contributions outside of any other sources of 
supply. — . 

It seems proper now to put into more permanent form a 
record of Hampton's now twenty-five years' work, and espec- 
ially the record of its graduates, which is its permanent test. 
This book is the outcome of this belief, and a response, indeed, 
to wishes expressed by many. 

Friends of Hampton and those who like to trace back 
the streams of influence to their source, will be glad to find 
here General Armstrong's own review of his life work — the 
only such he has ever taken time to write — from the first idea 
of the plan on which it is still developing, and farther yet, 
from the years of unconscious preparation and direction. 

They will enjoy too the "Reminiscences" of the School's 
early days, by its first Treasurer, and genial friend, Gen. J. 
F. B. Marshall, (Paymaster General of Massachusetts Troops 
on the staff of its "war Governor" Andrews), to. whose busi- 
ness reputation,_integrity and skilful management of its finan- 
ces, the School owed much of its early success and growth in 
public confidence — and whose lamented death, since ihe above 
lines v/ei'e written, makes doubly precious to us these last 
kindly words from his pen. 

Illustrations of the School as it now is, in pictures, maps 
and condensed statistics, are also given. 

The Record of Gradua'es and ex-sludents, which forms 
a large part of the bo >k — as its facts form the chief substance 
and value of the School's work — has been prepared with 
much careful labor, extending over more than two years, by 
Miss x\, M. Hobbs and Miss A. E Cleaveland, whose voluntary 
services as. Graduates' Correspondents have been of great 
value to Hampton and its students. Its "Instantaneous Views" 
are so arranged and indexed that it will be easy for those 
whose contributions to the School' have started these young 
people on the up grade, to find their "scholarship boy" or 
girl, and learn, sometimes from original characteristic letters, 



PREFACE. V 

what they have done thus far with their chance to help them- 
selves and their people. 

Specimen letters from State, County and City Superin- 
tendents who employ our graduate teachers are added, for 
their testimony as to the character of their work, and as to 
the relation of the races and the growth of Southern public 
interest in the education of the Negro; to which growth such 
schools as Hampton have given their share of influence. 

Hampton's Twelve Years Work for Indians, from 
1878 to 1S90 — is described with interesting details and 
sketches and a Record of Returned Indian Students 
by Miss Cora M. Folsom, who is eminently qualified 
for the work by long connection w'th the Indian Department 
of the School as teacher, "Indian Graduates' Correspondent," 
and editor of the Indian pages of the "Southern Workman," 
and by several visits to the Indian reservations. 

To this section of the book are added letters from re- 
turned students, missionaries and agents, and a paper on the 
Health Question read at the Mohonk Indian Conference of 
1890, by Dr. M. M. Waldron, for twelve years the School's 
resident ph3^sician. 

The closing summaries of the principal statements in the 
various records may be found convenient for reference. 

While details cover but twenty two years, numbers are 
finally brought up to date. 

By courtesy of Messrs. Geo. P. Putnam's Sons, we are enV 
abled to add to this volume, some of the "Hampton Songs," 
a new edition of which they have issued in a separate vol- 
ume with many interesting additions to the Plantation Melo- 
dies and some curious specimens of Indian, Chinese, Turkish 
and Hawaiian music represented in the School. 

Those who have known the Hampton School long and 
intimately will read between the lines in this book much 
more than there is room for in them, of the picturesque and 
dramatic in Hampton life. 

We hope that what is written will interest them and 
awaken in many others a desire to know more of and to 
share in this work, which, being for the country, belongs to 
the people. H. W, L. 

Hampton Institute, Va., i8gj. 



CONTENTS. 

Page 

Preface - •■ - Helen W. Ludlow - 7 

From THE Beginning - - S.C.Armstrong - - i 

Reminiscences - - J. F. B. Marshall - 12 

Record of Graduates - 

To the Reader - - H. W. L. - - 20 

Instantaneous Views - - j A. H. Hobbs ) 

I A. E. Cleaveland \ "3 

A Summing Up of Graduates' 

Record - - - H.^W. L. - - 293 

Letters from Superintendents of 

Schools - _ _ . _ _ 299 

Twelve Years' Work FOR Indians, H. W. L. •- -- 310 

Record of"Returned Indian Students. 

Introduction - - 1 _ _ _ 325 

Instantaneous Views - j .. -. 

Summary of Indian Record, wi h j- Cora M. Folsom 

Testimony from Agents and Mis- | 

sionaries - - j _ . _ 48^ 

The Indian Health Question - Dr. M. M. Waldron 494 

Songs of Two Races AT Hampton Institute* 

illustrations. 
Frontispiece : Hampton Institute (water front) 

Map of Hampton and Vicinity - - opposite - i 

Map of the School Grounds - " _ ^i 

Starred Map, showing Colored Graduates' Schools - - 305 

Starred Map, showing Location and Occupation 

of Returned Indian Students _ _ _ _ 480 



* From'Cabiu and Plantation songs etc, as sung by Hampton Students 
Putnam's Sons, N. Y. 



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FROM THE BEGINNING. 



BY S. C. ARMSTRONG. 



IT meant something to the Hampton School, and perhaps 
to the ex-slaves of America, that, from 1820 to i860, the 
distinctively missionary period, there was worked out in the 
Hawaiian Islands, the problem of the emancipation, enfran- 
chisement and Christian civilization of a dark-skinned Poly- 
nesian people in many respects like the Negro race. 

From 183 1, my parents, Richard Armstrong of Pennsyl- 
vania and Clarissa Chapman of Massachusetts, were mission- 
aries, till my father's appointment, in 1847, as Minister of 
Public Instruction, when he took charge of, and in part built 
up, the five hundred Hawaiian free schools and some of the 
higher educational work, until his death in i860. 

Born there in 1839, and leaving the country in i860, to 
complete my education under Dr. Mark Hopkins at Williams 
College, Mass., I had distinct impressions of the people, of 
the work for them and of its results. Let me say here, that 
whatever good teaching I may have done has been Mark 
Hopkins teaching through me. 

On horseback, and in canoe tours with my father and 
alone, around those grandly picturesque volcanic islands, in- 
specting schools and living much among the natives (then 
generally Christianized), I noticed how easily the children 
learned from books, how universally the people attended 
church and had family prayers— always charmingly hospit- 
able ; and yet that they lived pretty much in the old ways ; 
all in one room, including the stranger within their gates, Who 
usually had, however, the benefit of the raised end and a cur- 
tain. They seemed to have accepted, but not to have fully 
adopted, Christianity ; for they did not have the conditions of 
living which make high standards of morality possible. 

While far above the plane of heathenism, most of its low 
and cruel practices having disappeared, and while they were 
simple and sincere believers, contributing of t<ieir substance 
to the churches more, in proportion, than any American com- 
munity of which I now know, they could not, under the cir- 



2 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

cumstances, keep up to a high level of conduct ; the '* old 
man " in them had pretty much his own way. They were like 
the people to whom the epistles of the New Testament were 
written ; they were grown up children. 

To preach the Gospel rather than to organize living was 
the missionary idea. Devoted women visited their houses^ 
and practical morality was thundered from the pulpit. " Let 
him that stole steal no more," or the like, was the daily pre- 
cept, followed by severe church discipline ; but houses with- 
out partitions, and easy-going tropical ways, after generations 
of licentious life, made virtue scarce. 

They were not hypocrites, and, from their starting point,, 
had made a great advance. " Our saints are about up to 
your respectable sinners," said a returned missionary. 

Illustrating two lines of educational work among them, 
were two institutions : the Lahaina-luna (government) Semi- 
nary for young men, where, with manual labor, mathematics 
and other higher branches were taught ; and the Hilo Board- 
ing and Manual-labor (missionary) School for boys, on a sim- 
pler basis, under the devoted David B. Lyman and his wife. 
As a rule, the former turned out more brilliant; the latter, less 
advanced but more solid men. 

In making the plan of the Hampton Institute, that of the 
Hilo School seemed the best to follow. 

Mr. Lyman's boys had become among the best teachers. 
and workers for their people ; while graduates of the higher 
school, though many had done nobly at home and in foreign 
fields, had frequently been disappointing. 

Hence came our policy of only English and generally ele- 
mentary and industrial teaching at Hampton, and its system of 
training the hand, head and heart. Its graduates are to be not 
only good teachers, but skilled workers,able to build homes and . 
earn a living for themselves and encourage others to do the same. 

Two and a half years' service with Negro soldiers 
(after a year as Captain and Major in the 125th New York 
Volunteers) — as Lieut. Colonel and Colonel of the Ninth and 
Eighth Regiments of U. S. Colored Troops, convinced me of 
the excellent qualities and capacities of the freedmen. Their 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. ■, .- 3, 

quick response to good treatment and to disciplincy was a 
constant surprise. Their tidiness, devotion to their duty 
and their leaders, their dash and daring in battle, and ambi- 
tion to improve — ^often studying their spelling books under 
fire — showed that slavery was a false, though doubtless, for 
the time being, an educative condition, and that they de- 
served as good a chance as any people. 

In March, 1866, I was placed b}^ General O. O. How^ard,. 
Commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau, in charge of ten 
counties in Eastern Virginia, with headquarters at Hampton, 
the great "contraband " camp ; to manage Negro affairs and 
to adjust, if possible, the relations of the races. 

Colored squatters by thousands and General Lee's dis- 
banded soldiers returning to their families, came together in 
my district, on hundreds of "abandoned " farms which gov- 
ernment had seized and allowed the freedmen to occupy. 
There was irritation, but both classes were ready to do the 
fair thing. It was about a two years' task to settle matters 
by making terms with the land-owners, w^ho employ^ed man}- 
laborers on their restored homes. SwarmxS went back on, 
passes to the," old plantation," with thirty days' rations, and 
nearly a thousand were placed in families in Massachusetts, as 
servants, through the agency of a " Home " in Cambridgeport, 
under charge of a committee of Boston ladies. 

Hardest of all was to settle the ration question; about 
two thousand, having been fed for years, were demoralized 
and seemed hopeless. Notice was given that in three months, 
on Oct. I, 1866, all rations would be stopped, except to 
those in hospital, for whom full provision was made. Trouble 
was expected, but there was not a ripple of it, or a com- 
plaint, that day. Their resource was surprising. The Negro 
in a tight place is a genius. 

It was my duty, every three months, to personally visit, 
and report on the condition of the ten counties ; to inspect 
the Bureau office in each, in charge of an army officer ; to in- 
vestigate troubles and to study the relations of the races. 
The better class of whites were well disposed, but inactive in 
suppressing any misconduct of the lower class. Friendliness 
between the races was general, broken only by political excite- 



4 TWENTV-TWO YEARS WORK 

ment, and was due, 1 think, to the fact that they had been 
brought up together, often in the most intimate way, from 
childhood : a surprise to me, for, on missionary ground, pa- 
rents, with the spirit of martyrs, take every pains to prevent 
contact of their children with the natives around them. 

Martial law prevailed ; there were no civil courts, and, 
for many months, the Bureau officer in each county acted on 
all kinds of cases, gaining, generally, the confidence of both 
races. When martial law was over and the rest were every- 
w^here discontinued, the Military Court at Hampton was kept 
up by common consent, for about six months. 

Scattered families were reunited. From even Louisiana 
■ — for the whole South was mapped out, each county officered, 
and as a rule, wisely administered — would come inquiries 
about the relatives and friends of one who had been sold to 
traders years before ; and great justice and humanity were 
done in bringing together broken households. 

General Howard and the Freedmen's Bureau did for the 
ex-slaves, from 1865 to 1870, a marvellous work, for which due 
credit has not been given ; among other things, giving to 
their education an impulse and a foundation, by granting 
three and a half millions of dollars for school houses, salaries, 
etc., promoting the education of about a million colored chil- 
dren. The principal Negro educational institutions of to-day, 
then starting, were liberally aided, at a time of vital need. 
Hampton received over $50,000.00 through General Howard, 
for building and improvements. 

On relieving my predecessor, Capt. C. B. Wilder, of Bos- 
ton, at the Hampton headquarters, I found an active, excel- 
lent educational work going on under the American Mission- 
ary Association of New York, which, in 1862, had opened, in 
the vicinity, the first school for freedmen in the South, in 
charge of an ex-slave, Mrs. Mary Feake. Over fifteen hundred 
children were gathering daily; some in old hospital barracks — 
for here was Camp Hamilton, the base hospital of the Army 
of the James, where, during the war, thousands of sick and 
wounded- soldiers had been cared for, and where now over six 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 5 

thousand lie buried in a beautiful National Cemetery. The 
largest class was in the " Butler School " building, since re- 
placed by the fine "John G. Whittier School-house." 

Close at hand, the pioneer settlers of America and the 
first slaves landed on this continent ; here Powhatan reigned: 
here the Indian was first met; here the first Indian child 
was baptized ; here freedom was first given the slave by Gen- 
eral Butler's famous " contraband " order ; in sight of this 
shore, the battle of the "Monitor" and " Merrimac " saved 
the Union and revolutionized naval warfare ; here General 
Grant based the operations of his final campaign. The place 
was easily accessible by railroad and water routes to the 
North, and to a population of two millions of Negroes ; the 
centre of prospective great commercial and maritime develop- 
ment — of which Newport News, soon to have the largest 
and finest ship yard in the world,^ is beginning the grand 
fulfilment — and, withal, a place most healthful and beautiful 
for situation. 

I soon felt the fitness of this historic and strategicy'spot 
for a permanent and great educational work. 

The suggestion was cordially received by the American 
Missionary Association, which authorized the purchase, in 
June, 1867, of "Little Scotland," an estate of 125 acres (since 
increased to 190), on Hampton River, looking out over Hamp- 
ton Roads. 

Not expecting to have charge, but only to help, I was sur- 
prised, one day, by a letter from Secretary E. P. Smith, of the 
A. M. A., stating that the man selected for the place had de- 
clined, and asking me if I could take it. I replied, "Yes." 

Till then my own future had been blind ; it had only been 
clear that there was a work to do for the ex-slaves, and where 
and how it should be done. 

A day-dream of the Hampton School nearly as it is, had 
come to me during the war a few times ; once in camp during 
the siege of Richmond, and once one beautiful evening on the 
Gulf of Mexico, while on the wheel house of the transport 
steamship " Illinois," enroute for Texas, with the 25th Army 
(Negro) Corps for frontier duty on the Rio Grande river, 



6 TWENTY-TWO YKARS WORK 

whither it had been ordered, under General Sheridan, to 
watch and if necessary defeat Maximilian in his attempted 
conquest of Mexico. 

The thing to be done was clear : to train selected Negro 
youth who should go out and teach and lead their people, 
first by example, by getting land and homes ; to give them 
not a dollar that they could earn for themselves ; to teach 
respect for labor, to replace stupid drudgery with skilled 
hands; and, to these ends, to build up an industrial system, 
for the sake not only of self-support and intelligent labor, but 
also for the sake of character. And it seemed equally clear 
that the people of the country would support a wise work 
for the freedmen. 

I think so still. 

The missionary plan in Hawaii had not, I thought, con- 
sidered enough the real need and weaknesses of the people, 
whose ignorance alone was not half the trouble The chief 
difiSculty was, with them, deficient character, as it is with the 
Negro. He is what his past has made him ; the true basis of 
work for him, and all men, is the scientific one — the facts of 
heredity and surrounding : all the facts of the case. 

There was no enthusiasm for the manual labor plan. 
People said, " It has been tried at Oberlin and elsewhere, and 
given up ; it don't pay." 

"Of course," said I, "it cannot pay in a money way, but it 
will pay in a inoral way; especially with the freedmen. It 
will make them men and women as nothing else will. It is 
the only way to make them good Christians." 

The School has had, from the first, the good fortune of 
liberal-minded Trustees, who accepted its unformulated, prac- 
tical plan when it opened in April, 1868, with two teachers 
and fifteen pupils, and adopted my formal report of 1870,* 
the year of its incorporation under a special Act of the As- 
sembly of Virginia. 

By the Act of Incorporation, the School became indepen- 
dent of any association or sect, and of government. It does 
work for the state and general government, for which it re- 
ceives aid, but is not controlled or supported by them. 

* Reprinted in my Report of 1885-90. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 7 

From the first, it has been true to the idea of education 
by self-help, and I hope it will remain so. Nothing is asked 
for the student that he can provide by his own labor ; but the 
system that gives him this chance is costly. The School de- 
pends on charity for $60,000.00 a year ; the student gets noth- 
ing but an opportunity to work his way. While the work-shops 
must be made to pay as far as possible, instruction is as im- 
portant as production. 

Steadily increasing, its full growth, just reached, is 650 
boarding students, from 24 states and territories, averaging 
t8 years of age, 136 of them Indians ; 80 officers, teachers 
and assistants, of whom half are in the eighteen industrial 
departments and shops ; 300 children in the " Whittier " (pri- 
mary) department. 

The School is maintained at a total annual cost of about 
^155,000.00. Deducting the labor payments of Negro students, 
(say $55,000.00), $100,000.00 — which is $154.00 apiece — is the 
net annual cost to the public. This is provided, ist by an- 
nual appropriation from Virginia of $10,000.00, interest on' the 
State Agricultural College land-fund (Act of Congress, 1862;) 
2nd. by an appropriation of $20,000.00 by Congress for the 
maintenance of 120 out of our 136 Indians, at $167 apiece; 3rd, 
by an income of about $10,000.00 from our endowment fund 
(of $194,000) and from rents ; 4th, by about $60,000 contri- 
buted by the people, in the form of $70 scholarships, dona- 
tions for general purpose and occasional unrestricted lega- 
cies. The School is never closed, but reduced nearly one- 
half in the summer ; many colored students go out to find 
work, and sixty or more Indian students have "outings," a- 
mong Massachusetts farmers. 

A great stimulus to this Institute, and to all like work, 
has been the 16,000 Negro free schools of the South — nearly 
2,000 in Virginia alone— costing the ex-slave states nearly four 
millions of dollars a year in taxation. 

Northern charity, at the rate of about a million dollars a 
year, with liberal Southern state aid in some cases, is supplying 
■over twenty strong Normal and Collegiate institutes, mostly 
under church auspices, where not far from 5,000 adult select 
Negro youth of both sexes are being fitted to teach and lead their 



8 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

people — industrial education being more and more apprecia- 
ted and introduced. The Slater Fund has been a great 
stimulus to their technical training. The Negro girl has 
proved a great success as a teacher. The women of the race 
deserve as good a chance as the men. 

So far, it has been impossible to supply the demand for 
Negro teachers. School houses and salaries, such as they are, 
are ready ; but competent teachers are the great and pressing- 
need, and there is no better work for the country than to sup- 
ply them. 

But the short public school sessions, of from three to sev- 
en months, do not give full support, and skilled labor is the only 
resource of many teachers for over half the year. As farmers. 
and mechanics, they are nearly as useful as in the school 
room. Hence, the importance of industrial training. 

Hampton's 720 graduates, discounting ten per cent, as dis- 
appointing, with half that number of under-graduates, are a 
working force for Negro and Indian civilization. To fit them 
for this field has cost, since April, 1868, the round sum of 
$1,350,000, not including endowments, of which over $500, 000 
is represented b)^ the School's "plant" which is good for gen- 
erations to come. 

Every year, an account of funds received has been ren- 
dered in detail. 

More than once, it has been suggested that an account 
of the work done by individual graduates would be wise and 
timely. The moral result is the great thing. The answer tO' 
" Does it pay ? " cannot be put in figures. In the following- 
pages is an attempt to show the real results, by way of short 
reports on individual graduates, prepared by Miss A. M. Hobbs^ 
Miss A. E. Cleaveland and Miss Cora M. Folsom, whose 
duties as " Graduates' Correspondents " have given them 
special facilities for the work, which has been laborious. I 
hope that this account of the results of their benefactions will 
be satisfactory to the many whose gifts have made the Hamp- 
ton School w^hat it is, and whose help is the assurance of its. 
future. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 9 

I ask attention to the paper on the Indian Health Ques- 
tion b)^ Dr. M. M. Waldron, the School's resident physician, 
and to Miss Ludlow's summing up of the graduates' record. 

It was not in the original plan of the School that any but 
Negroes should be received, though the liberal state charter 
made no limit as to color ; but when, in 1878, a " Macedonian 
cry " came from some Indian ex-prisoners of war in Florida — 
once the worst of savages — through Capt. R. H. Pratt, whose 
three years' wise management of them in Fort Marion had 
resulted in a wonderful change, seventeen were accepted, at 
private expense. Bishop Whipple providing for five of them. 
The Hon. Carl Schurz, then Secretary of the Interior, was 
quick to appreciate the success of their first few months at 
Hampton, and sent us more Indians, from the West; then 
Congress, on the strength of the results at Hampton, and of 
Capt. Pratt's proved capacity, appropriated funds to start the 
great work at Carlisle, where over five hundred Indian yoyth, 
under Capt. Pratt, are being taught the " white man's way." 

The annual Indian attendance at Hampton is now 136, of 
whom 120 are aided by government, the rest by charity. 
The results are reported elsewhere in this book, by Miss Fol- 
som. The death rate, once alarming, has, for six years, been 
not quite one a year. Of the 345 returned Indians, but 25 
are reported as unsatisfactory, but four of them bad ; the rest 
are employed as Farmers, Catechists, Preachers, Teachers, 
Mechanics, Clerks, etc.; 35 seeking further education, six of 
them in Eastern Normal Schools and Colleges, and 42 of the 
girls are married, in good homes. 

The old homesickness of Indians at Eastern schools is 
nearly over. The three years' period at school, which was 
formerly too much like a prison term, is more and more ig- 
nored and the idea of fitting for life, whatever time it takes, 
gains strength. Indians are no longer coaxed to come. Twice 
as many as we can take wish to come; yet the really desirable 
ones are not very many, and we do not care to increase our 
numbers. Our Indian work is illustrative rather than ex- 
haustive. 

Hampton's work for the " despised races " of our country. 



to TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

while chiefly for the Negro, is really for all who need it. 

Till our limit is reached, any youth in the land, however 
poor, can come here and work his way. 

In this review, I cannot but refer to my associates, with- 
out whom this work could not have been what it is ; too little 
credit has been given them : the men and women who, for 
twenty-two years have labored with noblest zeal, have enjoyed 
the privilege of such work and are thankful for it. 

The present efficient force of officers and teachers could 
manage successfully every department of the school, should 
its head be taken away. In twenty-two years it has attained 
a life of its own; it would be poor organization and develop- 
ment that would not, in that time, have reached this point. 
It might once have been, but is not now run by "one man 
power." 

The change will come and the school will be ready for it. 

We have been fortunate in our neighbors, who from the 
first have been most friendly. 

The wide awake town of Hampton, with an enterprising 
white community, has a Negro population of about three 
thousand, and illustrates, as well as any place in the South, 
the formation of two classes among the freedmen; the pro- 
gressive and non-progressive. 

For miles around, the country is dotted with their hard 
earned homesteads; yet the " shiftless " class is large. There 
is little race friction, and steady improvement. 

Adjoining our grounds is the National Soldiers' Home, 
with its 3,000 army veterans. Gov. P. T. Woodfin in charge ; 
and, two miles distant, is the U. S. Artillery School at Fort 
Monroe, Col. Royal T. Frank, commanding, where a large 
detail of Army Officers is sent every two years to pursue pro- 
fessional studies. 

The Hygeia Hotel and an extensive new one now build- 
ing at Old Point Comfort, have been and will be the means 
of bringing many to see and become interested in the work 
of this School. 

Full of resources, this famous Peninsula, comparatively dor- 
mant for two hundred and fifty years, is awakening to a won- 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. II 

derful development, especially along its magnificent harbor 
front on Hampton Roads an,d the James River. From historic 
Yorktown, Old Point Comfort, Newport News, and up to 
Jamestown island, where stands the oldest ruin of English civi- 
lization on this continent, have already sprung at points, 
large commercial, national and educational enterprises and 
institutions. Thousands flock to these shores, winter and 
summer, for rest and recreation. The growth has only begun. 

This new life and energy but typify the awakening of the 
whole South under the ideas which won in the war. 

The "Boys in Blue" did a fearful but necessary work of 
destruction. " It is for us to finish the work which they so 
nobly began," said Lincoln at Gettysburg. 

The duty of the hour is construction; to build up. With 
all credit to the pluck and heroic self-help of the Southern 
people, and to Northern enterprise for railroad, mineral and 
other commercial development, the great constructive force in 
the South and everywhere is the Christian teacher. '•Iit-Ime 
signo vinces," is as true now as in the days of Constantine. 

Let us make the teachers and we will make the people. 

The Hampton Institute should be pushed steadily, not to 
larger, but to better, more thorough effort, and placed on a 
solid foundation. It is big enough, but its work is onl}^ begun. 
Its work, with that of other like schools, is on the line of Prov- 
idential purpose in ending the great struggle as it did ; the 
redemption of both races from the evils of slavery, which, while 
to the- Negro educative up to a certain point, was a curse to 
the country. 

God said: " Let my people go;" and it had to be done. 

Hence this work, to which Hawaii, raised from heathen- 
ism by American missionaries, is glad to make her contribu- 
tion. 



12 TWENTY-TWO YEAR S WORK 

-^- REMINISCENCES, sf- 



BY J. F. B. MARSHALL. 



THE fourteen years spent by me as treasurer and resident 
trustee of Hampton Institute, were a valuable part of my 
education, and are among the most satisfactory )'ears of my 
life, now past the Psalmist's limit. It is a pleasure to recall 
them. 

Forty-three years ago, Samiuel C. Armstrong was a rest- 
less member of my Sunday School class of eight year old 
boys, in good Father Damon's " Seamen's Bethel," then the 
only English Church in Honolulu. His father. Rev. Richard 
Armstrong D. D., one of the early American Missionaries, 
had entered the service of the Hawaiian King as his Minister 
of Public Instruction, with whom I, as chairman of the Com- 
mittee on Education of the HaAvaiian Parliament, was brought 
into close relations. Neither of us then dreamed that this boy 
and I would ever be associated in Negro and Indian educa- 
tional work in Virginia, and that I should sit as a learner at 
the feet of my former pupil. 

Indeed, the Hampton system, with its grand results, has 
been an education to the whole country, the value of which 
cannot be overestimated. 

In June, 1869, I received from Mrs. Choate and Miss Ouin- 
cy seventy dollars, which were the first Boston contributions 
for the Hampton School of which I have any knowledge. 

In January, 1870, the Hawaiian Club of Boston, of w^hich I 
was then president, and of which Gen. Armstrong was a mem- 
ber,arranged for a meeting in Music Hall in behalf of the School. 
As a preparation for this. Rev. George L. Chaney, the success- 
or of Starr King in Hollis St. Church, was invited to visit the 
School and examine its methods, that, by the report of one of 
its own well known citizens, the benevolent public of Boston 
might know the character of the work which they were to be 
asked to aid. His letter in the Boston Traiiscript, in which, 
after describing the work, then in its infancy, he expressed 
the wish that the Hampton methods might be adopted in the 
Massachusetts schools, excited general interest. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. I3 

The meeting was held Jan. 27th, in Music Hall. Gov. 
Claflin, who had been asked to preside, Chief Justice Chap- 
man, and other prominent citizens were invited to meet Gen. 
Armstrong at the Parker House before the public meeting. 
Gen. A. had engaged the Negro orator, John M. Langston, to 
accompany him to Boston, and speak at the meeting. Gen. 
A. was delayed on the journey, and Mr. Langston came on 
alone, reaching the Parker House at midnight, and was shown 
to the room which had been engaged for him. 

The next morning I called, and seeing his name on the 
hotel register, sent up my card. He was not in his room. I 
askel the clerk to send a waiter for him. The clerk asked me 
to describe him. I had never seen him, but said he was a 
colored man. The clerk somewhat loftily replied, "A colored 
man ! in the Parker House ! Oh no I there's no colored man 
here." He ordered a waiter to look him up, but in- 
sisted that there could be no colored man in the Parker House 
as a guest. When the waiter returned, the clerk called me^^to 
the desk and, with eyes wide open with surprise, said, "You're 
I'ighf, he is here ! a colored man in the Parker House; this will 
never do." Messrs. Parker and Mills, the proprietors, • were 
at once informed of the startling fact. While they held a hur- 
ried consultation as to the best method of ejecting him. Gov- 
ernor Clafiin's card was sent in for Mr. Langston. He could 
not be turned out till the Governor had gone, but Josiah 
Ouincy, Richard H. Dana and other distinguished citizens 
followed — and the opportunity was lost. Mr. Langston re- 
mained, " the first colored man who ever got into the Parker 
House as a guest." 

A similar excitement was caused by his presence at the 
Cafe of the Tremont House, where those staunch friends of 
the freedmen, Mr. and Mrs. D. A. Goddard, had invited Mr 
Langston and myself to take tea with them in the inner sanc- 
tum where they usually took their meals. I escorted Mr. L. 
there, and left him, while I went for another guest. On my 
return I found the corps of Milesian waiters at the entrance to 
the inner room, where Langston sat alone in deep meditation 
over his coming address, utterly unconscious of the astonished 



14 TWEx\TV-T\VO YEARS WORK 

and unfriendly eyes that were glaring at him. The entrance 
of Mr. and Mrs. Goddard dispersed the crowd of waiters, who 
appeared ready to lay violent hands on " the nagur," and 
whose dazed look of astonishment at seeing the Goddards, 
after a cordial greeting, sit down to supper with him, may be 
imagined. The educational influence of Hampton was ap- 
parent even before the meeting began. Mr. Langston, who 
was lately our Minister to Hayti, has since told me that he 
always goes to the Parker House when in Boston, and is re- 
ceived as a welcome guest. The interest in Gen. Armstrong's 
work aroused in Boston at that meeting, has steadily grown 
with its growth, and the little rill of benefactions started by 
Mrs. Choate and Miss Ouinc3^ has swelled into a steady stream 
from New England. 

In June, 1870, I visited Hampton for the first time, to see 
what my former Sunday school pupil was trying to do for the 
freedmen of the South, after the civil war, in which he had 
taken an active part. I became so deeply interested in the 
work, that 1 accepted the invitation of my fellow trustees to 
become the resident trustee. I found the School located on a 
clianning and historic spot, not far from where the first cargo 
of African slaves was landed; with about fifty colored pupils of 
both sexes, to whom Gen. A. was giving just the training 
which they needed. It was not just the training which a ma- 
jority of the students thought they needed. It was not just the 
training a majority of the trustees thought should be given, 
or what the leading colored men of the country then ap- 
proved of. Instead of Greek and Latin roots, the boys plant- 
ed and dug potatoes, while the girls were taught to make and 
mend clothing, and all were instructed in the rudiments of a 
plain English education. The trustees had yielded to his 
energy rather than to his arguments. They saw that, if he was 
to do the work, he must be allowed to do it in his own wa}'', 
even though it was against their judgment. On the board of 
trustees, were experienced educators, who were startled at the 
radical innovations proposed by this young and inexperienced 
leader. The venerable President Hopkins of Williams College 
of which Gen. A. was a graduate, and Gen. Garfield, also a 
Williams' graduate and Ex-President of a college in Ohio, then 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 15 

a member of Congress and trustee of the school, advised the 
adoption of Gen. A's plans, saying that he would not be satis- 
fied till he had tried them, and that, if they proved failures, he 
would be the first to see and abandon them. And thus the 
Hampton School System, the wisdom of which is now uni- 
versally acknowledged, was adopted. 

At the time of mv first visit, none of the school buildings, 
which now cover almost all the available space, were erected. 
The old barracks, built during the war for hospital purposes, 
had been converted into dormitories, chapel, dining rooms, 
kitchen, class and industrial rooms, barns and stables. The 
brick walls of Academic Hall, the first school building erected, 
were partly up. The old Mansion House had been made habit- 
able for the few teachers then employed, among whom Miss Re- 
becca T. Bacon of New Haven, Conn., lady principal, Francis 
Richardson of Philadelphia, who laid out the grounds, set 
out shrubs and trees, managed the farm and the business of 
the school and gave agricultural lectures, and Miss Jane Sfeil- 
art Woolsey of New York, who gave several years of volun- 
tary and valuable service in organizing the Girls' Industrial 
Department, are gratefully remembered. The house was of 
the old plantation model, with broad piazzas and lofty pillars 
on two sides. When the young Principal brought his young 
bride to share and lighten his burdens, the only way in which 
rooms could be provided for the newly married pair was by 
boarding up one of the broad piazzas, which gave two small 
rooms in each story. These rooms are still occupied by Gen. 
Armstrong and his family. 

A substantial brick building near by, formerly a steam 
mill, was fitted up as a dormitory for the girls and the Matron, 
through the self-denying generosity of Mrs. Stephen Griggs 
of New York, after whom it was named. 

This was the day of small things. The School at first 
found few friends in the locality, and was looked upon as a 
most unwelcome intruder. Property in its vicinity was thought 
to be depreciated in value because of its proximity. All this 
has been changed. Lots near the School have doubled and 
trebled in value, and are now in great demand. Through the 



1 6 TWENTV-TWO YEARS' WORK 

wisdom of its management, the School has gained the confi- 
dence of the people of Hampton, with whom its relations are 
entirely satisfactory. 

When, in 1878, Gen. Armstrong was asked to receive into 
his school some of the Indian prisoners who had been con- 
fined at Fort Marion, St. Augustine, I was not in favor of the 
plan. I had little faith in the capacity of the red man for 
civilization, and felt too that Gen. A. had already as much 
on his shoulders as he could well carry. I think a majority 
of the trustees were of the same opinion. It was well for the 
country and for the cause of Indian civilization that our ob- 
jections were overruled. The childlike docility, capacity to 
learn, and readiness to adopt the ways of civilization, or as 
they poetically expressed it, " to walk in the white man's 
road," of these savage warriors who had come to their East- 
ern prison with bloody hands, were a revelation to the great 
majority of our citizens, who had heretofore only associated 
the red men with scalping knives, tomahawks and treachery. 
President Hayes, with Carl Schurz and others of his Cabinet, 
visited Hampton, and was so impressed with the hopefulness of 
this experiment in Indian industrial training, that he determined 
to make it a special feature of his administration, and Capt. 
Pratt was sent to the reservations to bring fifty children of 
both sexes to Hampton. Out of this beginning grew the now 
famous school at Carlisle, and other Eastern schools, to the in- 
fluence of which is mainly due the great advance of public 
sentiment concerning the education and industrial training 
of our Indians, for which Congressional appropriations have 
steadily increased from $20,000 in 1876, to $1,806,726.00 in 
1889. 

When, ten years after the Custer Massacre, " Rain-in-the 
Face," the hero of Longfellow's poem, applied for admission 
as a pupil into the Hampton School, I enclosed the letter to 
Mr. Whittier, suggesting it as a good subject for a peace poem, 
in contrast to the war poem of Longfellow. He acted upon 
the suggestion, and in the Atlantic Monthly of April, 1887, 
appeared his lines " On the Big Horn." Both these poems are 
popular with the Indian students and are standard material 
for their exhibitions. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 1 7 

The young man bearing the honored name ot the "Father 
of his country," who came, in the school's early days, to Hamp- 
ton, with but fifty cents in his pocket, in search of the oppor- 
tunity to earn his education which it offered, and who has since 
founded the remarkable school at Tuskegee, Alabama, has built 
Hampton's proudest monument. That scion of the parent stem , 
with its admirable methods, its sightly and commodious 
buildings planned and built by Hampton graduates, of brick 
and lumber manufactured on the premises, its agricultural 
and other industries for both sexes, with its thorough class 
training, is a triumphant vindication of Gen. Armstrong's 
views and methods, which the grand work done all over the 
South and on the Indian reservations by Hampton graduates 
but emphasizes and confirms. 

The friends of Hampton and of its indomitable Chief 
who has given his life-blood in its service, may well be satis- 
fied Avith these results. -^ ^' 



I 



1868-1890. 



J^ECORD OF GRADUATES AND EX-STUDE|NITS 

iNstaNTANeoUs VieWs 



TAKEN IN 1889— 1i 



BY A. M. HOBBS AND A. E. CLEAVELAND. 



Twenty Classes, 723 Graduates (280 young women, 443 men;) 

of whom 25 (8 young women, 17 men ) are Indians 

Indians first graduated in 1882. 



TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 



RECORD OF GRADUATES AND EX-STUDENTS 



TO THE READER. 



It is the aim of the Hampton School to keep its graduates 
always in view. The triennial reunions of the Hampton 
Alumni Association, founded in 1878, bring together some- 
times over a hundred — many now with wives, or husbands, 
and children. They are usually represented among the in- 
vited speakers on Commencement day, and many attend its 
exercises. The evidences of their progress, accomplished work,, 
loyalty to their Alma Mater and fidelity to her teachings, are 
a great satisfaction on these occasions. Their visits are re- 
turned by the Principal and Chaplain, the latter making reg- 
ularly, once or twice a year, a tour through the state to see 
as many as possible in their school rooms and homes, and 
meet their County Superintendents. 

Papers and magazines from our reading room are sent to 
many who have no other supply. Miss Ruth G. Tileston, 
who has been in charge of this work, reports distributing, the 
past year, over ten barrels and boxes full to over three hun- 
dred graduates, while twenty more were supplied by friends 
to whom their addresses w^ere sent — an excellent mission work. 
Christmas boxes of contributed toys, clothing, etc., are often 
sent them for the poor little children in their country schools, 
chiefly through the efforts of Miss A. E. Cleaveland, of Pough- 
keepsie, N. Y., once a teacher at Hampton. 

For some years, it has required a regular " Graduates 
Correspondent " to keep steady communication with them, 
Miss Cleaveland generously giving her services in the arduous,, 
though pleasant task, in which, as it has grown over great, 
she has been aided by Miss M. E. Atkinson and Miss A. M. 
Hobbs, also former Hampton teachers. 

An annual circular letter and many personal ones beside,, 
are sent by these ladies, from the replies to which, our "Grad- 
uates Record Book," begun by our friend Mrs.- Eunice Dixon, 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 2 1 

in 1875, is kept up. Extracts from graduates' letters have 
long formed an interesting- page of our monthly '■^Southern 
Workman y 

Through the last two years, special pains have been taken 
by Miss Cleaveland and Miss Hobbs, to collect and collate as 
full statistics as possible, to put before our friends in this 
book. The records of those failing to reply have been made 
out as far as possible from other sources. For a number of 
the earlier ones, we are indebted to the journal of Miss Jane 
■Stuart Woolsey, of New Haven, Ct., whose generosity and 
personal aid organized the girls' industrial department at 
Hampton ; for others to Mr. Frank Banks and other graduates. 

Thinking that contributors of the scholarships which 
have provided the tuition of these students will like to look 
lip their records, their names are added to the reports as far 
as possible ; some early lists are incomplete. The index at 
the end will facilitate their search. -^_^ 

Our Indian graduates have their places here of course, 
and are included also, with further details, in the Record of 
Returned Indian Students on another page, by Miss Cora M. 
Folsom, our "Indian Graduates' Correspondent." 

It is to be remembered that as this is a record of gradu- 
ates, and a few others, the names do not appear of many don- 
ors of scholarships which have been of great and lasting ben- 
efit though, for one reason or another, the recipients have not 
finished their course at the School. The proportion of gradu- 
ates out of those who take the first two years of the course, 
approximately estimated from several average years, is some- 
thing over forty per cent. 

Should a student prove utterly unworthy of a scholarship, 
his place is at once given to another. No donor need feel that 
his beneficence is wasted because his scholarship student may 
fail of more than two years, or even one year, in school. Found- 
ation work is the great need of this people. We are grateful 
in their behalf to the many who have so generously aided the 
School in this and other ways. 

When more than one name of a scholarship donor is given 
for one student, it points to the fact that many of the $70. 
gifts are for but one or two years, or that students often stay 



22 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

out a year or more and then return, others being assigned 
meanwhile to the scholarships they have had; the entire 
Middle class indeed is required to spend a year in teaching- 
before taking the Senior year. 

To the Record of Graduates are added reports of some 
of the many ex-students who, failing, from circumstances not 
discreditable, to complete the course, have yet done much to 
improve themselves and their people. 

Characteristic extracts from the students' letters enliven 
the pages, and a few from State and County Superintendents 
are added : many like them are received. 

Each record is thus a little " instantaneous view," such as. 
the student or those who know him could give of his progress 
and condition at the time of writing. Some may have al- 
ready changed again, in one way or another ; they are in the 
time and circumstances of life subject to vicissitude. 

Instantaneous photography having resolved the fleetest 
racer's course into an awkward series of crooks and twists, ups 
and downs, we need not be surprised to find the correspond- 
ing truth in life. The eye can reconstruct from these its own 
composite impression of motion and progress : it is enough 
to know that thus the ground is covered and the goal reached- 

H. W. L. 



OF IIAMPTON INSTITUTE. 



iNstaNtaNeoUs Views 

TAKeN in 1889-90. 

FIRST GRADUATING CLASS. 
1871. 

Yoioig women, j; men, 14 : Total, IQ. 

Brown, Sarah J. Taught two years in the High School at Wilming- 
ton, N. C. Married Anthony Howe in 1876. Died the same 
year. 

BuLLARD, Jane. Is now in the Insane Asylum in Charlestown, West 
Va. Was two years at the Normal School, Westfield, Mass. 
Taught two years in Maiden and Charlestown, West Va. 

Ellison, Nancv J. (Mrs. Wallace). Born in Beaufort, N. C. Married 
Merritt R. Wallace of the Middle Class of '76. Taught^ten 
years in Staunton, Boydton and Richmond, Va. Is now 
teaching in St. Philip's Episcopal Parish School and Sunday 
School in Richmond. Has taught nearly 1,000 children, 
" Many have become teachers." She and her husband own a- 
bout $1,000 worth of real estate. Have lost by fire. 

G1BB.S, Julia W. (Mrs. Stevens). Was reported "dead, time unknown." 
In the winter of 1888-89, ^ gentleman at the School said he 
had teen travelling among the islands on the coast of South 
Carolina, and had visited the home of a Hampton graduate. 
No one knew who it could be. He described the house as 
very neat and tasteful, one of the pleasantest in that vicinity. 
The wife and home-maker spoke with enthusiam of Hampton, 
and he saw her diploma hanging on the wall. On inquiry, it 
proved to be Julia Gibbs of the class of '71. She had married 
Mr. J. O. Stevens. Their home-is at Brick House P. O. John's 
Island, S. C. Not " dead," but very much alive. She was 
delighted to hear from Hampton ; says she calls it " the cra- 
dle that rocked me." She had taught at Columbia and Holly 
Hill, S. C, and is now teaching at her home on John's Island- 
Says she doesn't know how many she has taught, but " some 
have become teachers, some dressmakers, some have been to 
college and become doctors." She is now desirous to estab- 
lish a permanent school on the island, "after the close of the 
free school which is open twelve weeks in the year, giving the 



24 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

children more time for play than for study." She has taught in 
the Reformed Episcopal Sunday-school ever since graduating. 
She says : " The Negroes are improving in every con- 
ceivable way here. We are poor and we know it — ignorant, 
but whose fault ? Not ours. The pupils of the many colored 
Institutes are grateful to the Northern friends for their never 
tiring and willing hands to help their hungering ' brothers in 
black.' " 

Jackson, Eliza, (Mrs. Pindlel. Taught four years in Virginia, nine 
in South Carolina, and is now matron of the Tuskegee Nor- 
mal School, Ala. 

Miss Jane Stuart Woolsey wrote in 1871, " Eliza was born 
a slave, her mother a slave. Her father, who was her master, 
went into the rebel army and was killed in the war. Her 
master was kind to her, so far as she remembers. She is a 
gentle, good girl ; stands well in her classes and does the best 
with her opportunities. She is eighteen years old and i^ther 
delicate. Life will be harder to her on that account. She 
heard of this school and came here of her own accord." 

Miss Woolsey, writing at this time (1871,) says of the 
Hampton School girls in general : " These girls pay a con- 
siderable part of their expenses by their labor, not quite 
enough for all. They do washing, housework and sewing in 
the Industrial Room, and have the love and respect of their 
teachers. They will make excellent teachers themselves." 
Bowman, Edward. Taught three years in Kempville, Va., also in 
North Carolina. Had an experience with the Ku Klux, while 
teaching in North Carolina, and had to jump out of the win- 
dow to escape. He died of consumption in a hospital in New 
York. 

*Ellet, Dee A. Born 1850, in King William Co., Va. "Came to 
Hampton as a refugee in 1861. After graduating, he ran for 
an office and was defeated, and is now (1871,) looking for a 
school. He is the only one in the class who indulged in such 
aspirations." f 

He taught five 3^ears in North Carolina and Virginia, has 
studied theology and law a little in Wayland Seminary and 
Howard University, and finally graduated in medicine. Was 
examined by State Medical Board of Virginia, but failed to 
pass and was not admitted to practice. Has been very much 
in politics. He was for two months general secretary of the 

Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. fMiss Jane Stuart Woolseys' letters,iS7r. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 25 

Y. M. C. A., in the town of Hampton. In 1888, he left to at- 
tend the National Republican Convention in Chicago and 
went from there to California. Present address not known- 

Fields, JAMES A. Born in Hanover Co., Va., 1844. Taught fourteen 
years, in Williamsburg and Elizabeth City Co., Va. Has 
taught " about fifteen hundred pupils, over one hundred of 
whom have become teachers." Has " been engaged in Sun- 
day-school more than twenty years," and is " now Supt. of 
3d Baptist Sunday-school of Hampton, Va." He attended 
Howard University, Law Dept., and is now practicing law and 
farming, in Hampton. In the spring of 1887, he was elected 
Commonwealth's Attorney for Warwick Co., Va. In Nov. 
1889, he was Republican representative to the Virginia legis- 
lature. He savs ; " All things considered, the condition of 
the colored people is good ; they are rapidly improving in in- 
telligence, religion and morals. My property, consisting most- 
ly of lots and houses, exceeds in value $6,ooo. I have only 
one child — the finest boy in Christendom." 

*GlLES, Joseph D. W. Bom in Gilsonville, S. C, 1846. He taught 
five years in South Carolina. Went to Lincoln LTniversity, 
Pa. In 1 88 1, was a student in Howard University, Washing- 
ton, D. C. 

Johnson, Calvin. Born in Hampton, Va., 1854. Taught five years 
in the town of Hampton after graduating, then went to How- 
ard Uriiversity, Wasbitigton, D. C, and was watchm.an in the 
U. S. Treasury Department. Was pi inter and newspaper re- 
porter connected with "Peoples' Advucute," and also in the 
" Z)'<i'^ " office — colored journals in Vv'ashington. Died 1885. 

^Latimer, Geo. Wm. Born, 1855, Hampton, Va. He taught in South- 
ampton, Lancaster, Essex and Sussex Co's., and in the town 
of Hampton. Went to New York some years ago. Was a 
" messenger for stockbrokers." Is a stenographer and doing 
well at that, at last accounts. In 1881, reported owning " sev- 
eral acres." 

Lee, William H. Born in Nanssmond Co., Va. Miss Woolsey de" 
scribed him in '71, thus : " Lee is a gentlemanly, quite white 
boy. His father, a doctor, offered to take him into his office 
and teach him his profession. But Henry said : " I don't 
want to learn his trade : he ill treated my mother and despises 
my people. I guess I'll shift for myself and my mother too." 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



2,6 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

He taught school in Southampton and Nansemond Coun- 
ties for five years, and afterwards kept a hght house in Nanse- 
mond Co. Was married. In 1881, owned "fifty-two acres of 
land." Died in 1886. 

Lewis, Harrison H. He was a soldier in the war. Belonged to the 
9th Reg. U. S. Colored Troops, commanded by Col. S. C. 
Armstrong. He taught one year. Died in 1873. 

*Nelson, Caleb. Born 1844, in Boston, Mass. He taught after 
graduating, in Bedford, Charlotte and Southampton Co's., Va. 
In 1881, owned "four acres and a house in Belle Haven, Va. 

*Payne, Henry C. Bom 1847, Kanawha, Co., West Va. Taught in 
Charleston, West Va. Is a boat builder, mechanic and inven- 
tor. Was trying, when last heard from, to get a patent on 
some invention. Had«"city property and 100 acres, valued 
at $3,200." His last known address was Charleston, W. Va. 

*Tayi,or, Geo. L. Has taught in Princess Anne, Norfolk and Glouces- 
ter Co's., Va. Was for a short time Deputy Clerk of Eliza- 
beth City Co. Has been mail agent on Chesapeake and Ohio 
R. R. Most of his time since graduating, he has been teach- 
ing, having " large schools, generally with assistant teachers." 
Lives in Hampton. 

Watkins, Walter R. Born 1849, in Wytheville, Va. Was two years 
at Oberlin College, Ohio, " taking regular studies of the pre- 
paratory department." Has taught in Bedford, Wythe and 
Smythe Co's. Va., where he has had in all " at least one thous- 
and pupils, twenty-five of whom have become teachers." He 
says : " I have engaged both in Sunday-school and temper- 
ance work, but am sorry to say, for the latter my people seem 
to care but little." " While the condition of my people is far 
from what we would desire, yet I consider it fair. They are 
improving substantially, for with many it is their ambition to 
own a home. They also realize the importance of an educa- 
tion and trades, and work hard to give their children the ad- 
vantage of both." 

Lie is now teaching in Salem, Va.; has "two hundred and 
eleven pupils on roll, and three assistants." He owns " real 
estate worth $2,000," and is reported as a solid man and a 
leader among his people. 

Weaver, Joseph P. Bom, in Hertford Co., N. C. Says : " I am now 
teaching at Pleasant Plain, near Winston, N. C. It was in 
this neighborhood I had my first experience as a teacher, in 

• Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 27 

August, 1865. I came to Hampton N. & A. I. in 1868. Since 
graduating, I have made teaching my principal occupation. I 
have taught over one thousand pupils ; ten or twelve of them 
have become teachers." 

He has taught principally in North Carolina; also in 
Tennessee and Virginia. He is superintendent of " Mt. Pleas- 
ant Sunday-school," with one hundred and twenty-five schol- 
ars. He is now a widower, with two children : owns a town 
lot, a horse, farming implements, etc. His occupations are 
farming and teaching. He is " aiming to cultivate the mind 
and the soil." 
^Windsor, Samuel C. Born 1850, at Newberne, N. C. " He was a 
very bright scholar ; was for two years at Oberlin College. He 
and W. R. Watkins are said to have worked their way through 
College as carpenters." t He taught school in North Carolina, 
Mississippi and Virginia. On competitive examination, he was 
appointed teacher on a United States training ship ; was 
there a little more than a year. He married Eliza Notting- 
ham, class of '7-- She died in '79- \_^ 



EX-STUDENTS, middle class, 1871. 

Green, Harriet L. (Mrs. Debnam). Born in Sumpter, S. C, 1855, 
Writes : " I taught [since leaving Hampton] at Flemington, 
N. C, two years, Whiteville, three years, Wilmington, five 
years; had about 1,200 pupils, of whom 100 hundred have 
become teachers. I am engaged both in Sunday-school and 
temperance work." She is miarried and has four children ; 
owns "three frame buildings." Her "present occupation 
is housekeeping," her " aim, to do all the good I can." 

Wallace, Meritt R. Born in Williamsburg, Va., 1846. Since leav- 
ing Hampton, taught in James City Co., one term ; in Boyd- 
ton, Va., eight years, and was Principal of the latter school. 
During the time, was Commissioner of Revenue ; after that, 
was postal clerk on the railroad for five years. Taught 
"about 1,500 pupils, many of whom have become teachers." 
Married Nancy J. Ellison, graduate of '71. They have two 
children; own real estate valued ^at about $1,100. Lives 
in Richmond, Va. 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry 
tLetter from Miss Jane Stuart Woolsey, in 1871. 



28 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 



CLASS OF 1872. 

Young wo//u'7i, S; men, /j .• • Total, 2j. 



Bayne, Alice R. Taught two years in Drummondtown, Va. Died 
1874. Educated by E. D. Mandell. 

Chisman, Maria L. (Mrs. Phillips.) Born 1856, in Hampton, Va. 
Has taught in Murfreesboro, N. C, Kempsville, East River 
and (in "Butler School,") Hampton, Va. Taught five years ; 
about 300 scholars. Is engaged in the 3d Baptist Sunday- 
school of Hampton; Married Luke Phillips of this class. They 
have five children living; four have died. Own a house and 
lot. She is now " housekeeping and candy making " ; " aims " 
to educate her children and improve her -home. 

Educated by Rev. Phillips Brooks, D. D., and Miss Mary 
A. Collins. 

Elliott, Mary L. Born 1854, in Charleston, S. C. Taught in Mt. 
Pleasant, S. C, three terms ; in Mecklenburg Co., Va., two 
terms, and on John's Island, S. C, eight terms. Has taught 
about two hundred and forty scholars, three of whom are now 
teachers, and one a preacher. Has always taught in Sunday 
school. Owns a homestead ; a frame cottage and thirty acres 
of land in Charleston. Is teaching and sewing in summer 
Aiming to do all she can to " help build up this down trodden, 
race, who are improving rapidly." 
Educated by F. Jones. 

Howe, Isabella L. Born 1854, in Wilmington, N. C. Taught in 

Wilmington, N. C. most of the time since graduating, " and 

enjoyed it." She had charge of the Fourth grade in the " Wil- 

liston graded school." In '84, she started a library. Died in '85- 

Educated by Wm. Endicott and Samuel Johnson. 

^Newsome, Florence L. Born 1852, in Hertford Co., N. C. Has 
taught in Virginia and at Winton, Hertford Co., N. C, six 

"Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry 



* OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 29 

years. When last heard from, was doing housework and sew- 
ing. Owns house and lot. Lives in Winton, N. C. 
Educated by J. M. Jones. 

Nottingham, Eliza G. Married Samuel C. Windsor, class of 'ji, 
and moved to Yazoo, Miss., where she died in 1879. Before 
her marriage, she taught in Eastville, Va. 
Educated by William Claflflin. 

Robinson, Mary C. (Mrs. Steward.) Born 1856, King Wm. Co. Va. 
Has taught two years at Thaxton's Switch, two years in 
Waynesboro, and nine yeai's in the town of Hampton, Va. 
She says : " I hardly know how many children I have taught 
during that time, but out of the number, ten have graduated 
from my Alma Mater, two from Oberlin, one from Howard 
University, three from Richmond Institute, three from Way- 
land, six from Petersburg College ; twenty-seven of my schol- 
ars are teachers, and some of them are doing a grand and 
noble work among my race." " I am engaged in Sunday- 
school, and belong to a Temperance Club that is doing all it 
can to help the cause. Intemperance is one of the evils that 
help to keep our people back." " There is nothing I am ~ 
prouder of than to know I am a graduate of Hampton School, 
and I can never forget the good it has enabled me to do for 
my race." 

Married Wm. Steward of Hampton, (of Senior class of 
'72.) Owns a good home there, and a small lot of land. Is 
now " teaching, and hopes to teach as long as health will per- 
mit." 

Educated by Augustus Hemenway. 

Rutledge, Julia A. Born 1849, Charleston, S. C. Taught five years 
at Princess Anne C. H., two in Suffolk, Va., and then went to 
Charleston, S. C, and its neighborhood, where she has been 
teaching ever since. She cannot tell the number she has 
taught. Three of her scholars are teaching now. Is engaged 
in the A. M. E. Sunday school and owns a- house and lot, in 
Charleston. 

Educated by Edward C. Jones. 

*Beckwith, John M. Came to Hampton m 'yo. Taught at Smith- 
field. Has taught ever since graduating, as far as heard from. 
Last address Smithfield, N. C. 

Educated by Mrs. C. M. Bartol. 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



30 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK. 

Britt, John K. Born 1852, in Hertford, N. C. Lives in Jerusalem, 
Va. Taught seven years in three districts of Southampton Co 
Taught about 325 children, fifteen or twenty of whom have 
become teachers. He is married ; has " a fine old lady," he 
says, and one " Boy." " Shall send him to Hampton one of 
these days." He has a farm and stock worth $2,000. Last 
year, he had " a good crop of corn, white beans and peanuts, 
and added $10 worth of fruit trees and vines." " If successful, 
will have some fruit as fine as any in the state." Is a house 
carpenter by trade ; has " just completed a very fine store on. 
the new railroad, Atlantic and Danville, at Pope's Station." 

He says " Our people are making quite a little headway, 
both in learning and getting homes and property." 

He is reported to be a leading colored man in the county, 
and has a good deal to do with politics. 

Educated, by O. Prescott. 
Carter, John H. Born 1852, in Eastville, Va. He taught every year 
after graduating, in Eastville, Va. Was a great suft'erer from 
chronic rheumatism. Died 1887. 

Educated by James M. Beebe. 
^Davis, Andrew. Born and lives in Hampton, Va. Is a plasterer by 
trade, also runs a yacht to take out pleasure parties, on Hamp- 
ton Roads. 

Educated by A. H. Seabury. 

DUNGEE, James A. Born in King William Co. Va., 1842. He was 
one of "the Hampton Singers," and travelled with them two 
years after graduating. Then returned to his home and taught 
in King William and Bedford Co's. for many years, making a 
a noble record. Died 1883. 

Educated by Joseph N. Bacon. 

Hines, Tazewell E. Born in Norfolk, Va., 1854. " His first school 
was in Bedford Co., in '72. He had one hundred and ten 
scholars. His "school house was burned down by the Ku Klux, 
but re-opened school the next day in the colored church. " f 
He has since taught in Pulaski, Wythe, Princess Anne and 
Bedford Co's, farming and carpentering during vacations. He 
was married in '79. 

He says : " Bad health and financial embarrassment have 
caused me to abandon public school teaching. After follow- 
ing it for fourteen years in Bedford and adjoining counties, 
my family physician advised me to resort to something else 
for a living, as my health had run down considerabl}^ On ac- 

*Has not reported recently. tMiss Woolsey's letters. 



answer . .si^ 



OF HAMPTOX INSTITUTE. 3I 

count of the deplorable system of employing and paying teach- 
ers in our section of Virginia, I became very much dissatisfied. 
So after prayerful consideration, I decided to give up teach- 
ing, and went West to the coal fields. I gave my new occu- 
pation — digging coal — a ten months' trial, but finding it too 
severe for me, I readily accepted a situation as coachman in 
the family who raised me, and with whom I was living before 
entering the Hampton Institute. My present employer I 
nursed when a child, and for that reason we feel close to each 
other. My wife is employed in the family, which makes it 
very pleasant, still we both feel very anxious to get back to our 
work of teaching. We own property in Bedford County, and 
are working hard to make some improvements. 

I am pleased to state to you all, that, as a representative 
of Hampton, the marks of our work stand in south-western 
Virginia, and that the students of our Institute, are greatly in 
demand. I have had application upon application to return 
to the work, both from School trustees and patrons, [parents] 
in our county, and I don't feel that I can longer ignore their 
wishes, without injustice to Hampton Institute, as well as^ 
myself." Educated by Mrs. C. A. Johnson. ~~^ 

Inge, Hutchings. Born in Danville, Va. Was one of the Hampton 
Singers. After the company was disbanded, he entered Ober- 
lin College for two years, studying Greek, Latin, mathematics 
and history. He taught in Leatherwood, Va., five months ; 
in Person Co., N. C, five rnonths, and nine years in St. Louis, 
Mo., where he is teaching now. Owns some city lots. 
Educated by James A. Little. 
Phillips, Luke B. Born 1853, in Hampton, Va. Taught at London 
Bridge and Gum Swamp, Va., then came to Hampton, and 
has taught sixteen years in the Lincoln School there, for years 
its principal. Is now president of the colored .Y. M. C. A. of 
Hampton and keeping store there. He was superintendent of 
the First colored Baptist Sunday school for nine years. Has 
taught "nearly 1,500 children, about twenty of whom have 
been teachers." He married Maria L. Chisman of this class. 
They have had nine children, live of whom are living; own a 
house and lot and other property. He says, "I find the gen- 
eral condition of the people a good deal better than when I 
commenced teaching seventeen years ago." 
*Prvor, Geo. L. Born 1857, in Hampton, Va. Taught in Wythe 
and Charlotte Co's., and the vicinity of Hampton, eight terms. 

•Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



32 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

In 1 88 1, was clerk in the U. S. Pension Office, Washington. 
Attended Howard University and studied law. Is now prac- 
tising: law in Norfolk, Va. 

Wallace, Talbot M. Born 1841, in Williamsburg, Va. Taught 60 
children, in Mecklenburg Co., in '73- Is married and has six 
children, three of whom are going to school every day. Pro- 
viding for these and an invalid wife keeps him " pretty well 
engaged." He is farming : owns " a piece of land and stock," 
in Williamsburg. He says, " Some of the people are improv- 
ing and some are not." 

Weaver, David D. Born in Winton, N. C. He taught summer 
schools during vacation of '70 and '71, in North Carolina. Af- 
ter graduating" he taught in Rockingham and Northumber- 
land Counties, Va. In '74' lie went to Small's Cross Roads, 
Chowan Co., N. C, and taught till '76. In these schools he 
had about three hundred children. " Five at least are teach- 
ers ; one is a prominent preacher — though I take no credit of 
that as I did not teach theology." He says : " I hear from 
many of my old pupils who say that their lives and characters 
were shaped by their early training in my school." He is for 
Prohibition, but says his people are not with him, though he 
thinks the colored clergy favor the amendment. He is in the 
boot and shoe trade in Philadelphia. He says : " I employ 
more help and do more work than any other colored shoe- 
maker in Philadelphia, and have had the lead for five years, 
and am doing as much for my people as I could in the school 
house." " The colored people are progressing : they work; the 
money is made and the money is spent The greatest barrier 
is they do not look beyond to-day ; they expect every day to 
take care of itself; and, with such short alculations, they are 
often found wanting. There are many exceptions to this rule; 
there are men here who are doing good business and making 
great headway in the world." 

Educated by E. R. Mudge, Sawyer & Co. 

Wilkins, "William H. Born 1855, in Portsi.iouth, Va. Taught in 
Bedford Co., three years, Southampton Co., one year. Norfolk 
Co., seven years, and Portsmouth four years. Has taught 
1,200 or 1,500 children, of whom ten or more have become 
teachers. He is married and has five children ; owns his home 
in Portsmouth, Va., and has an interest in land. Has 
studied mercantile business. His " aim " is teaching. 

Williams, Everett W. Born in Smithfield, Va. 1850. He says: "1 
have taught every year since graduating ; one ten months' 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 33 

school in Winchester, Va., 72-73. From '73 to the present time I 
have taught continuously in Princess Anne Co. Va., I have also 
taught two summer schools, three months each, in Southamp- 
ton Co., and a five months' session near Indian Creek, Norfolk 
Co. I am at present teaching my sixteenth session in Kemp- 
ville Dist., with 108 on roll. Average attendance 92. I know I 
have taught at least eight hundred. Four have become teach- 
ers to my knowledge; probably many more." '■ I have been 
engaged in Sunday school work nearly ever since I have been 
teaching. I have been Supt. of a Baptist Sunday school near- 
ly four years. It has a faithful corps of officers and teachers 
and a tolerably fair library." 

" I engaged in temperance work last winter, and suc- 
ceeded in organizing a Union, and getting the co-operation of 
three churches. About three hundred men, women, and chil- 
dren signed a pledge to abstain from the use of intoxicants 
as a beverage." 

" My aim in life is to do all I can for humanit}-, especiall}^ 
to improve the moral and material condition of my race." 

" In this section, the general condition of the colored 
people is not encouraging. They have improved intellectually, 
but very little morally and materially. They are too densely 
settled for country living, and are obliged to work for mere 
nominal wages. This is why they remain so poor. Not one 
in seventy-five owns any land. In other sections of the 
country, the colored people have made and are making con- 
siderable improvement." Home is Cohoke, Va. 

Educated by Grift'eth Morgan. 
W1LLIAM.S, John W. Born in Hjimpton, Va., 1855. He went to the 
U. S. Military Academy at AVest Point, but was not graduated. 
He taught in Hampton part of a year, and had about eightj^ 
pupils. He married Mary E. Bright, class of '78, and has 
three children. He is now a merchant in Hampton. " Aims " 
to make an honest living. He says : " The colored people 
are improving in every walk in life." 

Educated by Mrs. Bishop "and ladies." 
WiLLiAM.s. Lewis D. Bom in Nansemond Co. Va., 1856. He taught 
about fifty children five months, in Bedford Co. Is engaged 
in Zion Baptist Sunday school. He is a house carpenter and 
aims to be a master builder ; wishes he could have books on 
architecture to help him, and books on travels. Owns a 
homestead in Portsmouth. Va. 

Educated bv Mrs. Augustus Hemenwav. 



34 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 



CLASS OF 1873. 



*BOYD Mary F. Birth place and date unknown. Married, and settled 
afterward in Baltimore. Lives now in Spurgeon, Mo. 

■•'■Cabbel, Britannia C. Taught in Bedford and Charlotte Go's., Va., 
and being a good dress maker, worked at intervals between 
her school terms. Lives in Camden, N. J. 
Educated by S. P. Bent. 

*D AVIS, Alice P. (Mrs. Thornton.) Born 1853, in Germanton, N. C. 
She was the first Salutatorian of the School. She taught in 
Thomasville and Greensboro, N. C, and in the town of Hamp- 
ton, Va. In '79. she was at the Hampton Institute, assisting 
in the care of the Indian girls, and was also employed in the 
Industrial Room. Nov. '82, she married W. H. Thornton of 
the class of '81. Lives in Atlantic City, N. J. 
Educated by Amos A. Lawrence. 

Jackson, Lethia E. (Mrs. Brooks.) Born 1855, at Winsboro', S. C. 
All her teaching has been in South Carolina ; in Chester, 
Winsboro', Sumpter, and Columbia. She has taught about 
three hundred scholars, twenty of whom are now teachers. 
She is not in Sunday school now, but has been. Says she has 
"a good husband and six children, three girls and three boys." 
Her time is given wholly to her family and household duties. 
Owns a homestead worth $2,500. Thinks the colored people 
are improving. In 1879, she married Mr. Brooks of Columbia, 
S. C. Educated by J. C. Howe & Co. 

Brown, Wm. P. Born 1849, in Williamsburg, Va. Has taught in 
Hanover Co., ten sessions of five months each : had about four 
hundred scholars, and says, " I have worked in many other 
ways for the advancement of my people." He is married and 
has four boys. Owns some live stock. His occupation is 
teaching, at $25 a month. Lives in Old Church, Hanover Co., 
Va. Educated by John Cummings. 

Boston, Charles A. Born in Roanoke Co., Va. Has taught in 
Buchanan, Botetourt, and Montgomery Co's. Va., and Kana- 
wha Co., West Va., — in all, about 1,228 pupils, twenty-five of 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 35 

whom are teachers. Taught fourteen years. Has three Sun- 
day schools in the rural districts and visits them as often a.s he 
possibly can. In '']'], was licensed to preach, and has been 
employed on a Baptist circuit. Owns a house and three lots in 
Roanoke City. Is now preaching. 
Educated by Mrs. Cantield. 

CAVrON, Thomas. Born in Hampton, Va. Went to Norwich, Ct. 
Academy, but his eyes failed him. He taught eleven years 
Was principal of a colored school at Charlottesville, Va. Then 
had an appointment in U. S. Revenue Service at Newport 
News. Was for several years in the employ of the School, as 
agent for Southern Workman, etc., and then went abroad as 
travellingagent with the "Virginia Colored Concert Company." 
Educated by Wm. R. Lawrence. 

^-'=HowE, Alfred P. Born 1856, in Wilmington, N. C. Was in Bos- 
ton when last heard from, (a few years ago) employed as wait- 
er in a private family. 

Educated by Wm. J. Rotch. 

^Lamb, John H. Miss Jane Stuart Woolsey writing in i^iji, says: 
" John Lamb was born a slave, the son of a slave, near City 
Point. All his people, owners and parents, are scattei^ed and 
lost sight of, and the place itself was overrun and destroyed in 
the war. He is an unmixed Negro, as black as midnight. He 
is very quick and intelligent, eager to learn and ambitious to 
teach. His teachers practice him sometimes by making hmi 
teach the classes under their direction, and he does it with 
clearness, precision and self-respect. He is very well behaved, 
quite a little gentleman, indeed, and, altogether, very promis- 
ing. He is a great singer, full of all kinds of native songs. He 
is sixteen years old. He was recommended here by a Quaker 
lady, who taught a little while at City Point." 

He has been teaching at City Point and doing very well. 
Has a large family. 

Educated by Mrs. Tileston. 

=^=Lane, Geo. W. Born 1852, Chowan Co. N. C. Was at Howard Uni- 
versity one year. In 1879, was appointed Deputy Register of 
Deeds for Chowan Co. In 1881, was principal of Edenton, N. 
C. Public School, of two hundred scholars. Was afterwards 
made Postmaster, the first and only colored man who had 
held this office in the town. Has now a barber's shop in Nor- 
folk, Va. 

Educated by Mrs. Ropes. 

-*Did not reply to last circular letter of inquiry. 



;i6 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

Langford, Little Berry. Born 1849, in Potecasse, N. C. Taught 
at " Butler School " ten months ; at Abingdon, Va., three years; 
at Wytheville, Va., three years ; at Woodbury, N. J., three 
years ; also at Woodland, N. C. Had about five hundred schol- 
ars, thirteen of whom are now teachers. Is now a licensed 
preacher of the Methodist Church in New York State. Says 
he " is not teaching the young ideas to shoot, but old ones, 
to come up to the mark of the high calling which is in Christ 
Jesus." 

He is married and has four children ; has accumulated 
no property since preaching. Is disappointed in not finding 
the colored people of New York in better circumstances than 
those in Virginia and South Carolina. He lives in Coxsackie, 
N. Y. 

Educated by Mrs. C. P. Hemenway. 

Lewis, Peyton M. Born in Roanoke Co. Va., 1849. "I taught six 
terms, of six months each, at Liberty, Thaxton Switch, and 
Bunker Hill, Va. I taught six hundred children ; eleven of 
them have become teachers. After teaching among my peo- 
ple six school terms, I felt it my duty to try to teach and 
preach the Gospel. I have been engaged in this work ten 
years, and have had reasonable success with my own people, 
and favor with the best white people everywhere I have been. 
I keep up regular Sunday school and temperance work with 
my church, and I have always been able to make them the 
most hopeful features of my church work, because I know so 
much depends upon the training of our young. My aim is to 
be a most effectual Gospel preacher and teacher. I am now 
taking a course in Wabash College, embracing Latin, Greek, 
French and German, with other studies. I am a preacher in 
the Indiana Methodist Church. I am married and have had 
five children ; only one is living. [In 'jy, he married Alice 
Ferribee, class of 75.] I have no real estate ; only some per- 
sonal property. The intellectual, moral, religious, industrial, 
and economical status of the people varies much in different 
sections of the country that I have passed through. Where 
the people are settled down and have their homes and regular 
pursuits, they are prosperous, and every way in a promising- 
condition. In other sections, their condition is not so en- 
couraging." 

Educated by George Howland. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 37 

Pritlow, Joseph. Taught two years. Studied theology at Howard 
University. Died 1878. 

Educated by Mrs. Charles Brewer. 

^^=Robkrts, Albert B. Wrote in 1886, that he had taught fifteen 
terms, of four months average length. " Never expected to 
accomplish anything remarkable or note-worthy, but hoped to^ 
do some good as a plain worker, both by precept and exam- 
ple." Lives at Newport News, Va. 

'■'Richards, James W. Entered Oberlin College soon after leaving 
Hampton. Home, Washington, D. C. 

'■=RlCKS, James M. Born in Wythe Co. Va. Taught in Wythe and 
Smyth Co's., Va.; then went to Howard University, and 
studied law. Is now practising law in Alexandria, Va. 
Educated by Miss Edith Hemenway. 

'^'Spencer, Clement J. Born 1849, in Charlotte Co. Va. Has taught 
ten months of nearly every year, since leaving Hampton, in 
Charlotte Co. Is one of the leading men of the county, in 
politics, church afifairs, Sunday school, etc. MarriedJCora 
Essex, an undergraduate. 

Educated by Mrs. James White. 

Trigg, Frank J. Born 1850, in Richmond, Va. Attended High 
* School one year in Norwich, Conn. Has taught six years at 

Abingdon, one year at Bonsacks and seven at Lynchburg. Is 
now much interested in establishing a library in Lynchburg ; 
has laready had quite a number of volumes given him for it. Is 
Principal of a group of schools in Lynchburg. Has had 
•' thousands of children " under his care ; " many of whom 
have become teachers." Has always been engaged in Sunday 
school work. 

Says : " The Negro is steadily advancing m all walks in 
life." Is married, has five children, and owns $1,800 worth 
of town property. 

Educated by Mr. Eastman. 

Yancey, Wm. A. Born 1850, in Caswell Co., N. C. "In 1873, I or- 
ganized a school in Pittsylvania Co., Va., in a new house built 
in the woods. This was the first colored public school, taught 
by a colored teacher, in the county. I remained there four 
years, and taught two hundred and fifty scholars. At that time, 
there were very few colored people in the neighborhood who 

*Did not answer last circular letter ol inquiry. 



38 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 

could read at all. When I left, a great many could read 
the Bible readily. I had a flourishing Sunday school, attend- 
ed by young and old ; a Temperance Society, that did good 
service reforming men and women, and a Debating Club for 
the enjoyment of young men, to keep them from the bar rooms 
and places of dissipation." 

"In Feb., 1878, I organized another school in the same 
county and taught there four years, with similar I'esults ; had 
two hundred pupils. In 1881, went to Danville, Va., where I 
am now teaching. I am Supt. of two Sabbath schools, morn- 
ing and evening." 
, "Temperance moves slowly." " Most of the colored peo- 

ple are doing pretty well, many have neat little homes, all 
paid for. Compared with fifteen years ago, I find a great con- 
trast." 

Educated by Mrs. P. M. Bryson. 

Members of the Class, who left before the close of the term. 

*Christopher, Hugh C. Born at Cumberland Island, Ga., 1854. He^ 
taught in Brunswick, Ga. and Charlotte Co., Va. His family 
owned house lots in Darien, and in Brunswick, Ga., where he 
lives. Educated by H. L. Daggett. 

*Edmunds, Henry C. Born in Charlotte C©. Va., 1849. He taught 
in Campbell and Charlotte Co's., Va. In '81, owned 103 acres,^ 
hogs, chickens, etc., in Smithville, Va. 
Educated by the Misses Newman. 

Steward, William H. Born in Williamsburg, Va., 1850. He taught 
one term at the " Butler School." He married Mary C. Rob- 
inson, class of '72. Is a carpenter in the town of Hampton. 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry^ 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 39 



CLASS OF 187^. 



Bailev, Jane. Born 1853, in Charles City Co., Va. Taught two terms 
in Caroline Co., Va. Had 174 scholars. Has been a nurse. 
Is now a cook at Fort Monroe. Owns a small house and Jot 
in Hampton. 

Educated by Mrs. J. B. Wood. 

Calloway, Millie S. (Mrs. Skipwith.) Boi;n 1857^ in Danville, Va. 
Says : " I have never stopped teaching, only during vacation, 
smce I left Hampton in '74." She taught in Halifax Co., in 
different schools ; also m Pittsylvania Co., and has been teach- 
ing in Danville four years. The whole number taught is eight 
hundred and sixty, ten of whom are teachers. Married Mr. 
Skipwith, a graduate of Richmond Seminary, in '78^_^Has 
taught in Sunday school, and lectured on temperance, but 
does not go to Sunday-School now ; hks two boys whom she 
sends instead. She says : " The colored people are improving, 
but they labor under difficulties ; there is so much prejudice 
against color." Owns some real estate. 
Educated by J. M. Dennison. 

*Coles, Amy E. (Mrs. Spencer.J Born 1857, in Danville, Va. Taught 
in vicinity of Danville eight years. In 1882, married Mr. 
Charles Spencer of Stockbridge, Mass. Is now living in Cam- 
bridge, Mass. 

Educated by W. O. Grover. 

^Elliott, Rachel M. (Mrs. Colding.) Born in Portsmouth, Va., 1854. 
She was with the Hampton Singers through their first cam- 
paign. Afterwards, taught in King William Co., Va., and in 
Kanawha Co., West Va., until she married Mr. Colding in 
1877. Wrote in '81, that she was "caring for husband, child 
and home." Lives in Portsmouth, Va. 
Educated by Henry P. Kidder. 

Howard, Rachel. (Mrs. Davis.) Born in Hampton, Va. She never 
taught ; worked as a cook at Fort Monroe. Her married life 
was unhappy. Died in the spring of 1886. 
Educated by Mrs. Walter Baker. 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



4° TWENTV-TWO YKARS WORK 

Howard, Violet. (Mrs. Harris.) Born 1859, in Hampton, Va. At- 
tended the " Butler School " when Mr. Knox, General Mar- 
shall's nephew, had charge and Samuel Windsor, a graduate of 
'71, was a teacher. [This school — day preparatory — is on the 
grounds of Hampton Institute and under its care. The old 
"Butler" building has been superseded by the convenient 
" Whittier School-house."] After graduating, Violet went to 
the North to work, because she " felt there was something to 
be learned in a nice family which she could not learn at home." 
In '81, she passed her examination to teach in Matthews Co., 
Va. She says : " It was a successful year. I did not work for 
money alone, but for the welfare of my race. For six months, 
I worked hard in the school room and Sunday school, sowing 
seeds which will never be forgotten by my scholars or myself. 
In the school room I gained the love of my scholars ; in the 
homes, the kindness of the parents." She taught two sessions 
in Matthews Co., having 135 scholars, three of whom have 
become teachers. 

In 1882, she married, but unfortunatety. She says : " I am 
trying to pray and work ofT the saddest trouble of my life." " I 
am working as compositor in the Normal School Printing of- 
fice, where I have steady employment and fair wages. Mr. 
Betts', the manager's 'Kind words,' which he has never failed 
to use in all these years, ' can never, never die.' To General 
Armstrong, General and Mrs. Marshall and all other kind 
friends, I am more than grateful. I give them God-speed." 

Educated by George Curtis. 

Ivv, Jennie L, (Mrs. Dyson.) Born 1853, in Chatham, Va. Taught 
successfully at White Oak Grove, News Ferry, New Arbor 
and Danville, Va., and was appreciated, respected and be- 
loved, everywhere by the people. She taught more than five 
hundred pupils, ten of whom are teachers, three teaching in 
the same school she had. In 1876, she married James A. Dy- 
son, class of '75. In 1885, they moved to Wyandotte, Kansas. 
They own property in Danville, and also in Wyandotte-; esti- 
mated at $3,000. She is now house keeping. Says : " The 
colored people are much better off in the West, and making 
better progress. I wish they would all move out there." 
Educated by John B. Alley. 

McLean, Grace, (Mrs. Waddy.) Born iu Greensboro, S. C. Taught 
in 1868 and '69 in Huntsville, N. C, before coming to Hamp- 
ton, and in 1870, at Thomasville, N. C. During vacations of 
'72 and '73, she taught summer schools at Greensboro, N. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE 4I 

C. After '74. taught two years at High Point, N. C, under 
the direction of " Friends Association of Philadelphia." Mar- 
ried James A Waddy, one of "The Hampton Singers," of the 
class of '75- 

In her letter, she says : " In '']6. we sang with the Chautau- 
qua choir," under the direction of Mr. Bliss, and travelled 
through the Northern and New England States and Canada. ^ 
In '78, we sailed for Liverpool and spent three years abroad, 
visiting all the cities and towns of importance in England, 
Scotland and Ireland. We spent eighteen months on the 
Continent, and I learned to speak a little of several languages. 
My German I keep up, and am always glad of an opportunity 
to speak with anybody so as not to forget it. In '81, I re- 
turned home. In '82, was elected teacher in the graded school 
at Winston, N. C, where I taught four years. In '87, I was 
•tendered the Matronship of Livingston College, Salisbury, N. 
C, where I have served up to the present." 

" In all my feeble efforts, I have endeavored to do honor 
to my Alma Mater, to be useful in the service of the right, 
and to further all causes for the development and upliftirfg of 
my race." 

She has one child, a boy. Has taught 1,297 pupils, of 
whom one hundred and one have become teachers. She 
says : " I am still battling for the right, and am not easily 
discouraged." Educated by Amos Taplej'. 

]Melvin, Mary E. Born 1856, in Norfolk, Va. Taught at Grafton 
and London Bridge ; since '76, has taught the 2d Grammar 
grade of colored public schools in Norfolk, Va. In '85, at- 
tended School of Methods at Saratoga, N. Y. Has taught 
about one thousand pupils. She writes : " As I teach in a 
graded school, most of these have been taught by other Hamp- 
ton graduates, before reaching my grade. Quite a number 
of my pupils have attended Hampton Institute, others Nor- 
folk Mission School ; a few have graduated from Virginia 
Normal and Collegiate Institute, at Petersburg. I think 
about twenty-five or thirty have become teachers." 

" The people are improving ; many are building homes 
and teaching their children trades." 

Educated bv ^ ^^- ^- ^iskey, in '73, 

■' \ Rev. W. H. Furness,in 74. 

*RiCARD, Margaret, (Mrs. Howe.) Born 1858, in Wilmington, N. 
C. Taught several terms in Wilmington. In '78, she married. 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiiy. 



42 TWENTV-TWO , YEARS WORK 

a Mr. Howe and liv^d in New Haven, Ct. 

Educated by William Hilton and William E. Dodge 

Wilson, Mary Jane?. Born in Portsmouth, Va. Opened a private 
school, in her own home, after graduating, which increased so 
fast that, after two years, her father built her a school house 
on his own land, back of their house. Has fifty-six scholars. 
Has taught over three hundred, twelve of whom have been 
teaching ; some have gone to college. Says she tries " to 
teach them to work, and rest on themselves." Has a home 
with her father and grandmother in Portsmouth. 

Educated by Miss C. Mower and Miss Clara Williams. 

Davis, Geo. J. Born in Chatham, Va. Says : " After graduating I 
was engaged to teach in the Butler School, under Mrs. George 
Dixon. At the end of two years, Mrs. Dixon gave up the 
school, and I, being her ' oldest child,' fell heir to the princi- 
palship, which I held four years. I liked the. work as teacher 
very much, and became very much attached to my pupils and 
was sorry to leave them; but at that time,the teacher's salary 
was so small, and so hard to collect after it had been earned, 
I thought it best to accept a position on the Normal School 
Farm, [as instructor of Indian boys in farming,] with Mr. Al- 
bert Howe, where I have been for seven or eight years. I find 
here that a great deal of patience is needed, and I have learned 
to take the bitter with the sweet." " Taught at the 'Butler,' 
(now Whittier School) four hundred and twenty pupils; eigh- 
teen of them are teachers." In '82, he married Lottie Smith, 
an undergraduate, and lives on the Normal School grounds. 
Owns a piece of land and two cottages. 
Educated by Mrs. M. S. Putnam. 

Greenhow, William. Born in Williamsburg, Va. Has attended 
Bryant and Stratton's Business College at Chicago, 111. Has 
taught in Virginia, Kansas, and Missouri, five hundred schol- 
ars. Has been engaged in Sunday school work with " flatter- 
ing success." Is teaching now at St. Joseph, Mo., " Aiming " 
at mercantile pursuits. Says : " The per cent, of those of mj- 
race owning property shows a gratifying increase." 
Educated by Mr. Sears. 

*HoDGES, Augustus. Born 1854, in Brooklyn, N. Y. He taught in 
Kempville and Lake Drummond, Va., four years ; was after- 
wards a janitor in New York City. Was a " contributor to the 
A'^, V. Globe, and wrote poetry." Worked in a hotel. Reports 
of him not satisfactory. Educated by Mrs. C. F. Coffin. 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 43 

*P00L, John F. Was reported as a Mail Carrier in Brooklyn, N. Y., 
during President Hayes's administration. 
Educated by Mrs. Walter Baker. 

Stephens, Geo. E. Born in 1853, at Beaufort, N. C. Attended Win- 
chester Seminary three years, Oberlin College one year, and 
" Summer School." Studied Latin, Greek, and mathematics. 
Has taught in Beaufort, N. C, one session, Bonsacks, Va., 
one, Winchester six, ten months each ; Staunton two, Lynch- 
burgh four. Has had eight hundred pupils, fifty of whom 
have taught. Is engaged in Sunday school work in M. E. 
Church ; present occupation, teaching. In December '89, mar- 
ried Lucy J. Boulding, class of '81. Lives in Lynchburg. 
Educated by Miss Mary Anna Longstreth. 

Tazewell, John H. Born 1850 in Elizabeth City Co., Va. Has taken 
private lessons in Greek and Latin, since leaving here. Taught 
six years in Southampton, Princess Anne, and Elizabeth City 
Co.'s. Va., having about five hundred pupils ; some of them 
have taught. Feeling himself called to preach, he tried to 
qualify himself for the ministry, by attending the " Pastors' 
Class for Bible Study " of this School, and being a shoema.kej, 
worked at his trade. He has also acted as colporteur for the 
American Tract Society. Is now trying to build up a church 
at Newport News, "where it is greatly needed." 
Educated by Thomas Ridgway. 

Thompson, James C. Born 185 1, in Tazewell Co., Va. He taught 
successfully fifteen years, in Tazewell Co., and Wytheville, and 
" had the approbation of the best citizens, both white and col- 
ored." He says : " Some were hostile, but, like General S. C. 
Armstrong, I looked at the necessity of the work, and sur- 
mounted the scoffs and sneers of the people." Died 1887. 
Educated by Mrs. Eliza Collins. 

TONSLER, Benj. Ellette. Born 1854. in Albemarle Co., Va. Has 
taught thirteen terms, from nine to ten months each. Says : 
" I think I have taught not less than seven hundred. I had 
charge of the primary department for some years, when my 
average was among the eighties ; eleven are teaching." " I 
have been and am engaged in Sunday school work, and the 
fruitage has been highly gratifying." He is married and has 
three children. Owns real estate and personal property worth 
about $2,380. Is teaching in Charlottesville, Va., and says " I 
aim to prepare the young for the duties of life and to improve 
my people." "The people are prosperous temporally, but 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



44 TWENTV-TWO YEARS WORK 

the outlook is not all that is desirable by a good deal. Home 
training is very much neglected." 

Educated by Mr. and Mrs. Josiah Ouincy. 
Whitted, Henry ALSa-ON. Born 1848, in Hillsboro, N. C. Taught 
two years in Edgecombe, N. C, and ten years in Person Co., 
N. C, where there have been about four hundred scholars. 
Says : " I have been regularly engaged in Sunday school 
work, and feel that I have done much good." Was married 
twelve years ago, and has five children. His health would 
not allow him to teach ; he is farming and will probably con- 
tinue so. Says : " The colored people are making very little 
progress." He lives in Winstead, N. C. 

Educated by George A. Nichols and Mrs. P. W. S. Canfield. 



ex-studeHts, middle class, 1874. 

CALLO^VAY, George F. Born in Pittsylvania Co., 1850. " Since leav- 
ing Hampton, my time has been devoted entirely to teaching 
the public schools of Halifax County. Have taught about 
eight hundred children ; sixty-three are teachers. I am mar- 
ried, and have a farm worth $1,500^ and horses, cattle, etc., 
worth $700. 

In this section of the state our people show a decided im- 
provement. As a rule they are farmers ; some own their 
homes, and some few, more successful ones, own large tracts 
of land varying from forty to twelve hundred acres. Others 
rent land and pay a certain portion of the crop to the owner, 
or work for wages, which are $8 to $10 per month. This 
agricultural year has been almost a failure ; consequently, the 
people are in poor circumstances to meet the approaching 
winter. I have a large school, but many are obliged to stop at- 
tending on account of not being sufficiently clothed to protect 
themselves against the cold." 

Educated by Fourth Congregational Sunday School, Hart- 
ford, Ct. 

Pryor, Henry D. Born in Hampton, Va., 1859, Learned at the 
School to be a printer. Was employed in the Government 
Printing Office at Washington, D. C. from 1881-86, and in 
Philadelphia from '86-88 ; when he took charge of the Tus- 
kegee Normal School Printing Office, Tuskegee, Alabama. 
Is now in Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 
Educated by Richard D. Wood. 



OF HAMPTON IXSTITUTE. 45 



CLASS OF 1875. 



Browx, Matilda J. (Mrs. Wm.B. Weaver) Taught in Gates Co., N.C. 
and Southampton, Co. Va. Married Wm. B. Weaver, an un- 
dergraduate of '75, and died in 1880. 
Educated by Charles Spencer. 

Farlev, Delia P. (Mrs. Owen) Born, 1854. in Petersburg, Va. 
Taught in a graded school at Petersburg three terms, where 
there were about three hundred scholars : none are teaching 
as yet. She was among the first colored teachers employed in 
the public schools in Petersburg. Has one child and is now 
housekeeping. Owns a farm at Wakefield and a lot in Pe- 
tersburg. Is engaged in Sunday school at Wakefield. 
Educated by B. H. Bartol. 

Ferribee, Alice M. (Mrs. Peyton Lewis) Born 1855, in Elizabeth- 
City, N. C. Taught '75-76, in Perquiman's Co. N. C; "76-77, 
at Rocky Ford, Va. She was one of " The Hampton Student 
Singers." 

She married Rev. Peyton Lewis, class of '75, a pastor in 
the M. E. Church, and has five children. Since her marriage, 
she has labored as a pastor's wife. " In many ways, trying to- 
help my people to understand practical religion at home, and 
around the fireside, by being clean and neat, beautifying their 
homes and setting good examples to their children." "• In 
Baltimore I studied instrumental music, and have since acted 
as organist in some of our churches and Sunday schools." 
" While Mr. Lewis is now studying in Wabash College, I 
thought I had better try to learn something too. So I am 
studying Latin with him." " You may be assured that I shall 
never cease to be grateful for all that you and your man\' 
friends have done for me and mine, and m}^ race. " 
Educated by Wm. B. Spooner. 

Ferribee, Maria L. (Mrs. Wadkins,) sister of Alice M. Born 1857, 
Elizabeth City, N. C. She taught at Guinea Mills, Currituck 
Co., N. C, one term, and at Rocky Ford, Va., one term. 
Taught 126 pupils; then, owing to the failure of the school 
fund in Va., she went to service in Brooklyn, N. Y. Is now 
married and has one child, and is housekeeping. She says, 



46 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

"Whenever I read an article in the papers about Hampton 
and its work for my people, it fills my heart with joy to the 
uttermost. I know that the training I received during my 
stay there has made me what I am to-day. I still retain the 
same principles I possessed when I left school, striving to press 
forward and take advantage of every opportunity that is of- 
fered me." " So far as I know, for the time we have been 
liberated and the advantages we have had, I feel we are equal 
with other races. Lives in Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Educated by Miss Abby W. May, for Ladies of Sanitary 
Commission, Boston. 

*GlBSON, Lizzie. (Mrs. Francis.) Born 1852, in Germanton, N. C. 
She taught in Pittsylvania Co., and Callands, Va. and at 
Trinity College, N. C. About six years ago, married Hum- 
phrey Francis, a widower with several children. Is now house- 
keeping in Danville, Va. Educated by Mrs. M. A. Tappan. 

Gregory, Sallie P. (Mrs. Johnson) Born 1854, in Chatham, Va. 
Taught eight years in Chatham, and three in the Virginia 
Normal and Collegiate Institute at Petersburg, Va., and again 
at Chatham. Took a course of higher mathematics, language, 
and music at N. & Coll. Inst. Has taught between eight 
hundred and one thousand scholars. " Seventy-five or one 
hundred of them are teachers." Has also always engaged in 
Sunday school work and feels that she has done much good 
in that direction. Owns an interest in a piece of property 
worth about ,$2,000; has assisted her parents in repairing their 
home, and has about $800 on deposit. Says, " I am still en- 
gaged in teaching, and my aim is to do all in my power to 
elevate and Christianize my people." Lives in Lynchburg, Va. 
Educated by Mrs. M. A. Tappan. 

Mellon, Susan R. ( Mrs. Hall.) Born in Wrightsville, Pa. Has 
taught in Gatesville, N. C, Bridgewater, Pa., Southampton, 
and Nansemond Go's., Va., and, since 1882, in Baltimore Co., 
Md. She had to resign last winter on account of trouble with 
her eyes. The number taught by her is twelve hundred. She 
cannot tell how many of them have taught. Several in Balti- 
more Co. are preparing themselves for teaching now. She says, 
" In Baltimore Co., the people are principally farmers. Many 
own their own homes, and are interested in the education of 
their children. The schools open the first of Sept. and close 
the last of June." Lives in Madonna, Harford Co., Md. 
Educated by Redwood Warner. 
*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 47 

jNIoRSE, Lucv A. Born in Yorktown, Va. Studied with the Chau- 
tauqua' Circle two years. She has taught in Yorktown, Va. 
four j-ears, Southampton Co. two years, Hillsboro, N. C. one 
year. There were about nine hundred children in these schools; 
only six of them have become teachers. Was in the Normal 
and Collegiate Institute at Petersburg, as Matron. All the 
money she had was lost by failure of the Home Savings 
Bank at Norfolk, Va. Was employed as assistant Matron at 
Hampton Institute for a year. Is now at a Sanitarium in Bos- 
ton. Educated by Rev. Phillips Brooks, D. D. 

Ro.SS, Ann (Mrs. Fletcher.) Born 1856, in Danville, Va. She taught 
in the vicinity of Danville, the spring of 79, when she mar- 
ried Mr. Fletcher of Portsmouth. In '84, Mrs. Fletcher wrote 
that she was teaching two miles from Portsmouth, Avith Mr. 
Wilkins, a graduate of '72. Said her " time was much taken 
up : teaching six hours a day, attending to her home duties, 
taking in sewing to make a penny that way, attending Sunday 
school, teachers' meeting once a week, and with a fcAv schol- 
ars whom she taught at night." She died in 1885. 
Educated by Mrs. E. W. Clark. 

Card WELL, John. Born 1856, in Rockingham Co., N. C. Was one 

of the Hampton Singers. He taught in Rockingham Co., N. 

C. In 1 882, he went to teach at the Tuskegee Normal School. 

Afterwards went to Clark University, Atlanta, Ga. Died 1886. 

Educated by James Sturgis. 

Catus, William Gaston. Born 1853, in Hertford Co., N. C. He 
has taught ever since leaving Hampton ; in Va., N. C. and 
Md. Has had four hundred and seven scholars, fourteen of 
whom are teachers ; two are teaching graded schools. In 
1883, he was ordained preacher, and has had charge of dif- 
ferent missions, sometimes three or four, to which he preaches 
as often as he can. His wife assists by taking charge of 
one of his Sunday schools. He married Ella Moore, one of 
Hampton's students and has five children. Owns a house 
and lot. He is now preaching and aiming to help those around 
him. Says of the people : " I think I can safely say that those 
in towns are advancing generally." 

He was one of " The Hampton Singers." In the account 
written at that time, it is said : " He was free born, but was 
bound out in childhood, and, like many of the free Negroes 
of the South, endured all the evils of slavery except its name. 
In the School he supported himself at the carpenter's bench." 



4o TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

Has charge of a church in Germanton. N. C, and doing 
missionary work, connected with the Presbyterian church. 

Educated by Mrs. George Russell. 
Collins, John W. Taught two years and died in 1878. 

Educated by Mrs. P. S. L. Canfield. 
Draper, Jo.seph W. Born 1853, in Pulaski Co., Va. Was at one 
time employed at the American House, Boston ; attended 
Boston High School, .studying Latin, French, and mathemat- 
ics. Afterwards he taught in Pearisburg, Va.; in Staunton 
four years, and at Eatontown, N, Y. Taught in all, about 
three hundred children, four of whom are teaching. He 
says : "I have always taken an active part in Sunday schools, 
and in temperance work. In my exhibitions and commence- 
ment exercises, the recitations and speeches by the children 
were generally about temperance. I found such exercises not 
only instil into the minds of children temperance ideas, but 
it is also an opportunity to do verj- effective work among the 
parents." 

" The colored people are undoubtedly improving both in 
morals and intelligence. They are becoming less dependent 
on the charities of the white race. They see now that it is 
no disgrace to work, and, if they wish to have comfortable 
homes, educate and clothe their children, and have some- 
thing to put awa}^ for ' a rainy day,' they must labor con- 
stantly, be frugal and temperate." 

'■ The young men and women that are becoming heads 
of society and families, have gotten their moral and religions 
training in a great measure, from such Institutions as Hamp- 
ton and Fisk." " I hope and pray the General may have 
many years to continue in the great work God has so wonder- 
fully blessed him in." Lives in Philadelphia, Pa. 

Educated by H. P. Kidder. 

DuNGEE, Robert J. Born in 1847, in King William Co , Va. Is one of 
several brothers who have graduated from Hampton with cred- 
it to themselves and the School. He says : " After spending at 
Hampton four of the most pleasant and*profitable years of my 
life, I graduated in '75- It is fourteen years since then, but 
the faces of teachers and students are still fresh in my mind. 
Not less than seven of the class have died and more than two- 
thirds are married, but several, with myself, remain single yet." 
" I began teaching in New Kent Co., and had a large at- 
tendance of about eighty scholars. The next year I was so 
fortunate as to get a school in King William Co., near my 



OF ha:sipton' ixstitutk. 49 

home ; here I taught five sessions. After this, I took charge 
of another school in the same count}', and taught seven ses- 
sions. In these three schools there Avere about three hundred 
and fifty children. Some of my scholars have been to Hamp- 
ton, some have attended high school at Richmond." •" I am 
now teaching winters and farming summers. Have a nice 
farm of about 80 acres, and have built a house, which is not 
finished by a great deal. I have a horse, a young mule, a 
cow, farm_ing implem.ents, and a sulky. There seems to be 
now one more thing needful to make life what it ought to be, 
and that is what Adam needed ere God gave him Eve, and I 
hope the time will not be long before all I need shall have 
been found, when the labor of thirteen years in the past shall 
have paved a road to rest at last." He lives in Cohoke, Va. 
Educated by Jonas Fitch. 

=•'= Dyson, Ja:hes A. Born 1852, in Lewis Co. Mo. Married Jennie L. 
Ivy, class of '74.. Has taught in Va. several years; is now in 
Wyandotte, Kansas, where he is teaching with success. 
Educated by Miss Ropes. 

* EvAN-S, David H. Born 1855, in Lexington, Va. Has taught in 

Botetourt, Norfolk and Rockbridge Co's., Va. Married Henri- 
etta Hunter of the class of '76. They live at Natural Bridge, Va. 
Educated by David Scull's Sons. 

* Floyd, John, Born 1846, in Montgomery Co., Va. Went to Way- 

land Seminary, after graduating from here. Has been Sunday 
School Missionary for the American Sunday School Union. 
Taught in Montgomery and Pulaski Co's : reported at one 
time owning twenty acres and a cow. Married in 1879. When 
last heard from was in Jacksonville, Fla. 
Educated by Joseph N. Bacon. 

* Green, Charles W. Born 1849, in Gates Co.. N. C. Has taught in 

Glendower, Va., and in Newberne, and Gatesville, N. C* Taught 
in Gatesville several years, and was actively and earnestly en- 
gaged in Sunday-schools. Tried farming, but his crops were 
greatly affected by the drought. He wrote Miss Cleaveland 
he had promised his Sunday-school a Christmas tree, and he 
" hoped that would not be affected by any drought.' Is 
now in charge of Tuskegee Normal School farm, Ala. 
Educated by Mrs. J. Kittredge. 

Harrison, Geor(;e M. Place and date of birth unknown. Taught 
*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



50 TWENTV-TWO YEARS' WORK 

at Enfield, N. C, about four years. In the fall of 78 entered 
Fisk University. Died, 1880. 

Educated by Mrs. Albert Fearing. 

Henry, William P, Born in Philadelphia, 1857. Has taught in 
Tappahannock, Va., one year, Berlin, Va., one, St. Martin's 
two years, and Berlin, Md., six years. At these different places 
he taught 250 difTerent children, four of whom are teaching. 
At one time he wrote, " I cannot say my lines have fallen in 
most pleasant places, but I have been inspired by Mr. Eastman's 
words, ' Luck is a fool, Pluck is a hero,' to fight it through." 
Prejudice was strong. A Scotchman tried to help keep school 
with him but was dismissed, " for associating with a nigger." 
In October 1885, his mind had been given to "matrimonial 
matters," hoping the combined efforts of himself and wife 
might do good. In 1886 he had a Christmas tree. " The ap- 
preciation of the children was beyond expression." In Nov. 
1 888, a great grief came to them in the death of their two years' 
old son. He says. " Though I have had barriers to overcome, 
I am thankful to say that the most of my time, since leaving 
Hampton, has been devoted to teaching." " In this immedi- 
ate community, which I believe was one of the worst places 
below Mason's and Dixon's line for prejudice and Negro op- 
pression, the colored people generally are grasping every op- 
portunity that will lift them higher in an intellectual, moral 
and social scale. They are generally sober and industrious, 
and adhere strictly to economj', through which the rude hut 
and log cabin are rapidly becoming transformed into unique 
cottages with other domestic improvements. ' Dum Spiro 
Spero,' is inscribed on the banner of nearly every inhabitant 
here." Lives in Whaleysville, Md. 
Educated by S. M. Felton. 

Holt, John, Born 1848, at Hickory Hill, Onslow Co , N. C. Has 
taught six months in Pender Co., se\fenteen, at New Hanover, 
and five years in Wilmington, N. C. . Eight hundred pupils 
have been under his charge ; thirty-seven are teachers in day 
and Sunday-school. Teaches winters, farms summers. Is 
married; has eight children; owns 22 acres, cows, hogs, a horse, 
farming implements, carts, etc. His farm, clearing up and all, 
cost about $1,500, and all is paid for. 

Says, "After leaving New Hanover Co., in the country, the 
school committe of the city of Wilmington, hearing of my be- 
ing on the Sound and that I was a graduate from the Normal 
School at Hampton, sent for me and gave me employment for 



OK HAMPTON INSJITUTE. 



51 



one month, as principal of the school, to see whether the\^ 
liked me or not. They seem to have liked my management, 
for they kept me in the position five years, until I resigned to 
see to the fixing up of my farm, with the understanding that 
1 could go back at any time and my chances would be eood." 
" Since then, all Hampton students have had no difficulty in 
getting in getting into the schools at Wilmington, when there 
was a vacancy." " I have had some difficulty in getting alono-, 
but principally among my own race ; that is, the more ignorant 
ones. The most encouragmg words I have ever had have 
been from the better class of whites; but, as a general rule, the 
poor ones are, like the most of m}^ race, ignorant and preju- 
diced. But I have often thought of what General Armstrono- 
used to tell the graduating class, that when we come in con- 
tact with one that'appeared to knowitall.'to 'treat him as though 
he did, and let him go.' " Was one of the "Hampton Singers." 

He is now teaching again in Wilmington, N. C. 

Educated by Wm. Claflin. 

-■' Ivv, Frank B. Born 1855, in Chatham, Va. Has taught in Chat- 
ham, Abingdon and Danville, Va. His first wife was Jennie 
Shelton, class of '76. Is married, and living in Boydton, Va. 
Educated by Miss Ellen Mason. 

Ivv, Lorenzo L. Born 1849, at Chatham, Va. Says, " My first school 
was Big Lick, now Roanoke City, where I taught one hundred 
and fifty scholars, and gave general satisfaction to both par- 
ents and officials of the school. I next assisted Frank 
Trigg [a Hampton graduate of 'jT)^\ one term ; the school 
numbered two hundred, and we had the approbation of the 
best citizens, both black and white. The next year I bought 
an old horse and wagon, and went all through the neighbor- 
mg counties of Va., and N. C, buying eggs, butter, chickens, 
etc., tor the Danville market. I soon found there wasn't any 
money in it, so the next year I fell back on the work for 
which Hampton had tried to fit me — teaching. I heard that 
a principal was wanted for the colored school at Chatham, my 
old home. I passed the necessary examination, took the next 
train, and, before the going down of the sun of that day, had 
signed a contract with the board to teach the school for five 
months. I had one assistant, and before the term closed 
there was a marked improvement in the school. There was 
one boy who was very dull ; he had been made to think he 
could not learn anything, and he took very little interest. I 

'*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



52 TWENTY-TWO YEAR S WORK 

soon got him out of that by taking special notice of iiim, and 
by assisting him in working his examples, and he soon sur- 
prised everybody. I had more friends among my own people 
when I closed than when I began. The next year there was 
no school in Chatham because there was no money. My old 
horse was dead, but with the aid of one of the trustees, who 
said, 'If you can find a team I will go on your note for the 
payment,' I got a pair of young horses, and went peddling again 
in the Blue Ridge counties. Here trade was more profitable — 
I still own one of those horses." He is now principal of the 
North Danville public school, which position he has had 
three terms, with three hundred children on roll, and two as- 
sistants. He also does a large business in teaming. He says, 
" It has been difficult the last few years to obtain employment 
hence there has been a good deal of suffering among the la- 
boring people. Notwithstanding this, the colored people in 
that vicinity are improving, slowly but surely, getting little 
homes, and making great sacrifices to educate their children." 

He is not married, but owns a comfortable house whicli 
cost nearly $2,000, a lot 100 x 150 feet, and makes a pleasant 
home for his mother, who is now a widow. 

Educated by James M. Beebe. 

Jackson, George W, Born 1852, in Brooklyn, Va. Has been 
teaching nearly ever since graduating. Has been Re- 
cording Secretary and Correspondi ng Secretary of a Sunday- 
school Union. Was delegate to last National Republican 
Convention at Chicago, and " voted for Gen. Benjamin Harri- 
son three times." Has served as fireman in one of the De- 
partments in Washington, D. C, two years. Served two 
years as U. S. Gauger in his own county. Was candidate for his 
party, for Legislature of '•83, and was defeated by the massacre* 
of Danville and South Boston, which resulted in intimidating 
and driving many colored voters from the polls. He has 
taught 1,043 scholars, five of whom ai'e teachers. Has a large 
Sunday-school of ninety-six pupils, and teaches a Bible class 
of thirty-six. Is married and has three children, whom he 
wishes to send to Hampton to learn trades and go to school. 
The oldest, seven years old, has been to school only three 
months, and is reading in the Second Reader, and studying 
Arithmetic. He owns 63 acres of land and a house with four 
rooms, weather-boarded and plastered. Has in his day school 
eighty on roll, with an average attendance of seventy-two, but 



OF HA_MPTON INSTITUTE. 53 

they are poorly clad, and need clothing. Lives in Brookh'n, 
Halifax Co., and is preaching and teaching. 

Educated by D. M. Weston and Miss Edith Hemenway. 

Jacksox, Godfrey R. Born 1856, in Dungeness, Cumberland Island, 
Ga. Has taught about four hundred and twenty children. 
Says : "After leaving Hampton in June '75. then a lad of about 
eighteen, I remembered well that the object of my graduation 
there was to labor for the good of m)^ people, and knew that 
the labor in the school room would be the best way to begin 
my work." His first school was in Beaufort Co., S. C, "where 
were one hundred faces sparkling with eagerness." " I 
thought my work would be incomplete without laboring in 
the Sunday-school. I found that many of the parents would 
come to hear the Book explained in a manner that they could 
understand." His return to that school was prevented by the 
outbreak of the yellow fever in Savannah, Ga. Next he 
taught a country school in Darien Co , Ga. " Here 
the work was quite laborious, the children having had 
but little instruction, and their parents being of quite an ig- 
norant class, called ' rice-field people.' Yet they labor hard 
and have acquired quite a little property since emancipation. 
I toiled faithfully with their children, walking ten miles a day 
— five, to and fro — and from this school we have now some 
faithful teachers." He taught seven years at Black Point, Fla. 
" In this locality, school matters are on a veiy good basis ; 
there are about one hundred teachers in the County." His 
last school was at Baldwin's, Fla. He says. " In this little 
town, school work and temperance work must combine. The 
•common habits of snuft", tobacco and whiskey-taking, I have 
to work against in the school, in the temperance societies, and 
in the churches. I am glad to say they have made some im- 
provement. I am now engaged in teaching the St. Perpetua 
School, at St. Simon's Mills, Ga. This school is run by the 
Episcopal church fund. The school numbers fifty-seven. I 
also act as S. S. teacher and Lay Reader for the church. The 
people on this Island are doing well." " In teaching good 
habits, I have labored to set good examples. I cannot aftord 
to say ' Do as I say, but not as I do.' " I feel that the labors of 
■our Northern friends who have labored so faithfully for our 
upbuilding, and the bounties they have given, in millions, 
"w^ont be thrown away." 

Educated by D. M. Weston and Miss Edith Hemenway. 



54 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

Jacobs, Albert R. Born 1850, near Rich Square, N. C. Has taught 
every year in Northampton Co.. N. C, where he has had 
about four hundred pupils ; 'four of these have become teach- 
ers. He is now " engaged in poHtics " Is married and has 
six children. Hopes to farm when his children are older^ 
Has had much to contend with on account of sickness. Lives 
in Laslier, N. C. 

Educated by Mrs. George Curtis. 

* Mebane, Joseph. Born 1853, in Mebanesville, N. C. Taught one 

year at the " Butler School/' here, under Mrs. George Dixon. 
Took a course of study at Oberlin College. Was one of "The 
Hampton Singers." In the winter of '82, joined a troupe of 
travelling singers. When last heard of was keeping ^a 
" Gentleman's Bar-room " in Ohio. 
Educated by Mrs. Cooper. 

* Mendenhall, Madison M. " Went to sea." " A rolling stone." 

Later " was keeping a bar-room and passing off for a white 
man," 

Educated by Mrs. R. C. Waterston. 

* Merchant, Rollins. Born 1855, Lynchburg, Va. Taught in 

Grape Lawn, N. C. and Richmond, Va. Studied law at How- 
ard University, and is reported as now practising law in 
Lynchburg, Va." Was post office clerk there. 

He wrote at one time that he " was pecuniarily embar- 
rassed and went out to teach again." " Some of the places had 
nothing toward school material except a lot of ignorant child- 
ren." 

MiDDLETON, Maurice. Born 1853, in Lexington, Va. For several 
years has been principal of a school in Lexington, West Va. 
Educated by F. Jones. 
Newsome, John L, Born 1854, in Winton, N. C. Taught in North 
Carolina and Virginia. Was shot in a political broil. 
Educated by Edward Hastings. 
Reasoner, Howard. Place and date of birth unknown. Became 
insane and died in an asylum. 
Educated by A. M. Kimber. 

Ricks, Robert C. Place and date of birth not known. Taught in_ 
Berkley Co., and Chuckatuck, Va. Died 1882. 
Educated by W. H. Thompson, 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 55 

*S-MITH, TiMOTHV, Birth place and date not known. Taught at 
Romney, West Va., and in Bedford Co., Va, Afterward be- 
came a Methodist preacher in Georgia, but reports of him 
have been unsatisfactory. 

Educated by Mrs. Augustus Hemenway. 
Scott, ThOimas H. Born 1845, in Washington, D. C. Taught be- 
fore coming to Hampton, and has taught six years since grad- 
uating : in Hertford Co., N. C, and at Southampton, Va. 
Has taught in all, eighteen hundred, thirty of whom are 
teachers, three of them in graded schools. He says: 

" Hard times keep me quite busy trying to make an hon- 
est living for my dear wife Elizabeth, and four children, El- 
len Eliza Cleopatra, Wm. Thomas Elijah, Hester Annie Ma- 
ria, and Vernena Beatrice, the baby." " I am quite afflicted 
and at times unable to walk, from wounds received during 
the war. though I do not complain as the good Lord certain- 
ly has blessed poor me in the past with a portion of education 
as an assistance to me," 

" I apply pretty much all my time to teaching and agricul- 
tural pursuits. I am at present Superintendent of a fine Sun- 
day-school in Southampton Co., Va., numbering 86, and I 
am connected with an active Temperance order. I am poor 
in this world's goods, but the Psalmist says : ' A little that a 
righteous man hath is more and better than the riches of many 
wicked.' I find contentment sufficient for me in this life at 
present. Education certainly is good in its place, but with- 
out good religion I really cannot see how any one can enjoy 
the fulness of intelligence. I have long since come to the 
conclusion to say a man with an education and unconverted 
is a fool in the Scriptural sense of the word, and, says the 
Scriptures, ' When will ye be wise ? ' " 

Educated by Miss Mary Anna Longstreth. 
TowE, Joseph B. We have no record of his birth. He was one of 
the Hampton Student Singers, their " shout leader," and 
many an audience was carried away by his improvisations and 
wild refrains, as he seemed to lose sight of all before him in 
the visions of the " Great Gettin up Mornin'." He was a 
genius in his way, and representative, as he was, of the "old time 
Negro," he had a good head for books too, and a very earnest 
desire for his own improvement and his people's. The teach- 
er who accompanied the Hampton Singers, to keep up their 
school studies, finding Towe mclined to think English Gram- 
mar the most repulsive of all studies, undertook to change this 
*Did not answer last circular letter of inqvury. 



56 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

idea, with such success that she was gratified one day b}' her 
enthusiastic pupil's exclamation, " How could I ever have 
thought that grammar was hard and stupid — it is as heautifiU 
as alHtle bird ivith its wings spread \" Returning to com- 
plete his school course, as all the Hampton Singers did, he 
graduated with an honor. His Commencement essay was on 
the old slave music : in the middle of it he electrified all his 
hearers by breaking into an unexpected musical illustration of 
his subject. After graduating, he " taught," as Mrs. Dixon 
reports in our Graduates' Record Book, " for five years in 
Norfolk, Va., an earnest faithful teacher, till his death." He 
carried his enthusiastic nature into his school room; his teach- 
ing was inspiring and original, and he was zealous in devising 
ways to influence and advance his scholars. His City Super- 
intendent said of him, " He is a live man." He married An- 
na Taylor, one of his own pupils and assistant teachers. His 
death in 1880, was a real loss to his people. 

Educated by Miss Anna Lowell and D. A. Waldron. 
Turner, Daniel Y. Born in King William Co., Va. Taught at Big 
Island and Charlemont, Va., about four years. Died in 1880. 
Educated by Henry Whitcomb. 
*Waddy, James H. Born in Louisa Co., Va. Was one of the Hamp- 
ton Singers. Had a fine bass voice. After the Hampton 
company disbanded, he married Grace McLean, a graduate of 
'74. They traveled in Europe with a colored troupe, giving 
concerts for themselves in England and on the Continent. 
Since returning he has "wandered". When last seen, was 
singing in a Dime Museum. 
Educated by Ezra Farnsworth. 
*Waring, Championl. Born in 1853, in Charleston, S. C. Made ear- 
nest efforts for an education. Went North in 1868, as atten- 
dant upon a Colonel in U. S. Army. When he was twenty- 
one, he went to Hampton. After graduating he went to 
Oberlin and worked his way through for two years, "doing 
almost half a day's work for i-oom and board." Taught the 
next two years in Ohio, and then went to Dartmouth College, 
N. H., where he was " always treated with kindness and cour- 
tesy by every one." Was invited to go to Tuskegee Normal 
School, Ala., but "felt he must go where he could get the 
most money, as he must pay his debt to Dartmouth, and "can- 
not feel free as long as I owe any man." In 1884 he 
went to Galveston, Texas, where he was examined by the 
School Board and received the highest grade certificate that 

*Oid not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 57 

could be given. In 1888 he had charge of the High School 
in Galveston, with six teachers associated with him. Said he 
was " proud of " his " scholars, who were competing success- 
fully in the examinations of the city. The Superintendent 
praised the progress of the children and their general efficien- 
cy." The colored children sufifer from a lack of books at 
home, and he had started a library in the school, which he 
hopes will be a success. He has been conducting a course of 
Institute lectures in the state of Texas. 

.AVashington, Booker T. Born in Franklin Co., Va., 1856. After 
graduating, he taught three terms in Maiden, W. Va.; then he 
attended Wayland Seminary, in Washington, D. C. In '80 he 
returned to Hampton and taught in the Indian Department, 
with great success. This was the first year of our Night 
School, of which he had charge, consisting of students who 
work all day and attend school evenings, keeping up their 
studies all summer in spite of the hot weather, and christened 
by Gen. Marshall " The Plucky Class." 

In 1881, a gentleman of Alabama wrote to Gen. Arm- 
strong, in behalf of a committee appointed by the Legisla- 
ture, for a fit person to be Principal of the new State Nor- 
mal School for colored students to be established at Tuske- 
gee. Mr. Washington 'was appointed. Arriving on the 
ground, he found that there was no school house, or necessary 
furniture. The Legislature had only appropriated money, 
$2,000, to pay the salaries of the teachers ; the colored people 
must provide the rest. The people were very poor. One of the 
colored churches opened its doors, and a shanty was used as 
a recitation room. Thirty students who had been teaching, 
were enrolled. The numbers increased. Miss Olivia A. Da- 
vidson, a graduate of Hampton in '79, and afterwards from 
Framingham, Mass. Normal School, was appointed Assistant 
Principal. Before the year closed, a third teacher was added. 
The story of the growth of the Tuskegee Normal School 
is almost a romance. Beginning July 4th, 1881, in a little old 
church and a shanty, with thirty students and one teacher, 
after eight years it has 400 students, twenty seven teachers 
and officers, ( the Principal, Treasurer and three-fourths of 
the teachers, graduates of Hampton,) and fourteen buildings, 
all built by its students. The farm and buildings are valued 
at $20,000. Gen. Armstrong in speaking of it said : " I 
think it the noblest and grandest work of any colored man in 
■the land." Mr. Washington says: "1,500 students have 



58 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

been under my charge, 150 of whom have become teachers." 
In 1882 he married Miss Fanny N. Smith, of the class of '82, 
who died in May '84. In August '86, he married Miss Olivia 
A. Davidson, of the class of '79. who died in May 1889. He 
has three children and owns property worth about $1,000. 

Educated by S. Griffiths Morgan. 
Whiting, Robert W. Born in Campbell Co., Va., 1856. Stud- 
ied a regular college course under private instructors. Imme- 
diately after graduating, began to teach a summer school in 
Farquier Co., Va.; taught there two years, and in Alexandria 
Co., Va., four years, having had about 570 scholars, twenty- 
eight of whom have become teachei^s. Since 1885 filled 
different positions in the Virginia Normal Collegiate Institute 
at Petersburg : viz.. member of the Board of Visitors, Secre- 
tary. Instructor and now Treasurer and Business Manager. 
Wrote that he aimed " to be a successful business man." Has 
always been in Sunday-school work ; had a Bible class at 
the Institute. 

Was married ; had two children ; owned four houses and lots, 
a farm, etc., valued at $8,000. Said ; "The people need energy 
and ambition, but are improving morally." Died 1890. 

Educated b}^ Mrs. Johnson. 



MEMBERS OF THE SENIOR CLASS WHO LEFT BEFORE GRADUATING. 

=^Stephens, Mary E. (Mrs. Gwaltney). Born in Beaufort, S. C. 1854. 
She taught in Carteret Co., N. C. and Northampton and Bed- 
ford Cos., Va. Married in 1881. Lives in Smithfield, Va. 
Educated by Edward W. Clarke. 

*BowEN, Reese T. Born in Tazewell Co., Va., 1851. Reported to 
Mrs. Dixon, then Graduates' Corresspondent, in 1882, that he 
had taught seven years in Wythe, Smyth and Tazewell Co's.. 
Va.; that he owned five houses and lots, and fifteen acres of 
land. Is now teaching in Bristol, Tenn. 
Educated by Rev. Charles G. Ames. 

Harrison, John H. Born in Danville, Va., date not known. 
" Wiien I left school," he writes, " I had but little money to 
go upon, and had to do the best I could got hold of, to help 
my father and mother." " I am married ; have a boy and a 
girl " (three of his children had died within a year.) " Own 
a house and lot." His occupation is bricklaying. His " aim" 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquirj-. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 59 

is to make himself " as useful as possible." He reports the 
general condition of the people, " tolerably good under the 
circumstances and improving slowly. Lives in Danville, Va. 

Educated by Mr. Simpson. 
Holly, Alphonso. Birth place and date not known. Died at the 
School, Oct 27, 1874. 

Educated by Messrs. Samuel Horn and Isaiah Gates, and 
the Misses Burnside. 

Howard, George B. Born in Albemarle Co. Va., 1851. After leaving 
Hampton, entered Academic department of Storer College at 
Harper's Ferry. Taught two years in Augusta Co., and two 
in Page Co., Va., " where there were about two hundred 
scholars, a few of whom have become teachers." In May, 
1889, graduated from Richmond Theological Seminary (Bap- 
tist). Has " built three churches and received more than four 
hundred members into the church " Has " always been an 
active worker in Sunday-schools and temperance." Is mar- 
ried and has six children. Owns two houses and lots, woi^th 
about $1,000, Is now pastor of the Baptist Church at West 
Point, Va., and has " a flourishing Sunday-school, with one 
hundred and fifty members." He wishes now to establish at 
West Point a colored high-school, " which is greatly needed." 
He says : " My whole aim is ministerial and educational work." 
" Our people are improving, their condition is hopeful, though 
much remains to be done." 

*HUNT, Zachariah. Born in Botetourt Co.. Va., 1856. Has taught 
at Bonsacks, Roanoke, Botetourt Springs, Va.. and other 
places. Is a politician. In 1890, was appointed by the Gov- 
ernor one of the School-Board of Examiners at Petersburg, 
Va. Lives in Roanoke City, Va. 

Educated by Mrs. C. A. Johnson. 



EX-STUDENTS, middle class, 1875. 
Moore, Ella S, (Mrs. Catus). Born in Greensboro, N. C. 1859. In 
1876, married W. G. Catus of the Class of '75. Taught at 
Brown Summit, N. C., three months, Greensboro, N. C, three 
months, and at Winton, N. C. There were about one hund- 
red and fifty children, twenty-one of whom are teachers. Has 
assisted her husband in Sunday-school work. Has five children, 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



6o TWENTY-TWO YFARS' WORK. 

and is now busy housekeeping, but likes to teach. They own 
a httle home in Winton, N. C. " The colored people have 
made a wonderful advancement in the last thirteen years. 
They are begining to own homes. 
Weaver, Wm. B. Born in Winton, N. C, 1852. "I came to Hamp- 
ton in '73, with only money enough to pay for one month, 
but with a little help, and work given me to do,, and teaching- 
summers, I continued there two years." " I taught at Rid- 
dicksville, N. C. one term; Mt. Sydney, Va , three terms, 
Laui-el Hill, Va., one term, and Williamsport, Va. one term. In 
'79, I went to Sassafras, Va., and have been teaching there ev- 
er since." " A large and prosperous school has been built up 
and the people made to feel the need of education. A nice 
library has been put into the Sunday-school, and public school' 
and thousands of good books, papers, and tracts are distribut- 
ed over this and adjoining counties." " There have been be- 
tween seven and eight hundred pupils under my charge. I 
don't know how many are teachers. Thirty-five from this 
present school have been sent to Hampton. All are doing- 
good work: a merchant, a wheelwright, a preacher and two 
lawyers ; twenty-three are teaching and preaching. Ninety 
per cent, are church members." " The colored people in this 
neighborhood are industrious and temperate; some accumu- 
lating property, and good homes, and interested in the work of 
education. They are now striving to establish a County High 
School that will prepare the young people for a business 
life without sending them away; and we can safely say we 
owe much of this success and prosperit}^ to the influence of 
the Hampton Normal School, tho' we are many miles away." 
His first wife, Matilda J. Brown, class of '75, died in 1880. 
He is married again ; has two children ; He owns ten acres 
of land, a good house, horse, etc., worth $1,000; "aims " to 
elevate his race. 

Educated by Mudge, Sawyer & Co. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTK. 6l 



CLASS OF 1876. 

[3ROWX, Josephine. Taught about four years, at Great Bridge, Nor- 
folk Co., Va., and at Morristown, New Jersey. In the fall of 
1 88 1, was at service as cook in New York city. It was re- 
ported that she died, March, 1882. 
Educated by Benjamin Coates. 

Davls, Laura E. Born in Norfolk Co., Va. She and her sister Sal- 
lie, who did not graduate, were both of the " Hampton Stu- 
dent Singers." Laura taught in Berkley, near Norfolk, one 
term, and has been teaching in Norfolk city twelve years. 
Has had more than eight hundred pupils under her charge, 
twenty of whom are teachers. Has been secretary of the 
Bute street Baptist church in Norfolk, having lost, on an av- 
erage, but three Sundays a year in attendance there, on ac- 
count of singing in other churches. Since graduating she has 
attended Teachers' Institutes at Lynchburg and Hampton In- 
stitute, in order to try and keep up with the new methods of 
teaching. Her " aim " is to do all she can to elevate those 
around her. Says : " In many ways, the' colored people are 
improving, but they need much teaching." 

Educated by Mrs. Thomas Cole and Mr. O. Prescott. 

Free:\ian, Sarah E. ( Mrs. Hemmings). Born in Pompton Plains, 
N. J., 1858. Has taught every term since graduating; at Pun- 
goteague, one term ; Southampton, seven terms ; Belle Haven, 
one ; Sea Side, four terms. " In the beginning, the school 
houses were very poor and uncomfortable ; the schools very 
full, and I worked very hard, but I liked it." " I have taught 
eight hundred scholars ; nine of them are teachers." " I al- 
ways engage in Sunday school work, wherever I teach. I 
have a class of fifteen young men and women." " I like 
school work more and more each term." 

In 1882, she married Mr. W. T. Wilson, who died the 
next year. In 1888, she married Earnest Hemmings, class of 
'85. She says : " The colored people are improving. Some 
own their homes, while others only own their teams, farming 
implements, etc., but all try to educate their children." She 
lives in Atlantic City, N. J. 

Educated by the Misses Newlin. 



6 2 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK. 

Gray, Georgie. (Mrs. Peterson). Taught two years in Norfolk, Va 
Married a Mr. Peterson. Died in 1880. 
Educated by Mrs. G. H. Shaw. 

Grey, Mary Ann. ( Mrs. Dodge). Born in Trinity College, N. C. 
1857. Has spent most of her time teaching since leaving 
Hampton ; at Thomasville, Bilesville, Eden and Salisbury, N. 
C. " I cannot tell the number of children in these schools, 
nine have become teachers." " I'm now first assistant in a 
graded school in'Salisbury." " The children delight in going 
to school ; their parents have hard work to keep them at 
home, even when needed." " I am engaged in Sunday-school 
work." " So far as I know, the people are rising." Married 
Wiley E Dodge, class of '78; has one child. Owns real es- 
tate worth |8oo. Lives in Salisbury. 
Educated by the Misses Newliii. 

Holmes, Ellen F,(Mrs. Gray) Born in King William Co., Va. Has taught 
m Bedford Co., one term ; Princess Anne Co., three, and Eliza- 
beth City Co., six terms, having had between four and five hun- 
dred scholars, ten of whom are teachers. Is engaged in a 
Sunday school, which is largely attended and well regulated. 
" 1 have organized a temperance society in my day school." 
" The general condition of the colored people is good ; they 
are improvi-ng ; many of them own their homes." Has about 
$1,000 worth of property in real estate, and household furni- 
ture. Lives in Hampton, Va. 

Educated by Capt J. C. Delano. 

Hunter, Henrietta. (Mrs. Evans). Born in Norfolk, Va. 1859. 
Taught in Norfolk twenty months, in Glenwood, Va., ten 
months, and in Lexington, West Va., five years. She says : 
'* When I first came here, to Lexington, our people were quite 
far behind in a great many things, especially in education. 
The teachers they had were of the poorest kind, with few ex- 
ceptions. The schools were very poor and not graded. It is 
a great deal better now; the children are improving. The 
great trouble is to get them to come to school. The older 
people are not as much interested as they should be about 
sending their children. We have a very good school, with 
five teachers and about two hundred and fifty children. I am 
the only Hampton graduate in the building." 

She married David H. Evans, class of '75. They have 
three children, and own a good home — a house and lot — 
worth about $2,000. They live at Natural Bridge, Va. 

Educated by Mrs. Archibald Campbell. 



OF HAMl'l'OX IXSTITUTK. 63 

Lewis, JNIariha D. ( Mrs. Cumber ). Born in New Kent Co., Va.. 
1 85 1. Taught in New Kent Co., six months; Blacl<; 
Creek, twelve months, Charles City, five months. There 
were one hundred and sixty seven children, and two of 
them have become teachers. " I assist in Sunday school. 
My husband is a teacher of temperance." They own 
one hundred and five acres of land with tolerably good build- 
ings thereon ; two young horses, buggy, carts, cow, etc. Her 
present occupation is housekeeping, and teaching their three 
older children. " The people are advancing rapidly in educa- 
tion, and accumulating propert3^" They live in Talleysville, 
Va. 

Educated by Theodore Lyman. 

Pool, Sallie F. (Mrs. Traynham). Born in Norfolk, Va., 1858. 
Taught a night school in Washington, D. C, two years, and 
taught in the city schools in Norfolk, Va., two years ; also 
taught music two years. Has taught at least five hundred 
pupils ; six or eight have become teachers. She is now mar- 
ried, and has one child, and is living in Washington, D. C. 
She says, she wishes she could teach, but her husband objects 
to her going into the country. Her occupation is housekeep- 
ing. She is a member of the Foreign and Home Missionary 
Society, and of the Temperance Union. They own a " build- 
ing lot." ■' The condition of the colored people is good and 
steadfastly improving." 

Educated by Rev. Phillips Brooks, D.D. 

Shelton, Jennie. (Mrs. I\'y). Born in Buffalo Springs, Va., 1859. 
She taught three years in Bedford Co., and in Boydton, Va. 
' In the spring of 1881, she married Frank B. Iv}^ class of '75- 

Died May, 1882. 

Educated by Miss M. A. Longstreth's School. 

*Thomas, Anna F. Born in Augusta, Ga., 1858. Was teaching in 
1882 at Overton, Ga., and said all her work had been in 
Georgia. 

Educated by Mrs. C. P. Hemeiiway. 

Bailey, James Henry. Born in Halifax Co., Va., 1852. Went out 
with the " Hampton Student Singers," singing first bass. 
He went to Shaw L^niversity one year in the " Scientific 
course," to prepare himself the better for teaching and also 
to study music, and was promoted to the collegiate depart- 
ment there. Excepting the two years he taught in the "But- 
ler " — now "Whittier " — school, at Hampton, he has taught^ 
ever since graduating, in Halifax Co. In some of these years 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



64 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK. 

he has worked hard : at one time, he walked five miles to his 
school house every day ; for three years, he taught an average 
of ten months a year, having two schools each year. He 
says : " At one time, I started a sewing school, which both 
girls and boys enjoyed." " I have had very full schools ; last 
year there were eighty-two in attendance, I have applied to 
the Board for an assistant, but they failed to give me one, so 
I have to ' Hurrah and do all the good I can, and not make 
any fuss about it.' " " I have taught six hundred and eighty- 
one scholars ; five of them have taught, perhaps more ; a few 
have gone to higher schools." " I have a good Sunday school, 
although some of my pupils are too poor to come in as good 
order as they ought." " Temperance is very dull here; both 
white and colored love their drink." 

" The most of the colored people are poor and ignorant, 
They have improved a great deal in sending their children to 
the public schools. They have improved in their form of wor- 
ship. In some places they have the Saturday night Prayer 
meetings yet, but the Association has taken hold of the 
churches and certain forms of worship : consequently the 
' Heavenly Dance ' has been broken up. They have very re- 
spectable churches, especially in this county. In fact, they 
have improved wonderfully in the last ten years. Lands are 
cheap here ; from five to ten dollars an acre ; and the colored 
people have bought themselves little homes." 

He was married in 1887; owns about $1,500 worth of 
property. Lives in Scottsburg, Va. 
Educated by John M. Forbes. 

Banks, Frank D. Born in Appomattox Co., Va., 1855. Taught in 
Southampton, Co , Va , three months, and had fifty pupils, 
three of whom have become teachers. He entered our 
Treasurer's office as clerk, in May, 1877, and has remained 
there ever since. 

General Marshall, the School's first Treasurer, says : "In 
the course of a long and varied business life, during which I 
have had many accountants, copyists and clerks of various 
nationalities in my employ, I have never found any more 
faithful, and generally more satisfactory, than the three 
Hampton graduates, F. D. Banks, W. H. Daggs, ('78) and 
Harris Barrett, ('85). Each of them won my esteem and re- 
gard, and I am proud to number them all among my friends." 

" Banks, who was the first to be employed in my office, 
soon showed himself a good accountant, systematic and cor- 



OF HAMPTON INSIITUTE. 65 

rect, and, before I left Hampton, Iiad the sole charge of the 
books of the Institute, comprising, besides the ordinary ac- 
counts of a large boarding school, those of the two farms, 
and various factories, workshops, etc., which constitute the in- 
dustrial S)'Stem of the School. Few establishments of any 
sort have such complicated accoimts to keep as the Hampton 
School, with its boarding departments for teachers and pu 
pils, its large farms, its shops, etc., but Mr. Banks has proved 
himself equal to all its requirements. He is a good book- 
keeper, a valuable citizen, and an estimable man." 

In 1885, he married Dixie Clementina Lumpkin, class of 
'78. They have two children. He owns a house and lot near 
the School grounds, and other property-, valued at ,$2,500. 
"Aims" to be "a plain,every day business man, and, with it all, 
to be iust and honest." 

Educated by Hon. C. P. Talbot. 

Bas.sett, Andrew. Born in Hampton, Va., 1S57. Has taught a 
part of every year since graduating: in Greenville Co., four 
months, Sussex Co., seven months, Surrey six months and 
Elizabeth City Co., twelye terms. He has taught three hun- 
dred and thirty five pupils. Is, engaged in Sunday school 
work; at present is Superintendent of the ist Baptist Sun- 
day school in Hampton, which has three hundred scholars. 
(Jne who visited his school reported him " studious, careful 
and earnest." He has studied law in an office ; was admitted, 
and is now practising in the courts of Virgmia, and is Assist- 
ant Commonwealth's attorne)'. Has $1,500 in real estate and 
live stock. He says : " I went to Hampton in my patches, 
and my teacher in physiology stopped my classmates from 
laughing at me." "The general condition of our people here 
-^^ is good ; they are improving, trying to improve their children, 
and acquiring property." 

Educated by Channing Sunday school, of Newton, Mass. 
'i^ T. J. Parks, Supt. 

Beroer, Tapley S. D. Born in Pitts3^1vania Co., Va., 1859. "After 
graduating I served as hotel waiter, during the Centennial in 
Philadelphia. Saving my earnings, I went to Washington 
city and entered the Academic Department at Wayland Sem- 
inar}'. In 1879, I entered Howard University, and graduated 
from its collegiate department in 1883. I obtained a position 
in the United States' Treasury Department, and attended the 
Law School at Howard. I was obliged to leave on account 



OO TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

' of malarial fever, and went to Texas." "I taught, for two years,. 

a private school at Washington. I am now teaching ia 
Clarksville, Texas." 

" The relations between the colored and white people of 
this place, have changed wonderfully within the last three or 
four years. These years of experience at the South warrant 
the assertion that all that is needed to cause the two races to 
move on peacefully, harmoniously, and prosperously together-. 
is honest, intelligent and conservative leaders among the 
colored people ; whether they be teachers, or preachers, or 
of whatever profession." 

He is married, has one child, and is preparing to buy a 
farm in Texas. 

Educated by Hon. Josiah Ouincy. 

Bradley, Geo. B. Born in Edgecombe Co., N. C, 1854. " I taught 
in Campbell Co., Va., from 1876 to 1882, and in Charlotte Co., 
v^ Va., from '82 to '88 ; with an average attendance, each year, of 

forty scholars; two have become teachers." " I have taught 
in Sunday schools wherever I was teaching." " The people 
are improving in many ways, though some of them are quite 
low down. The greatest obstacles to contend with are those 
fellows in the pulpit, who say they are "sent", but can't tell us. 
what they are sent to do. The men who used to preach 
twenty-five and thirty years ago wont do for this progressive 
,, age." 

He is not married; owns a horse and a cow and other live ■ 
stock. Is now in the coal business, in Naruna, Va., and 
"aims" to make the world better for his having lived in it." 

Educated by Mrs. Beulah Coates. 

Calvin, Amos W. Born in Salisbury, N. C, 1853. Taught in Greens- 
boro', N. C, two terms of eight months each, and had one 
hundred and fifty pupils. "Nearly a dozen have become 
. teachers." Is not engaged in Sunday school work at present- 
Says : " I am in favor of temperance, but bitterly opposed 
to prohibition." After teaching, he was a "dealer in groceries. 
and provisions." At that time, he wrote to Mrs^. Dixon : " In 
reply to your question if I sell liquors — I will say I do not. 
nor do I drink fancy drinks of any kind." At that same 
time he wrote : " I think the young man who has a trade is 
the only one in a secure position ; a great deal of worry is 
connected with political offices." 

He is now a •' Planter and a Politician." Owns " some 
city property and a suburban jjlantation worth about $8,000." 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 67 

" Aims " " to have a competency in old age, and moral woith. " 
Says ; " I am always glad to hear from Hampton and of her 
wonderful prosperity, and the good that is being accomplished 
by her teachers. The School will always have a warm place 
in my heart, and I always feel any kindness or the contrary 
extended to Hampton, as personal to myself." He lives in 
Charlotte. N. C. 

Educated by Mrs. Theodore Brown. 

Canadav, Edward M. Born in James City Co., Va., 1854. Taught 
school at Eastville, Tappahannock, Accomac C. H., Lake 
Drummond, Churchland, and in the city of Williamsburg. 
Says: "I came home in 1882 ( Willikmsburg) and opened a 
dry-goods and grocery store ; continuing school-teaching at 
the same time." He is married; his wife keeping house, tend- 
ing the store, and taking care of the children. She is also 
organist at the First Baptist Churchfcol'd) in Williamsburg. She 
was his assistant teacher while at Churchland. He was elect- 
ed Commissioner of Revenue, in 1886, by a majority of six- 
teen, and re-elected, iii '88, by a majority of seventy. He 
owns a little farm in James City Co., and one in York Co., 
and his house and lot in Williamsbui-g. Says : " Land is 
not valuable in this .section of the country. I suppose $1,500 
will buy all my real estate." " I have no trouble in m}^ office 
as Commissioner of Revenue, nor as teacher." •' Most' of 
the colored people own their homes; their condition generally 
is good. If we could have Prohibition it would be much better.'' 
Educated by Amos B. Tapley. 

Deans, David D. Bo'rn in Northampton Co., N. C, 1853. " I en- 
tered Wayland Theological Seminary the fall after graduating 
at Hampton; graduated in '79, and entered the Collegiate De- 
partment of Howard University the same 3'ear, graduating 
with high honors in '83. That winter I began to preach and 
teach, and have continued in the same until now. I have not 
found any time to idle or look back since I began, but a 
plenty to do every day. Ignorance, immorality, intemper- 
ance and superstition have kept me wide awake and far from 
the school of do-nothing. I hope and trust that I have done 
some good. I have been engaged in Sunday school and tem- 
perance work constantly and successfull}-, ever since leaving 
Hampton." 

In his day school, he has taught between one hundred 
and fifty and one hundred and seventy-five. " None of them 
have become teachers, because they don't stick to their stud- 



68 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

ies long enough ; besides, the school sessions are too short, 
being only five months. The desire and respect for educa- 
tion are not so great now as they were some time ago. To 
obtain it aright, seeiris to them rather binding or involves too 
much of confinement. They want to be free ! free ! ! free ! ! ! 
— to do, to say, whatever they please, and whenever and 
wherever they choose. But I am still pegging away at m\'' 
work." He is married; has two children, and owns land, 
houses, horse, vehicles, hogs, etc. His present occupation 
and aim is " Preaching the Gospel of Jesus Christ, and teach- 
ing too." " The people have a desire to improve, and are do- 
ing so, somewhat." He lives in Tappahannock, Va. 
Educated by Miss E. W. Lewis. 

Do JGLASS, Dennis D. Born in Augusta, Ga., 1858. Has taught 
in South Carolina, six 3'ears, and Georgia six years ; at Ai- 
ken, Cold Springs, Rehoboth, Dark Corner, Cowden, etc., S. 
C, and in Augusta, and other places in Richmond County, 
Randolph Church, etc., Ga. Had, in all, eleven hundred and for- 
ty-five scholars, of whom twenty-nine are teachers, five are 
ministers, one a doctor, and one a lawyer. In some neighbor- 
hoods, the people were very poor and but few of the children 
could buy books. An Institute was held in his county in '87 
The next year, the school started with many weak places 
strengthened. He is now teaching at Belair, near Augusta, 
Ga. He owns two lots, assessed at $600. each, and a library 
worth $250. 

"In 1888, our people in Georgia returned ^9,631,271 in 
property. Richmond Co. has a number of colored men 
worth $10,000. There is no friction in the city countie?, and, 
where the school system is good, the best of feeling prevails. 
I challenge contradiction. I call systems good when the 
schools run six months, and employ teachers for colored 
schools upon scholarship and merit." " Gen. Armstrong is 
held in high respect by the white people of this neighborhood. 
Hampton's training may be disregarded for a while, but will 
eventually bring men about to a thought of the best, unless 
their hearts have alread}^ been bathed in Acheron and the 
Styx." 

His present occupation is "teaching" and his "aim" ig 
"to look after the rights of the Negro." 

Educated b}^ William Endicott. 

Fauxtleroy, Richard H. Born in Richmond, Va., 1856. "On 
June 1 2th, 1876 , I received my diploma and bade farewell to 



OF HAMl'lOX INSTITUTK. 09 

teachers and classmates. Entering then upon tlie sea of ]jlt, 
I found my bark a very frail structure ; much more so than I 
had any idea of while I was at school ; however, I made up 
my mind to wrestle with head winds and stem the current at 
all hazard. I taught a private school in Washington, D. C, 
during the fall of '76- In January, '77, I was examined and 
appointed teacher in King George Co., Va. After entering 
upon my duties, I made it a rule to visit in a new neighbor- 
hood every week, to learn as much as possible the condition 
of my people. Many I found in the most abject poverty ; 
while others were very comfortably housed and clothed, own- 
ing land in lots of from two to two hundred and fifty acres. I 
taught ninet}^ children and have knowledge of five who have 
become teachers. I closed my last term in May, '78. but have 
made frequent visits to the county and have noted decided 
improvement in the condition of the people. Since May, 
'78, I have been engaged in the fish business. When I stopped 
teaching, I had to leave my well earned monej'- behind me — 
five months' pay at $25. a month — out of which my board 
' and wash bill had to be paid, besides supplying my school 
with a desk, blackboard and maps. I did not get my money 
( i. e. what was coming to me ; about S3 5.) for two years. 

Nothing daunted. I began business with a large supply of 
hope, but a very, very small supply of capital ; viz., twenty- 
five cents. My first shipment was 6 bbls. of crabs, and 2 bbis. 
of clams, for which I was to get $25. by return mail, which, 
up to the present writing, has never ' returned." I gathered 
up another shipment and sent to another dealer, with better 
results and an encouraging order for more. I have had a se- 
ries of successes and reverses, until my experience has cost 
me fully $6,000. I have tried fishing in all its various ways, 
from hand-line to draw-seines, purse and pound nets, etc. I 
am now having smooth sailing and have reciprocal intercourse 
with, and enjoy the confidence of dealers in Baltimore, Bos- 
ton, New York. Newbern, Norfolk, Philadelphia and Wa.sh- 
ington, with a profitable home trade. In the early spring, I 
do a thrifty business with dealers in the far West, shipping 
through by fast freight. 

Last, but by no means least of my good fortunes. I 
found tile precious Saviour, in May, 1880. Then it was that I 
was fully prepared to fight life's battles, laboring in the Sun- 
day school, the church, and among the poor." 

He lives at Mill Creek, between Hampton and Old Point ; 
is married and has three boys and three girls ; owns $2,000 in 



7° TWENTV-TWO YEARS WORK 

real estate, horses, wagons, pound-nets, etc. "Aims" "to 
make the world better with staunch Christian manhood." 

Educated by Miss Anna C. Lowell. 
;^FoRSYTHE, Wm. Alex. Married in 76. Taught in Columbus, Ga , 
and afterwards was in the cotton business in Augusta, Ga. 

Educated by Mrs. Lydia Maria Child. 

Garrett, Thomas H. Born a slave, in Louisa Co., Va. Taught two 
years and five months in Bedford Co., Va. Had about one 
hundred and fifty pupils. Is engaged in Sunday school work, 
and has had a large number of scholars who " seemed to take 
hold with interest." Has a farm and live stock, worth about 
$900. Is married and has one child Studied the Bible and 
pastoral work, in the Pastors' Class at Hampton Institute. 

At present is studying for the ministry and preaching. 
Says : " With God's help, I aim to advance my race to high- 
er modes, and to make heaven my port when I die." " The 
people seem to be in a prosperous condition, A great manj^ 
are owning homes and doing well." He lives in Hampton, Va. 

Educated by Miss Susan Rodman. 

Harrison, Isaac. Born in Danville, Va. Time unknown. " I have 
only applied my time to teaching in Sunday school, and final- 
ly thought it would be better to leave ofl: trying to teach, and 
join the Bible class. For a time, I worked in a tobacco 
factory, but I left that, and have come to the conclusion nev- 
er to roll another leaf of tobacco as long as I live." " I 
wished to make what I had learned be of more use; but my 
parents were old, and I did not wish to leave them, and have 
, decided to stick to them until death. I am hoping at some 
future day, if it be the Lord's will, to act the part of Patrick 
Henry, Henry Clay, Cicero and other noble hearted men, who 
left the stage of action for those who are to come after them." 
" I have not forgotten my books — not at all. Take my books 
and you take my heart." 

He lives in Danville, Va. 

Educated by Dillwyn Parrish. 

HvMAN, Frank T. Born in Warrington, N. C, i860. Writes: "I 
was appointed clerk in the Post Ofllice Department at Wash- 
ington, June 4th, 'y6, and there I still remain.'' [ His father 
was at one time Member of Congress.] " I graduated in phar- 
macy from Howard University, in 1887 : previous to that. I took 
a special course in bookkeeping at the Spencerian College. 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTF.. 7 1 

I now expect to go into the drug business. I was Secretary 
of the Presbyterian Sunday school eight years, and am now 
chorister of the same school. I take an interest in all tem- 
perance movements. I am one who does not indulge in 
drinking, chewing, smoking, or any of those infamous hab- 
its. I owe a great deal of my success in shunning these 
habits, to Gen. Marshall. I remember well his impressive 
lecture to me before leaving to come to Washington." 

" ' Married '-^No indeed." " I have an unpretentious 
home in Washington, D. C. According to my humble iudg- 
ment, the colored people are most decidedly improving." 

In a letter to Mrs. Dixon, he wrote : " I am proud to be 
one of the ' Hampton Boys.' " 

Educated by Edward C. Mandell. 

Iw, V.'alter, (brother of Lorenzo and Frank, of '74 and '75). Went 
home to Danville, Va., after graduating, and died in 1876. A 
general favorite with his school mates, his sudden illness and 
death, and the messages he sent, made a great impression on 
them, which was the beginning of a general awakening of in- 
terest in the subject of religion in the school that year. 
Educated by Mrs. Hannah Richardson. 

•^Tackson, Robert B. Born in W^insboro', S. C. Taught in Mai- 
den, Va., two terms ; afterwards in Atlantic City, where, he 
wrote, he had a very nice school room, supplied with new, 
patent seats; and had several very promising scholars. He 
was heard from December, 1881, at which time he was porter 
in a sleeping car; later in service as valet, in Boston. 
Educated by W. O. Grover. 

70NES, Jame.s. Born in Hampton, Va., 1852. Once taught a few 
private pupils, two of whom have become teachers. His 
health was very poor for some years, and he writes : " Though 
I am not teaching, I am trying to make myself useful in oth- 
er directions." He is engaged in Sunday school work in Zi- 
on Baptist Church, Hampton. He owns three acres of land 
valued at $400., and a canoe worth $60. His present occupa- 
tion is oy.stering and other labor. He says : " My aim' is to 
do all the good I can." " Our people are improving very rap- 
idly." His home is in Hampton. Va. 
Educated by H. L. Kendall. 

^''Kklser, Robert. Born in Albemarle Co., Va., 1857. Taught in 
*Did Bot answer last circul.ir letter ol inquiry. 



72 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

Vicksville, Scottsville, and Charlottesville, Va., five years. 
Was maiTied in 1885. and lives in Charlottesville. Va. 

Matthews, Reuben Hearde. Born in Columbus, Ga., 1852. Taught 
four years before coming to Hampton. After graduating. 
taught one year in Columbus, Ga. His health failed and he 
went to Pensacola, Fla., where he was the head of the col- 
ored public school till '82. Then he resigned and went into- 
mercantile business, and was clerk in the post office in 
Pensacola till he lost this position in 1885. He then ap- 
plied for the principalship of his former school, was appoint- 
ed, and has remained there ever since. He says : " I have 
delivered lectures on education and public schools, and 
aroused quite an interest. At the close of each school )rear- 
I give a public exhibition by the school, in some hall or 
church, in order to keep the school before the people." "Not 
a single term has it had less than a hundred pupils, and, for the 
last two years, there have been more than two hundred. 
Possibly, twenty or thirty have become teachers. I have 
been Superintendent of the A. M. E. Sunday school for six 
years ; am now teacher of a Bible class in the same school. I 
never lose an opportunity to say a word on temperance; for 
there is no place in the United States where temperance 
Avork is more needed than in Pensacola. On account of the 
large number of dram shops, and the tendency of our people 
to patronize them, their condition is not what we might de- 
sire. They are badly divided, and will seldom unite for any 
public good. This is on account of the narrow and ignorant 
spirit engendered in our churches by ignorant ministers. Not- 
withstanding this, there is a gradual progress" He is mar- 
ried, and has five children ; owns a house and lot in Colum- 
bus, Ga , and two lots and three houses in Pensacola, worth 
about $3,000. Says : " My aim is to do all in my power for 
the moral and intellectual advancement of my people, and 
to teach them how to economise and accumulate property as. 
one of the great factors in solving the Negro question. Hard 
work, honesty and frugality are the meians by which we are to 
rise." Lives in Pensacola, Fla. 

Educated by Frederick Marquand. 

McAdoo, Orpheus. Born in Greensboro', N. C, 1858. Taught three 
years in Pulaski and Accomac Co's., Va. Then returning to 
Hampton, he had charge of the first division in the "Butler" 
— now "Whittier" — school, the training school for our Nor- 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 73 

mal. In '86, he joined a colored "Ouintelte", with which 
he traveled through Europe, Austraha, and New Zealand, gi\'- 
ing concerts with great success. Returning after three 5^ears, 
he formed a company of his own, chiefly of Hampton gradu- 
ates and ex-students, and sailed for Europe in the summer of 
1890. In August the Company was heard from as having 
very encouraging success in Cape Colony, South Africa, from 
whence they were to go to Australia. He has made singing 
his profession, and " aims to make money and endow Hamp- 
ton." Later news : wedding cards received for marriage of 
Mr. Orpheus Myron McAdoo and Miss Mattie E. Allen, Jan- 
uary 27, 1891, at Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony, South Africa. 
Miss Allen went out as contralto soloist in his concert company. 
*MoORE, Alfred A. Born in Rockbridge Co., Va., 1850. After 
graduating, he went to Philadelphia, hoping to accumulate mo- 
ney enough, during the Centennial exposition, to enter Ober- 
lin College or Lincoln University. Being disappointed in 
this, he went to Boston, where he " found the facilities for a 
young man to complete his education much better than in 
Philadelphia." He worked in a hotel and went to Evening- 
High School. Did not think Boston the place for young col- 
ored men who desire to elevate themselves in life. 
Educated by Shortbridge, Borden & Co. 

*RoBBiNS, J. Was clerk in Principal's office at Hampton Institute; then 
had charge and general oversight of the Indian boys, out 
of school hours, teaching them "'the white man's way"; also 
taught in the class rooms. In '80, he went to the West, to 
work among the Indians in their homes, and in a Mission 
school. Studied medicine ; afterwards became a divinity stu- 
dent. Has made a most excellent record. 
Educated by Robert Rogers.' 

Robinson, John H. Born in Gloucester Co., Va., 1857. Taught in 
Surrey Co,, four terms ; Prince George Co., one term; Middle- 
sex Co., one term, and Elizabeth City Co., twelve terms. Has 
taught about four hundred and fifty pupils, about twenty-two 
of whom have become teachers. He is engaged in Sunda}- 
school and temperance work. One who visited his school said : 
" He has done a good work, and stands high with the people 
and school officers." In '88 he was elected member of the 
Virginia Legislature, but continued his school during the win- 
ter as usual. He is married, has one child; owns real estate and 
*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



74 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

personal property. Says, •' The people seem to be improving." 
Lives in Hampton, Va. 

Educated by Jacob P. Jones. 
*Smith, Jesse D. Born in Hampton, Va., 1858. Taught in Bedford 
and Gloucester Go's., Va., ten months. Is a plasterer by 
trade. Lives in Hampton. 

Educated by R. D. Wood. 
S?«[OOT, Robert, Jr. Born in Charleston, S. C. Taught seventeen 
months in Aiken Co., S. C, but suffered so much from rheu- 
matism that he was obliged to stop. Says, " My education 
has been a great help to me; it has taught me to respect my 
countrymen. The relation between the whites and blacks is 
very good, but would be better if the blacks were educated. 
Religion is increasing, morality is at a low standard ; temper- 
ance and industry ai^e making rapid progress." 

He lives in Aiken, S. C. 

Educated by S. S. White and Mrs. J. H. Wolcott. 
L^NTHANK, Walter. Born in Greensboro', N. C. Taught about one 
year. Died, in '78. 

Educated by Mrs. Benjamin Marshall. 
Vaughn, Moses D. Born in Potecasse, N. C, 1852. Has been teach- 
ing four months in each year since '76. Has taught about 
seven hundred and thirty-eight pupils, about ten of whom have 
become teachers. Is engaged in Sabbath school every Sun- 
day. Is married and has four children. Owns a farm of 
eighty-two and one half acres, seven head of cattle, horse 
and buggy. He teaches falls and winters, and farms sum- 
mers, and thinks he has " done a great deal for his race." 
Thinks " the greater part of the colored people are improv- 
ing." 

He lives in Potecasse, N. C, 

Educated by Rev. J. H. Means. 
VooRHEES, Charles C. Born in St. Louis, Mo., 1855. Taught in 
Danville, Va., one year, Elk Garden, two years, Lebanon, 
three years : also at New Hope and Scottsville, Va.; averaged 
about forty scholars each year. Conducted Sabbath school 
very successfully. Said, " I practice daily the lessons I learned 
at Hampton." Was married in 1887, and owned a house and 
lot. Died Dec. 1888. 

Educated by P. K. and M. M. Hawley. 
White, Ackrel E. Born in Isle of Wight Co., Va.., 1850. In the 
fall of '']'], he went out as teacher under the auspices of the 
*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTK. 75 

American Missionary Association, to the Mendi Mission, on 
Sherbro Island, West Coast of Africa. After several years 
of faithful service, he returned in 1883, bringing with him two 
of his pupils, Bucll Tucker and Claudius Clement, native 
African boys, who entered Hampton, and went through 
the course : the latter now teaching and preaching in 
Africa. For a while after his return, White was in the 
mail service, but wrote : " Though the pay is larger, I 
do not feel as if I were doing my duty as I do when I am 
teaching." In October, '84, he had a school in Ports- 
mouth, Va., with Mrs. Williams (Sadie Mackie, class of '81,) 
as assistant. The next year her sister, Annie Mackie of '85, 
taught with him. He had two hundred and twenty-five on 
roll, but, " the daily attendance dropped off when cold 
weather came, for lack of clothing." He wrote of one of the 
School's friends whose memory is ever sacred at Hampton : 
"No one can feel Miss Mary Anna Longstreth's death more than 
I do. Her letters followed me to Africa, and, I trust, her good 
advice will follow me to the grave." 

He died in Feb. 1887. 

Educated by Chas. Ellis. 

A^is, Whit T. Born in Danville, Va., 1857. W^as one of the 
•' Hampton Student Singers." He says : " The first term af- 
ter I graduated, I had charge of the public school in Drum- 
mondtown, Va. From '78 to '82, I taught in Washington Co., 
Va. While there, I organized a chCirch choir, and taught 
them vocal music. I also got up a literary and debating so- 
ciety, which proved a useful factor in the social scale. Since 
'82, I have taught in Norfolk, Va. I think about six hundred 
and fifty have been under my personal instruction, of whom 
about fifteen are teachers. I have always considered the 
Sunday school work as a part of the day school work ; both 
being to train children to grow up to be good and intelligent 
citizens in the full meaning of the term. I am at present in- 
terested in a little Sunday school in the suburbs of Norfolk." 
" I am glad to know that you are preparing to show the 
benefactors of the Institute what their kind interest and mon- 
ey have done; but, with all that words and figures can show, the 
half will never be told. Figures and words will not show to 
them, very clearly, the hundreds of young men and women 
who, through thern, are intelligent, inlluential, property ac- 
quiring citizens, who are doing a great deal toward solving 
the great race problem, but who, without help, would have 



76 TWENTV-TWO YEARS' WORK 

grown up simple hewers of wood and drawers of water, ig- 
norant tools in the hands of evil designing men whose chief 
business is to keep up race feuds and prejudice. 

Our good friends will only know the extent of the work 
when they receive their crown of reward, and hear the words 
' Inasmuch as ye did it unto the least of these.' " 

He is married, has one child, and owns about $1,000 worth 
of real estate. Says : " The condition of the people is fair 
and improving rapidly." Lives in Norfolk, Va. 

Educated by Mrs. Augustus Hemenway. 



MEMBERS OF THE SENIOR CLASS WHO LEFT BEFORE GRADUATING. 



Bacon,Jerome. Born in Lancaster Co., Pa., 1857. Taught in Mary- 
land : at Snow Hill one year, Pocomoke City one year, St. 
Martin's two years, and Whaleyville six years. He stud- 
ied short-hand and type writing at the " Scott-Brown Col- 
lege," and is now in business in Philadelphia. He is married 
and has three children. Says : " The general condition of 
the colored people is improved, and as to the question of im- 
proving, there is not the least doubt of it." 
Educated by Wm. E. Dodge. 

Brown, John Henry. Born in Smithville, Va., 1854. He was in 
the Senior classes of '75 and '76, leaving, both years, before 
the end of the term. He writes ; " I have attended the sum- 
mer sessions of the Petersburg school two years. I have 
taught six months at Fredericksburg, two years in Farmville, 
fourteen months at Rice's, five at Stonewall, and eight at 
Hampden Sidney where I am now teaching. Total number 
taught, eight hundred and fifty; twenty-five are teachers, to 
my knowledge. I have been engaged in Svmday school work 
ever since I left Hampton, with success. I am married, have 
one child, and own a small farm of twenty-two acres, valued 
at $900. My desire is to be a good teacher. I like my work 
more and more. In some places, the people are doing very 
well." 

Educated by Mrs. Simpson. 

Hemmings, Gordon E. Born in Buckingham Co., Va., 1857. Taught 
in Buckingham Co., seven terms ; Appomattox Co., one term; 
Augusta Co., one term . Nelson Co., two terms, and Prince 
Edward Co., five terms. In these sixteen years, his average 



OF HAMPTON INS'IITUTK. 77 

attendance has been about forty-five. Six of his pupils have 
become teachers. Has always been engaged in Sunday school 
work with good success. In '8i, he wrote to Mrs. Dixon 
(our first Graduates' Correspondent) : " The learning I ob- 
tained at Hampton, I am unable to tell you the benefit it has 
been to me. It has helped me in all cases of my life and is 
still helpino-me." "I shall endeavor to do the best I can in 
trying to teach the \^oung children the right way to success. 
The colored people are impro\'ing very slowly, and have 
made some progress." 

H.e is now preaching and teaching ; has never been to 
any other institution, and wishes he could enter some theo- 
logical school. He lives in Prospect, Va. 

Educated by Mrs. Walter Baker. 

RoUt.HAC. Lewis. Born in Windsor, N. C, 1847. The following is a 
much condensed abridgment of the account written by himself : 

" Lewis Roulhac was born near Windsor, N. C,, in April, 
1847. He remembers little worth telling until about January 
8th, 1864. when he left his mother and owners, went to Ply- 
mouth, N. C, and enlisted in Co. B, 37th U. S. Colored Troops, 
for three years. After having been drilled a few months in 
Entrench Camp, near Norfolk, Va., he was taken to Fort Mon- 
roe and mustered in, and then went up the James River in 
the campaign of that year. He was in many a hard fought 
battle, among them the second battle of Petersburg, June 27, 
1864, New Market Heights, Sept. 27th, Fort Harrison, Va., 
Sept. 29th, Fair Oaks, Oct. 27th, first and second Fort Fish- 
er campaign, Sugar Loaf, N. C, Feb. 12th, near Wilmington, 
N. C, Feb. 2ist, North East Station, N. C, Feb. 22nd, and 
Cox Ferry, March 24th. 

He was mustered out in "67. Now he realized that he 
was a free man, and with the fact came the desire for an edu- 
cation, and he at once began the laborious study of the al- 
phabet. He next learned to spell and read and write. Just here 
one thing came Tiear ruining the writer of this article, and 
that was the whiskey bottle I But he is a reformed man now 
and has been for twenty years. Again came the desire for an 
education. He attended private schools at home till he could 
pass an examination, then teaching, when he could get a 
chance, at $25. a month. He went to Shaw LTniversity for a 
few months, and afterwards went to Hampton for a part of 
two sessions, entering the Middle class and leaving the Senior 
class before the close of the term. He is a dear lover of Sun- 



78 ' TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

day schools, and has devoted as much time to them as to the 
other schools, which is nineteen years, — ten at Windsor, 
N. C." 

In answer to the questions asked in our circular letter of 
inquiry, he says : " I have attended no school since leaving 
Hampton. I have taught in different school districts 
near Windsor, N. C, thirteen hundred and forty-eight chil- 
dren ; nine have become teachers. I am married and have 
one child, five years old (in 89). I own a house and lot, the 
valuation of which is $708.75.. My aim is to become a farm- 
er. My people are improving in education ; but very little, if 
any, in temperance." He lives in Windsor, N. C. 
Educated by Hon. J. G. Pollard. 
*Sawyer, Jacob T. Born in Boston, Mass., 1856. In a letter written 
to Mrs. Dixon, our Graduates' Correspondent, in 1882, he 
says : " I thought I would let you know what one of your old 
and least promising students is doing. I am employed by T. 
Brigham, Bishop & Co., Bankers and Brokers, [Boston] as 
stock and certificate clerk, at a good salary, and I am trying 
to make a man of myself. This is the only way, outside of 
my music, that I can take to repa}^ the Facult}^ [of Hampton 
Institute ] for the pains they took to assist me in my educa- 
tion. I have written some popular musical compositions and 
am still writing. I have refrained in past years from goine: 
or writing to Hampton, as I had not achieved much success. 
But now I can say I have, being the only colored young man 
employed in a banking house, in the position I now occupy. 
I do not say this boastfully, but feel proud to say so as a stu- 
dent of ' dear old Hampton.' " He wrote later, " I have 
been traveling in Europe for nine months and have had a 
very pleasant time, both in amusement and pecuniary re- 
sults." 

Educated by Hon. Wm. Claflin. 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 



CLASS OF 1877. 



Brockkit, Dora V. (Mrs. Alex. H. McNeil.) Born in Currituck Co., 
N. C. 1859. Was one of the " Hampton Student Singers." 
Her school funds gave out before she finished her course, and 
she went to Weston, Mass., and lived a year in the family of 
Gen. Marshall's mother, to earn money to enable her to grad- 
uate. After graduating, she taught in Accomac Co., Va., 
one term ; in Norfolk Co., eight terms, and in Essex Co., one 
term. Has taught between eight and nine hundred children, 
only four of whom have become teachers, and says : " To a 
humble extent, I am engaged in both Sunday school and 
temperance work." 

In '82, she married Alex. H. McNeil, a graduate of the 
same class. They have been teaching in the same schobl, 
"which is overrun with a wide-awake set." With house- 
keeping and teaching, she finds she has not much time to 
spare. Her property consists of household furniture, and a 
few valuable books. The condition of the people near her 
home is about the average. "The march seems onward." 
Lives and teaches in Churchland, Va. f 

Educated by Mrs. Hannah Richardson and Mrs. White. 

=^DiCKERSON, Sophie. Born in Lexington, S. C, 1850. Taught one and 
a half years in Aiken and Edgefield, S. C. In '84, had been 
teaching in Montmorenci, S. C. Lives in Aiken, S. C. 
Educated by Gov. Wm. Clafiin and Roger Sherman. 

=>= Edmunds, Maria A., (Mrs. Gaither.) Born in Charlotte Co., Va., 
1854. Taught in Maryland and Virginia; was also a dress- 
maker. In 1886, married. Home, Baltimore Md. Has become 
insane. 

Educated by Mrs. Eliza H. Farnum and Mr. C. B. Rice. 

Grooms, Nannie B. Born in Baltimore, Md., 1858. " 'Tis not with- 
out pleasure I attempt to write a little outline of my life since 
leaving dear old Hampton — dear, I believe, alike to all her 
children. The influence of her love and fostering care will 
echo and re-echo thro' countless years." 

" Having left Hampton with many regrets, I launched 
out upon the sea of life with all its storms, doubts, and un- 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 

■I Died Sept.. 1890, leaving: an infant daughter, who has since followed her. The 
loss of her good work and active influence is a great one to her people. 



So TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK. 

certainties. In Nov. I was sent to teach at Pine Orchard, 
about fourteen miles from Baltimore. Never shall I forget 
the little old log cabin with two rooms, whose occupants were 
a widow and her three children, two boys and a girl, — my first 
boarding place. Their stock consisted of a pet hog, Julia, 
who was to furnish the future bacon, lard and sausages for 
winter meat supph", with a number of chickens and Guinea 
fowl." 

" When I was shown my workshop, the school house, I 
I felt lonely and discouraged. An old log cabin church, situ- 
ated in a church3'ard of pines. The furniture, both for school 
and church use, consisted of a few pine benches and a wood, 
stove. I was in a Catholic community, and was looked upon 
with distrust. The experience was rough, and the lesson hard. 
I felt that the eyes of the world were upon me, and the 
thought stimulated me to patient endurance and self-sacri- 
fice. Bad and delinquent payment compelled me to leave. 
I had thirty- five pupils there. Of the widow and her chil- 
dren I have kept trace. The boys are young men; the older 
has been keeping a coal yard, the younger is in agrocer}- store; 
both are honest, industrious young men. 

After leaving Pine Orchard, I began to think I had missed 
my calling, and must seek other employment ; when I was 
notified that a teacher was wanted to establish a school at 
Sweet Air. Here I had twenty-five pupils whose earnestness 
stimulated me to greater effort to help them. I taught here 
three years, then was given a larger school at Catusville, and 
taught three years, assisted one year by Clementina Lump- 
kin (now Mrs. Banks,) class of '78. I went back to Sweet Air, 
and taught two years ; then two at Lutherville. I am now at 
the VVaverly Annex Public School of Baltimore, Md.; my 
work is entirely with the children of the ist grade. I Avas the 
second of the three colored teachers appointed by the School 
Board of Baltimore. All the other teachers are white. Since 
leaving Hampton, my life has been eventful, and my work 
earnest. I love to think of the backwoods' children, who 
were so earnest and willing and anxious to learn. 

In all these places I found my people generally honest, 
industrious and moral, owning their homes, educating their 
children, and anxious to contribute what they could to the 
upbuilding of the race — exemplifying the axiom, " The whole 
is equal to the sum of its parts." 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 8l 

I have taught three hundred and twenty-live children 
three have become teachers. " My aim is to elevate my race." 

Educated by Pennsylvania Abolition Society. 
H.A.RRIS, Alice S. (Mrs. Reid.) Born in Abingdon, Va., 1859. "I 
have pursued different studies since leaving Hampton. I 
h&ve taught in Southampton Co., one term; Salem three terms, 
and Abingdon, five terms. Was ist assistant in Abingdon, 
with sixty- eight on roll, with an average attendance of sixty. 
The school was visited by many prominent ladies of the place, 
who said they had never seen a more orderly set of children . 
I am now teaching in Portsmouth, Va., and find the work 
pleasant as possible, the surroundings nice and the associate 
teachers agreeable. I have charge of the first primary grade, 
and find the work with the dear little ones very encouraging 
indeed. I have taught nearly five hundred children, about 
thirty are teachers. I am also engaged in Sunday school 
work." 

In Dec, 1885, she married W. H. Reid, graduate of this 
same class, and has one child. " I aim to do all I can toward 
elevating my race." They live in Portsmouth, Va. 

Educated by John W. Field. 

Irving, Delta E. (Mrs. Hayden.) Born in Tarboro, N. C, 1854. Has 
attended Teachers' Institutes at Petersburg. Has taught 
fourteen years in Southampton Co., (two before graduating,) 
and one term in Bedford Co. Is now principal of the Public 
School in Franklin, Va Has taught ten hundred and fifty- 
five pupils; fourteen are teachers. Is Secretary of the Sunday 
school Union, and President of the temperance work of the 
County, and has been proposed Sec. of the colored W. C. T. 
U. of the State. Teaches the Bible class in Sunday school. 

In 1880, she married Lindsay Hayden, a classmate. They 
taught in the same school in Bedford Co. He died in Jan., 
1 881; then she returned to her old home and school. She 
has two adopted children; owns a house and lot, two acres of 
land in the town, two cows, a parlor organ, books, and house- 
hold furniture, valued at $1,200. 

In '85, she wrote Miss Cleaveland, (Graduates' Corres- 
pondent) that she had a school of one hundred and seven 
scholars ; a school of which she was proud, and " would not 
be ashamed to have any of the Cleaveland family, not even 
the expected Head of the Nation, visit it." 

Says : " I was a very poor teacher at first, got only a 3rd 
grade certificate, but did not give up till Igot a ist grade, and 
now I have a ' professional certificate,' entitling me to $40 a 



82 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

month. I think it takes a Hfe-time to learn how to teach." 

" My success in life is due not to Hampton only, but to 
General Armstrong. Awhile ago, we were speaking of his 
success as an educator. We tried to find a suitable name 
for him, and I said, we will call him a ' Bundle of Energy 
bound with Goodness,' and this is not half expressing my ex- 
alted confidence in him. I cannot tell his value to this na- 
tion, and especially to my race. When I look back to my 
school days, and think of those grand lectures he used to give 
us each Sunday evening, I can but say, Thank God I lived 
when he did." " Hampton has done and is doing a great work. 
May she go on from victory unto victory, until her power is 
felt from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from Maine to Mexi- 
co. Wherever her sons and daughters go, the light is seen. 
May God bless him in all he may undertake for good. May 
he live to enjoy the great result of his earnest labor on earth, 
and reap a greater reward in Heaven." 

Educated by Mrs. Archibald Campbell and Mrs Gulielma 
Jones. 
Johnson, Martha J. (Mrs. King) Born in Rockingham Co., N. C, 
1854. She taught in Rockingham Co., N. C, before coming 
to Hampton, and a part of every year after graduating, till '86. 
Had to walk two miles to school every day, as she was needed 
at home nights on account of sickness. One of the school 
committee told some of the whites, he should be very glad if 
they had as good a teacher. 

Between three and four hundred have been taught by 
her; fifteen or twenty have taught. She is married and has 
two little girls. They own 103 acres of land and are arrang- 
ing to buy fifty acres more — have two horses, three cows; 
" raise all their bread and meat ; fowls, wheat, corn, hay, peas, 
beans, potatoes, cabbages, peanuts and tobacco." 

She says : " The people are improving very little ; some 
few own land, while many are worse ofT than they were before 
the surrender." Her home is in Ruffin, N. C. 

Educated by the Misses Burnside. 

Keeling Margaret. (Mrs. Davenport). Born in Norfolk, Va„ 1856. 
Says : " My life has been very uneventful; I have been blessed 
in every particular. The year after leaving school, I was ap- 
pointed teacher of the 7th grade primary school of Norfolk, 
and taught successfully four years, ten months' sessions. 
I then resigned, and married Mr. Davenport. While teach- 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE 83 

ing, every half term I had to promote my best pupils and 
take in a new set, so I had quite a number pass through my 
room. I have had the pleasure of seeing quite a number 
graduated from the Mission College, of this city, also from the 
higher schools. They began with me ; I taught them how to 
study, at least. I used to teach Sabbath school, but my home 
duties have shut me out from that pleasure. I have three 
children, and we own our house and lot. I am at home now 
attending to my family, and striving to rear my children as 
they should be. 

I think the colored people are improving in every partic- 
ular. Of course there are some who will give us a bad name 
by not trying to improve themselves, but such are found in 
every race." Lives in Norfolk, Va. 

Educated by W. A. Grover. 

Leftridge, Laura A. (Mrs. Turner.) Born in Salem, Va., i860. 
Taught at Big Lick and Salem, Va. In '83, married, and lived 
in Alleghany, Pa. Died at Macon, Ga., Dec. 29, 1885. 
Educated by Mrs. G. H. Shaw. 

Learv, Lucv a. (Mrs. Robinson.) Born in Fayetteville, N. C, 1855. 
Was one of the " Hampton Student Singers." Before the war, 
her home was at Harper's Ferry, Va. Her father fell in the 
John Brown raid. In the winter of '77-78, she taught at the 
" Butler School " under Mrs. Dixon. In the fall of '78, she 
was married to Mr. Robinson and went to Wilson, N. C. 
Says : " I have taught between two and three hundred chil- 
dren ; some of the later ones are hoping to become teachers. 
I have assisted in Sunday school and temperance work, in 
which Hampton has greatly aided me through Miss Tileston, 
who has sent valuable reading matter which bore on these 
subjects. It seems to be a general custom here, with both 
rich and poor, white and Negro, to use snufi' and liquor, but 
our work has impressed the young against these habits. The 
religious condition of the people compares favorably with the 
religion of the average Negro, anywhere. Financially, they 
are poor, but, like every communit}^ we have some men that 
are prosperous, and own a considerable amount of property. 
Educationally, they have improved much in the last three 
years. More interest has been manifested, both on the part 
of the young and the old, since Geo. W. Davis, [Hampton 
graduate of '80,] laid a foundation plan of school work here. 
Morally, their condition has been below the moral require- 



84 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

merits, but since earnest, honest teachers have been dispersed 
among them, they are on the avenue of improvement. 

" My present occupation is teaching and dressmaking. 
I have two children. We own real estate valued at about $1,500. 
My aim in life is to do all the conceivable good that I can for 
the upbuilding of my race, and to so order myself that I shall 
feel prepared to live or die." 

Educated by W. E. Downes. 

Mallette, Maria, (cousin of Lucy Leary.) Born in Wilmington, N. 
C., 1857. Was one of the " Hampton Student Singers." "A 
beautiful, refined girl, and lovely character." She taught be- 
tween two and three years at Dismal Swamp, and Wilmmgton, 
N. C. Died, 1880. 

Educated by Hon. W. E. Dodge. 

Peterson, Sarah A. Born in Matthews Co., Va. After graduating 
she was employed in the knitting dept. at Hampton, and had 
charge of the room. In '80, she taught at Rock Spring, South- 
ampton Co., Va., returning to Hampton at the end of the 
term, and working in the tailoring dept. In Oct., she went 
back to teach at the old place, but the school was not to open 
that year, and she was sent to another place. Says : "When 
I arrived there, I found a very good school house, but no stove 
in it. The people told me they would have a stove in a very 
few days. I waited from the ist of Nov. till the last of Dec, 
and the stove did not come. During this time, I tried to 
teach at my boarding place, but it was too far for the children 
to walk. So I thought I would try again at the school house 
by making a fire out doors, and by so doing, keep the chil- 
dren's feet warm ; but I could make no headway at that, and 
so I had to stop teaching. In June, '81, I married Mr. C. H. 
Vanison, (a classmate,) and we came to ' Hemenway Farm,' 
[belonging to Hampton Institute and five miles from it,] — he 
in charge of the farm, I, as housekeeper and teacher of the 
Night School — and we have been here ever since. 

Eighty pupils have been taught by me ; two of them have 
become teachers. I have two children. My aim is to be good 
and useful." 

Educated by James W. Downing. 

Roberts, Caroline. (Mrs. Peyton.) Born at Vernon Mills, Va., 1855. 
Taught at St. Mary's, Md., three^years, and in Fauquier Co., 
Va., seven years. One pupil is a teacher. Mrs. Peyton has 
five children, and owns $1,000 worth of real estate. " My aim 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 85 

is to do all I can for the good of myself and my people. The 
colored people are improving slowly." Lives in Lincolnia, Va. 
Educated by Mrs. C. J. Payne. 

* Scott, Sarah J. (Mrs. Johnson) 

Taught in Howard Co., Md., and at Chambersburg, Pa. Was 
for awhile engaged as waitress at a young ladies' school in 
Chambersburg. In the spring of '84 married Mr. D. C. Johnson. 
Lives in Altoona, Pa. 

Educated by Mrs. G. H. Shaw. 

SiMMS, Lucy F. Born in Roanoke Co., Va., 1859. "My first school 
was at Lacey Springs, nine miles from my home. Sarah Smoot 
was teaching eight miles away, and we managed to see each 
other about twice a month by walking that distance. I had a 
very pleasant school, in a very pleasant neighborhood, but not 
very pleasant pay. The people wished us to return, but we 
heard that Maryland paid her teachers more, and more 
promptly, and, being tired of having warrants shaved, resolved 
to go there. The Superintendent here told us there were two 
vacancies in the Harrisonburg school, and, if we would return, 
he would secure them for us. We did return and I have been 
one of the teachers in that school ever since, eight years. I 
have also taught a spring school at Mt. Clinton, and was ap- 
pointed Supt. of the Sunday school there. I had to walk two 
miles to it, but many of the parents and children showed 
great interest, and walked twice as far. I tried to sow such 
seed in that mountain soil that it should yield, in time, abund- 
ant crops. 

I guess I have taught about five hundred children. I 
know of but twenty who have become teachers. At first 
I divided my time between the Baptist and Methodist Sun- 
day schools, one in the morning the other in the afternoon, 
but, finding that did not work well, I now attend but one ; but 
I am often called upon to assist in entertainments for raising 
the pastor's salary, or increasing the treasury of the Sunday 
school. " When I calculate the time I have been teaching by 
years, it seems quite a while, but, when I calculate by dollars 
and cents, it seems but a short while. The small amount re- 
ceived I have invested in real estate, $1,800; also a little in 
live stock." 

" The condition of our people here is one of great im- 
provement. Live on their own homesteads, and take great 
*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



86 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

pride in adorning them. A very friendly relation exists be- 
tween the races." — '• I am teaching and working for my race.' 
Educated by James C. Holden. 

* Smoot, Sarah E. (Mrs. Wills.) Born in Washington, D. C. Taught 

at Lacey Springs, Va., one term, at Harrisonburg two terms, 
and at Westwood, Md., three terms. Jan. '86, married Mr. 
Wm. E. Wills. Last known address was Anacostia, D. C. 
Educated by Miss Ellen Mason. 

* Stokes, Mary A. (Mrs. Kinckle.) Born in Norfolk, Va., 1859. 

Taught at Berkley, Roanoke, and Lynchburg, Va. In '85,. 
married Mr. Kinckle. Lives in Lynchburg. 
Educated by Mr. and Mrs. Walter Baker. 

* Turner, Ella M. Born in KingWm. Co., Va., 1863. Taught four 

years at Liberty, Va. Has taught in Hampton, Va., and else- 
where in Elizabeth City Co. In '82, owned six acres of land. 
Lives in Hampton, Va. 

Educated by Miss Helen Porter. 

* Walker, Ellen L. From Petersburg, Va. Taught in Bedford Co., 

Va. In '88, married Morgan Snowden, a graduate of '81 ; is 
now living in New York city, where he is a janitor. Has one 
child. . Educated by Edward W. Clark. 

* White, Ellen C. (Mrs. Reid). Born in Matthews Co., Va., 1858. 

Taught in Nansemond Co., Salem, and Nurneysville, Va. In 
'86, married Mr. James T. Reid. Has taught six years in 
Whaleyville, Va., where she is living. 
Educated by Mrs. Tileston. 

Bonaparte, William Henry. Born in Hampton, Va., 1861. 
A man of ability, but record bad. 

Educated by J. N. Dennison and Alpheus Hardy. 

BiLLUPS, John H. Born in Matthews Co., Va., 1853. Has taught 
in Botetourt Co., Va., ever since graduating. Is principal of 
the Public School in Fincastle. Says : " I like teaching very 
much, but find it a hard way of making a living, the pay being 
so small and the school terms so short. The average salary 
is $18 per month, and board to be paid out of that, and th e 
terms are only four months. We don't adhere to this occu- 
pation for the large sum of money we receive, but only fo 
the good of our ignorant and benighted people. Our people 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 87 

are improving ; they work more regularly than they used to, 
and have commenced putting up their savings in little',homes. 
Many could do much better if they would let the dram alone, 
but, alas ! they will not. We have a good brick church here, 
and a thriving and active Sunday-school, for which I am thank- 
ful." " I have taught four hundred and fifty pupils. Fifteen 
have passed their examinations and have become teachers in 
the Old Dominion , ten have gone to higher schools. I am 
married and have four children, all boys. I own two houses 
and lots, household furniture, a cow, etc.— about $700." 

" I pray that the good and gracious God may long spare 
Genera] Armstrong and the host of good men and women 
here and elsewhere to continue this noble work of helping up 
the two most wronged and down-trodden races of men to the, 
highest plane of Christian civilization." 

Educated by H. P. Kidder. 

Clark, Norris B. Born in Alexandria, Va., 1856. Studied law. 
Taught one term in Norfolk Co., and one in York Co., Va. 
There were about one hundred and fifty children — two have 
become teachers. Owns a house and lot. Is a lawyer in 
Warwick Co., Va. Says : " The people are improving in 
some localities, — there is room for much more improvement." 
Educated by Miss C. Patterson and Miss Catlin. 

* Coleman, Lemon J. Born in Danville, Va., 1855. He taught ia 
Pittsylvania and Henry Co's, three terms. In '82, he wrote 
from San Francisco, saying, " I came here from Danville, 
with fifty more colored people, to work in a tobacco factory, 
but, finding the work did not agree with me, I have resorted 
to some other work. The school system of San Francisco is 
very good. They have public night schools, and people of 
both sexes, all ages and nationalities, go : Greek, Turk, Jew, 
German and many others too numerous to mention." In '85, 
he went to Seattle, Washington. 

Educated by the Pennsylvania Abolition Society. 

Cooper, Thomas Wm. Born in Clark Co., Va., 1857. Has taught 
eleven years in Worcester and Wicomico Co's., Md. His 
" first starting in, after leaving Hampton, was full of hard- 
ships." Not having any money, he had to walk much of the 
way to get a school, sleeping on a stack of fodder. He re- 
ported to the Supt., and took his school at once. It was in 
an ancient storehouse, with counter and shelves still there- 

*Did not reply to last chcular letter of inquiry. 



88 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK. 

The next year they built a new school house, and he re- 
mained there five years, teaching in day and Sunday-school, 
and doing all the good he could for temperance. After that 
he taught at Parsonsburg, Wicomico Co., then returned to 
Worcester Co. Says he has had a successful time as far as 
school work is concerned. He has sent out two teachers who 
are doing well. His wife, Maggie, goes to school every Friday 
afternoon and gives the girls sewing lessons. Thinks he has 
taught at least four hundred pupils. Owns a two story house, 
half an acre of land, and some personal property. Says : 
" Taken as a whole, the people are advancing slowly, but in- 
dividually, as fast as any other people with the same chances- 
The majority, about nine out of ten, at Ouantico, own their 
homes and many from one acre up into the hundi'eds. They 
don't build cabins any more. There are two wheelwrights, 
four plasterers and several carpenters and master builders. 
R. J. Baker puts up as good a wagon as you would want, and 
John A. Fassett, one of General Armstrong's old soldiers, likes 
to boast of being able to do anything with a piece of wood 
that any other carpenter can." 

" I have had the good fortune to get among the General's 
old command, and my having been at ' Colonel Armstrong's' 
School is a sure passport. They love me for his sake. I 
would like to see a re-union of the 9th Maryland, [gth U. S. 
Colored Troops,] and they would be glad to see him once 
more. I hope that he is well, and that he will continue this 
great work and make old Hampton what I have often boasted 
she would be ; one of the grandest institutions of learning in 
the country." 

Educated by VV. W. Justice and W. E. Coffin. 

Freeman, John W. Born at Pompton Plains, N. J., i860. 

" I graduated froi.i Lincoln University in '80 and took the 
scientific honor. At the Western Theological Seminary, I 
held my own, and think I gave credit and honor to my race. 
It was said that I was the first colored man that had ever 
graduated from Alleghany's great Western Seminary. Since 
I have been out in the world, Troy, S. C, has been my only 
field of labor. Here I organized a church, and erected a 
building worth $2,500, clear of all indebtedness, comfortably 
furnished and with a beautiful organ worth $125. I started my 
church with a nucleus of three, and in two years I had eighty- 
seven working members on roll, and one hundred in the Sun- 
day school. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 89 

" I taught school in Liberty, Ga. six months, and in Troy, 
S. C, three years. Have taught about four hundred and fifty 
children." " In Troy, S. C, the condition of the people 
was very discouraging, being so oppressed by whites, almost 
like slaves. It is somewhat flattering to say during my stay 
there of three years, in church and school, much was accomp- 
lished, and their condition was more encouraging." 

He is married, and has one child. Is now preaching in 
Plainfield,. N. J. 

Educated by Miss Elizabeth Farnum. 

Gray, Thomas. Born in Norfolk, Va , 1857. He taught in Virginia, 
North Carolina and Maryland. Married and owned a lot in 
Norfolk, Va. 

Died in 1885. 

Educated by W. O. Grover. 
Hamilton, Robert H. Was a slave in Louisiana and Mississippi 
till set free by the Union Army. While a student at the 
School, he went out, in 1873, with "The Hampton Student 
Singers " to help build Virginia Hall. After graduating, he 
taught at the " Butler," now " Whittier," School, one and one 
half years, — and assisted also in the Normal School. After 
taking lessons in tailoring here, he took charge of that indus- 
trial department of this School for seven years, superintend- 
ing the making of the uniform suits, work suits, etc. He also 
had charge of the music, drilling the choir, and teaching 
singing to the entire school — especially keeping up the old 
" Plantation Songs." 

He was a devoted worker in the Sunday schools in the 
town of Hampton. 

In 1880, he married Sarah E. Weaver, class of 79> who 
lived but a few months thereafter. 

He left the School in '86 and traveled in charge of a com- 
pany of student singers in the interest of the " Norfolk Mis- 
sion College," and afterwards taught music at that College and 
instructed a class in sewing, etc. The next summer he went 
out again with student singers to sing in behalf of the Nor- 
folk College, and handed in $1,000 as the net proceeds of their 
summer's work. 

In the fall of '^'7, he went to Tuskegee, Ala., to assist in the 
Normal School there, under Mr. B. T. Washington. He says, 
■' I take no little pleasure in helping to push forward this 
work that is doing so much to help the people of the " Black 



go TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

Belt " of Alabama, — where our school life is so like life at 
Hampton that one scarcely finds time to do anything outside 
of his regular duties." 

In 1886, he married Altoona Killian of Raleigh, N. C, a 
member of our Middle Class of '86. They have a daughter 
and a son. 

To the question, " What is the general condition of the 
colored people ?", he says : " To the thoughtful Negro, there 
is a great deal in the condition of his people to make him 
sigh. Such a dense mass of humanity steeped in ignorance ! 
who can appreciate the danger — the bloodshed — that may 
yet overtake this sunny land ? While these men and women 
have the minds of children, they have the passions of age- 
However, as dark as things may be, they are not so bad as 
they were. So I think it fair to say, the Negro of the South 
is rising." 

Educated by W. O. Grover. 

Hayden, Lindsay. Born in Bedford Co., Va., 1852. Taught, before 
coming to Hampton and after graduating, in Campbell and 
Bedford Co's, seven years. In 1880, he married Delia E. Irving 
of this same class. 

Died 1881. 

Educated by M. C. Cope. 

*HOLCOMB, Charles B. Came from Farmville, Va. He taught two 
terms m Nansemond Co., Va. In '79, was waiter in the At- 
lantic Hotel, Norfolk. In '81, he was clerk in an office in 
Richmond ; afterwards, was Postal Clerk in Washington. 
Educated by Mrs. Mary Lowell Putnam. 

Jones, Albert P. From Harrisonburg, Va. He was an invalid the 
last year at school. 
Died 1878. 

Jones, Richard, P. Born at Wicomico Creek, Md., 1842. He 
writes that he taught three years near Parsonsburg, Md.; and 
one year in Salisbury, Md. ; having, in the two places, three 
hundred and thirty-three pupils, of whom three have become 
teachers. He is Superintendent of the Zion Church Sabbath 
school. Owns houses and lots and merchandise stock, val- 
ued at $3,700. Is storekeeping, and aims to be honest and in- 
dustrious. In '84, he wrote he had " raised 840 lbs. of pork, 
and 3,200 quarts of strawberries." — a good record for a man with 

*Dicl not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAJNIPTON INSTITUTE. 9 1 

but one arm. Says : " The people in this vicinity are not lazy; 
they will work whenever they can get work. I believe educa- 
tion ij the only means to better my people's condition, both 
socially and intellectually. I do not think all Hampton's sons 
are intended for teachers." He lost his arm in the Civil War. 
He lives in Salisbury, Md. 

Educated by Edward Howland. 
Logan, Warren. Born in Greensboro, N. C, 1859. He was General 
Armstrong's clerk the first year after graduating. Says : " I 
studied Latin, Greek, geometry and book-keeping since leav- 
ing Hampton, and have taught continuously, six years at Miles- 
town, Md., and six years at Tuskegee, Ala. Two hundred 
different children attended my Maryland school ; eight or ten 
of them have become teachers. Of course, I have a hand in 
the training of the students of the Tuskegee school. In the 
last five years, these number not less than one thousand." 

" In Maryland, I taught Sunday school in my own school 
house, and in the Episcopalian church. I am also doing Sun- 
day school work here." 

He is Treasurer of the Tuskegee Normal School, Ala. In 
'88, he married Miss Hunt, a teacher at Tuskegee and a grad- 
uate of Atlanta University. Had $500 deposited in the Home 
Savings Bank of Norfolk, when that institution "went under." 
He owns one-third interest in 2,200 acres of land, eight 
mules, wagons, household furniture, etc. Says : " The 
colored people are making progress in every direction ; moral- 
ly, intellectually, and materially." 

Educated by Mrs. A. L. Clarke and Mrs. fohn E. Lyon. 

McKlNNEY, Alex. H From St. Augustine, Fla. He taught, during 
the winter of 'jj-'yd,, in Accomac Co., Va, Died 1884. 
Educated by Jolin Eldridge. 
McNeil, Alexander H. Born in Oakley, near Wilmington, N. C. 
1858. 

Since graduating has studied French and German. He 
has taught at Leonardstown, Md,, one term ; at Beulahville, 
Va,, two terms ; at Abingdon, Va. one, and at Churchland, 
Va., seven terms. Number of pupils, eight hundred and fifty- 
six ; nine have become teachers. In '82, he married Dora V. 
Brockett, a graduate of this class. He says : "The people are 
making rapid and decided improvement." " Aims " to do 
all the good he can in all the ways he can. Lives in Church- 
land, Va. Educated by Rev. Alexander S. Twombly. 



92 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

■•^Merchant, Thomas W. Born in Lynchburg, Va., 1855. He taught 
at Graham Forge till '83 ; since then, at Lynchburg, Va. He 
wrote that, when he first entered on his duties,. he " had many 
obstacles to move out of the way ; the parents were opposed " 
to him ; " the school-house, open on all sides, built of logs cov- 
ered with boards, let in the wind all around. Mr. Geo. E. Brown, 
of Boston helped " him " with books and maps, and at the end of 
the third year there was great improvement. School was o- 
ver full and the people seemed to take a greater interest." 

In '86 he wrote: " Teaching is a hard road to travel : so 
many to please ; children, parents, school-board and superin- 
tendent." He had then a nice school-house on a county road 
near Lynchburg ; one hundred and six on roll, and more 
coming in daily. Was trying to make money enough to take 
a medical course. 

Educated by James White, 

*Merchant, Woodson T. Born in Lynchburg, Va., 1859. In '82, 
he went to Lincoln University, Chester, Pa., where, he said, he 
' was pursuing his studies with moderate success. At that time 
he wrote : " Do not once think that I have forgotten my dear 
Alma Mater ; the most interesting incidents of ray life were 
when I was at Hampton, and the most important events 
which have occurred in connection with my life have resulted 
from the benefits derived there." He graduated from the 
medical department of Howard University, with degree of M. 
D., and is now practicing in Eagles, West Va. 
Educated by James A, Wright. 

Muse, Richard H. Born in Edenton, N. C, 1855. He was one 
who went out with the " Hampton Student Singers." After- 
wards sang with the " New Orleans University Singers." He 
taught one term at Buchanan, Va., where he had sixty-five on 
roll. Since that time, he has been waiter in a private familv, 
and a janitor of one of the large buildings in New York city, 
Says he believes in making money — thinks the colored people 
need education, with money. " Never expects to be a great 
and shining light, but as one of the lower lights means to 
keep his lamp burning." In summer of '83, he married Julia , 
Pennington Gibbs, a graduate of New Haven High School. 
They have three children. He owns a lot of land 125 x 140, 
and has a life insurance of $3,000. He is now janitor of one 
of the Yale College buildings. He says : " The condition of 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 93 

the colored people in New Haven is very poor. There are a 
few who are trying to make something of themselves, but the 
majority dont seem to have any object at all ; their standard 
seems low. They have plenty of schools," " I guess it must 
be that they haven't had a Hampton training. They surely 
cannot have the race at heart." 

Educated by Messrs. Greenbaum. 

*MouLTON, Samuel T. Born in Bedford Co., Va., 1854. Taught 
six years in Bedford Co. 

Educated by Samuel Johnson. 

Oliver, Patrick W. Born at Big Lick, Va. After graduating, went 
home to Big Lick — now Roanoke City — and farmed with his 
father, summers, and taught, winters ; three years in the coun- 
try, and three years in the town, at $30 per month. In '82, 
he bought a lot in Roanoke City, and began to build a store 
and dwelling house ; doing most of the work himself ; and be- 
gan the grocery business. His means were small, and he 
was scarcely known to any of the merchants. He asked one 
gentleman to recommend him, who replied " Yes, Pat, I have 
known you from a boy. I will do it." Since then, he has had 
" no trouble in buying goods on time." That first year he 
taught school, and his wife kept the store till he came home 
evenings. Now he is doing a very good busmess ; buys from 
$7,000 to $8,000 worth of goods a year ; owns real estate valued 
at $15,500, besides R. R, stock and his stock of goods. 

He says : " The people are doing tolerably well ; a good 
many are getting homes. We have a good school- house, but 
not such a good school, as there are about four hundred schol- 
ars or more to four teachers. The Baptist church, with which 
I am connected, has a tolerably good Sunday-school, with 
about one hundred and fifty on roll. I am Superintendent. 
There are now two hundred and fifty volumes in the library ; 
when I began, two years ago, there were about fifty." 

He has one little girl living. 

Educated by Hon. L. F. Brigham. 

Randolph, Richard H. Born in Williamsburg, Va., 1854. He taught 
at Gloucester C. H., Va., six months in '7? ; at Brandon, 
Prince George Co., '84-85, fourteen months ; at Savageville, 
Accomac Co., '86-87, twelve months ; total number taught, 
six or seven hundred ; eight or nine have become teachers. He 

*Did not an£w:;r last circular letter of inquiry. 



94 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

is married and has five children. Owns real estate and per- 
sonal property, valued at about $900. He is at present a po- 
liceman and aims " to be a public man." He thinks the condi- 
tion of the people is " favorable, they are improving." He 
lives in Hampton, Va. 

Educated by Edward Tatum. 

Reid, William M. Born in Gatesville, N. C, 1857. Has pursued 
special studies privately, since graduating. He says : "My first 
experience as a teacher was a three months' school in Gatling- 
ton, Yates Co., N. C, during summer vacation, when I was a 
Junior at Hampton. The next two summers, I taught in the" 
same county, different schools ; also three months at Wards- 
ville, Chowan Co., assisting my father between whiles in farm- 
ing. On account of the short terms, the small pay, and the dif- 
ficulty of getting even that which was promised, I decided 
not to teach any more in my native state. Then came, by the 
same mail, a letter from Miss H^rrold, at Hampton, offering 
a school in Salem, N. J., and one offering a school in Martin 
Co., N. C. The terms in each case being better than any- 
thing I had had before, I finally left it to my father's decision, 
which was in favor of Martin Co., N. C. I taught there two 
terms. I taught three hundred and fifty pupils ; at least ten of 
those in my own county are teachers ; I have not kept up ac- 
quaintance with the others, and cannot tell." 

After this, he was, for six years, clerk in Gen. Armstrong's 
office, and had charge of the School post-office. General 
Armstrong says : " I cannot speak too highly of William Reid 
during his six years' service in my office. He was a first-rate 
clerk, needing no looking after ; was a gentleman in every re- 
spect ; clear and level headed always." 

In '85, he married Alice Harris, a graduate of the same 
class : they have one child. He has a class of young men in 
the A. M. E. Sunday-school. He says : " The general condi- 
tion of the people is very hopeful. There is no doubt of their 
improvement in all that goes to make a people better." He 
is now attorney at law in general practice, and aims " to 
stick." Lives in Portsmouth, Va. 

Educated by Mr. and Mrs. J. Huntington Wolcott. 

Rice, Henry B. Born in Maiden, West Va., 1856. In '83, he was 
ordained as missionary, and employed by the Baptist State 
Convention. Says, he fully endorses Gen. Armstrong's po- 
sition as to the kind of education needed. " The moral train- 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 95 

ing of the Hampton graduates is worth more to the race than 
a milhon Greek and Latin scholars." He has taught at differ- 
erent places since graduating : at Maiden, West Va., at Can- 
nelton, St. Albans, Coal Valley, and Winnifreda. Is now at 
Charleston, West Va., in charge of a large school, with a corps 
of six teachers, four of whom are Hamptonians. 

He is married and has five children. Says : "As to the 
condition of the people, considering the youth as a basis, 
they are improving." Says : " I feel a pleasure when I review 
my life and see that I have done some good, and that I am 
still doing some good. The winds have been contrary and 
the ways hard to endure, but I have faced the winds and en- 
dured the hardships, to accomplish the great purposes of my 
life — to serve God and my people." 

" May God lengthen the days of General Armstrong, and 
bless all his efforts in behalf of the Black man, and the Red 
man, is the sincere prayer of a grateful ex-student." 

Educated by A. A. Lawrence. 

Sparks, Horace F. Born in King and Queen Co., Va., 1853. He 
has taught in Virginia a part of every year since leaving 
Hampton. At Cumnor, one term, Halstead's Point, three,, 
Vicksville, three, and five terms near Zuni. Has taught near- 
ly two hundred and fifty children ; live have become teachers. 
Has had very interesting Sunday schools, and was greatly as- 
sisted by Mr. Geo. E. Brown, who sent Bibles and song books, 
the good results of which are still to be seen. Says he has 
had large schools and plenty to do. Has a Sunday school 
and temperance society, at Zuni. Says : " My people have 
done well in the way of accumulating property. I regret to 
say that the use of intoxicating liquor has retarded their pro- 
gress greatly." He owns a house, and seven acres of land. 
Educated by Mrs. H. F. Benson. 

Tho:mpson, Robert A. From Lynchburg, Va. He was one of "The 
Hampton Student Singers." He taught a while at the " But- 
ler School." Died of consumption, 1878, at the School. 
Educated by the Misses Wigglesworth. 

Townes, Southall a. Born in Clarksville, Va., 1857. He says : 
" When I left Hampton, I entered the educational field to toil 
as a teacher of my race, and I have labored yearly and faith- 
fully in the cause until now, and I am still trying to do all 
that is in my feeble power for the general improvement of my 



96 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 

race. I have done all my work in Mecklenburg Co. I taught 
seven years at Smith's Cross Roads; one, at Clarksville; four, at 
Boydton. I suppose, nine hundred or a thousand children 
have been taught by me, and, at all these places, my labors 
were crowned with success. About eighteen have become 
teachers, and some are doing good work. I have a large Sun- 
day school of seventy- five pupils, composed of old and young, 
and they seem anxious to learn about Christ and His word." 

•' 1 am married, and have five children. I own fifteen acres 
of land and two horses. Am teaching and farming, and aim 
to do all the good I can and not make any fuss about it." 
" The people are moving forward." He lives in Clarksville, Va. 

Educated by W. Hurlburt. 

Vanison, Charles. Born in Richmond, Va., 1853. Has been in 
the School, or connected with it, nearly all the time since en- 
tering in '73. When a baby, his mother's young mistress was 
married, and he and his sister were given, to her : finally, his 
mother, for the sake of being with her children, went also — 
but the young master was very ugly to her. One day, for some 
slight misdemeanor,almost without knowing why, he seized her, 
assisted by another man, tied her, beat her unmercifully, and 
then took her to Richmond to sell her, taking two men along 
beside himself. 

" But Oh me ! when he returned from Richmond, he 
looked at me and said I was just like my mother, and he was 
going to take it out of me while I was small ; and he would 
kick me and knock me over, and on the head, because T was so 
like my mother. I used to try to get his two young sons to 
teach me, but they said their father did not allow it. But 
they would sometimes make letters on the ground and have 
me try to do the same, and I heard them say, ' he can learn as 
fast as we can,' and they would not do it any more." The full 
story of his interesting experiences is too long to insert 
here. 

" After the fall of Richmond, I started out to work for 
board and clothes and what schooling I could get. In '72, I 
came to Hampton, but I had no money, and the School was 
full. I came again in '73, and stayed, but was sent out in 
'74, to go and earn money to pay what I owed the School. 
I went home, but I thought I never could get back to school 
again. Then came a letter from Mr. Howe, saying to come 
back, he had work for me. I said to myself I would try and 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 97 

do all that I could that I might stay. From that time to this 
I have looked to Mr. Howe as I would to a father. He has 
given me good wholesome instructions, and I have remained 
connected with the School until now ! " 

In 'Si, he was married to Sarah Peterson of the same 
class. They were given the charge of the School's "Hemenway 
Farm," with its work students and night school. They have two 
sons, and own house and land worth about $5,000. He says : 
" The colored people are improving, but owing to their ignor- 
ance their property is often taken from them, My aim is to 
do all the good I can for my people, and make all I can for my 
family." 

Our farm manager, to whom he looks " as to a father " 
says of him : 

" It is with satisfaction we look back and notice the growth 
of Charles H. Vanisorulfeince entering the Normal School in 
1871. He worked his own way through, and after graduating 
was employed here on the farm, and later, was placed in charge 
of the Hemenway farm, as he had proved himself a go-a-head, 
trustworthy man. By strict economy, and good investments, 
he has accumulated property worth at least $5,000, in two lots 
and a farm. He now resigns to take charge of his own farm 
and property. An honest and straight-forward man and a 
good citizen. A worthy example for all our students to fol- 
low. — Albert Howe." 

Educated by Mrs. E, H. Bartol, 

and Mr. and Mrs. Walter Baker. 
*White, Boswell S. Born in Matthews Co., Va., 1856. Was one of 
" The Hampton Student Singers." He taught at Hampton, 
Va., in Matthews Co., and assisted at the " Butler " School : 
Left there in '84. Married Julia E. Gray, Class of '81, and 
went to Boston. Educated by Hon. Martin Brimmer. 

* Williams, Robert B. Born in Augusta, Ga., i860. From Hamp- 
ton, he went to Williston Seminary at Easthampton, Mass.; 
from there to Yale College. In '86 he joined " The Fisk Sing- 
ers," and travelled through Europe, and on to Australia. 
He is married ; his wife is of English descent,and they are now 
living in New Zealand. His son ought to have received " The 
Cup " of his class in Yale, being the first son of the class, but 
the announcement was so long in reaching this country that 
the cup was bestowed on a little later comer. 

Educated by Mrs. Maria D. W. Rogers 

and Miss Charlotte D. Wolfe. 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



98 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 

*WiLLiAMS, Abram C. Born in Warwick Co., Va. Lived in Hamp- 
ton, and married Susan V. Coleman, an ex-student of '81, also 
of Hampton. Is employed at the Hygeia Hotel, Old Point 
Comfort. 

Educated by Hon. Wm. E. Dodge. 



MEMBERS OF THE SENIOR CLASS WHO DID NOT GRADUATE. 

Davenport, Clark. From Charlotte C. H., Va. Left on account 
of ill health, and.has since died. 

Educated by John E. Williams. 
*Irving, David. From Beaufort, N. C. 

Educated by E. H. Merrill. 
=^Washington, Bessick. From Hampton, Va. 

Educated by Miss Eliza Collins. 

% 

ex-stUdeNts, middle class, is/e. 
Davenport, William B. Born in Staunton, Va., 1858. He has 
taught eleven years in Maryland and Virginia, at least five 
hundred children, six of whom are now teaching. He is now 
Superintendent of a large Sunday school in Staunton, Va., 
and is engaged in temperance work also. He is married. 
Owns a house and lot worth $500. He is teaching, " with a 
strong inclination for the ministry." Says the people are im- 
proving in wealth and intelligence. 



JUNIOR CLASS, 1876. 

Moten, Helen. Born in Alexandria, Va. She says : " My chief ob- 
ject was music, vocal and instrumental. I was member of the 
School choir. My health would not permit me to finish at 
Hampton. My mother and father died, and my sister and I 
kept the family of five children, together. Three graduated 
from the High School this year. I have travelled with mus- 
ical companies, and given many concerts for charity, and 
played for the President of the United States (Garfield). I 
have taught music five years in Washington, and been organ- 
ist in leading churches. In August, '88, was appointed teach- 
er of music in the Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute in- 
Petersburg, Va." Lucy J. Moten, sister of Helen, has a 
similar record. She is now travelling round the world as 
pianist with the Company organized by Mr. Orpheus McAdoo, 
of Class of '75- 

Educated by Wm. Endicott. 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 99 



CLASS OF 1878. 

Bennett, Millie A. Born in Wilmington, N. C, 1857. She taught 
in Norwood, Va. She wrote that she had a very good, com- 
fortable school-house, well lighted and warmed. The fourth 
term, she wrote : " I find plenty to do. My Sunday-school 
is getting along splendidly. I have received Sunday-school 
papers all summer, which I have given out, and when they 
are returned I have sent th.em away to another school. 

I have established a Temperance Society ; have thirty-six 
members. I can't teach the old, but the young ; yes, I teach 
the old through their young. I have found that strong drink 
is the besetting sin of the people. How good it is to be a 
teacher ! I only wish to be a better one. I am resolved to do 
all I can." Died 1885. 

Educated by Wellington Smith and Mrs. C. L. Spencer. 

Bray, Maria A. (Mrs. William A. Day.) Born in Greensboro, N. C, 
1861. She taught in Pulaski Co., Va., five months ; in Notta- 
way Co., twenty-seven months; in Salisbury, N. C, six months; 
Winton, N. C, fifteen months. Has had large schools and 
some quite advanced scholars, two of whom were prepared 
for the Middle Class at Hampton. Has taught not less than 
three hundred and eighty children ; a dozen of them are 
teachers. She spoke, in '82, of receiving a barrel of clothing 
from Mr. Geo. E. Brown, for the children, "which helps con- 
siderably, as many of the parents are too poor to buy sufficient 
clothing. Mr. Brown is the friend of us teachers." 

In '86, she married Mr. Wm. A. Day, of Greensboro, N. C, 
" a tobacco broker ;" they have four children in all ; one is her 
own. She is now learning dressmaking, and aims to get as 
near the top of the ladder as she can. They own real estate 
valued at $2,000 ; four houses in Durham, N. C. " General 
condition of our people in Greensboro is good ; there are few 
renters, many good mechanics ; we have good schools and 
churches ; one colored doctor ; our people have certainly 
improved themselves, and are second to no other town in that 
respect." " I teach in the M. E. Sunday-school, and am Sec. 
of our W. C. T. U., both of which are flourishing." 

Educated by Mrs. Walter Baker. 



lOO TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

Bright, Mary E. (Mrs. John W. Williams.) Born in Hampton, Va., 
1 86 1. She taught three terms at Newport News, where she 
had one hundred and fifty pupils. In '8^, she married John 
W. Williams, class of '72, and has three children. Her present 
occupation is housekeeping. Lives in Hampton, 
Educated by Samuel S. Ward. 

Chisman, Elva. (Mrs. Harry Gardiner.) Born in Hampton, Va., i860. 
Says : " After I left school, I went to Bay View to teach. 
I found plenty of work for me to do. I opened school in 
October, with fifty scholars on roll, and only four benches for 
them to sit on. My first work then, was to take the place of 
a carpenter, or pay for one myself. I got a few old planks 
that happened to be around, and put them on logs of wood, to 
answer for benches until I could see some of the working 
men. It was about the last of November before I got my 
seats made. I did very nicely while the weather was warm ; 
when it was cold we suffered, on account of the stove being 
very small and the school house being very open. I also had 
a very good Sunday-school. 

I taught here five months ; then went North to Ports- 
mouth, N. H. to live, and stayed two years. I then went over 
to Bay View again, and had the same school. I found but 
little improvement in the school house, but I am happy to 
say the children had been trying to make the best use of their 
time. Some had been obliged to stop and go to work, and 
some had to stay at home so that their younger brothers and 
sisters could go. I have not heard of any being teachers ; 
they were all very young at that time. I taught between 
ninety-five and a hundred children. 

" I am now teaching in the 3d Baptist Sunday-school. I 
am married and have one little girl. My occupation is house- 
keeping, and I aim to do right and to train those under my 
care the same." (She married Henry Gardiner of Hampton, a 
member of this class, who left school from the Middle class, 
without graduating.) " The condition of the colored people is 
good. They are coming up with the times equal to their 
white neighbors." 

Educated by S. M. Felton. 

Davis, Ann Eliza. Born in Whitwell, Va., 1854. She taught in 
Nansemond Co., Va. She assisted in the Industrial Room — 
the Sewing Dept. — of this School, and was very efficient, 
being a very good seamstress. Died 1881. 
Educated by C. J. Starr. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. lOI 

Fields, Catherine. Born in Hampton, Va., 1S58. Studied Latin 
after leaving school. 

She taught at the Lincoln School in Hampton before en- 
tering this school, and has taught there ever since graduating. 
Six hundred children have been under her care ; ten of these 
are teachers. She has been a teacher in Sunday-school fifteen 
years, and was Secretary of the Temperance Society five 
years. She owns three town lots with houses thereon. Her 
present occupation is teaching, and she " aims " to do all she 
can while here, in the way of instructing others. Says : " The 
condition of the people is much better than in the past ; they 
are steadily improving." 

Educated by S. A. Chase. 

Francis, Eliza. Born in Hampton, Va., 1858. Her mother died 
when she was eighteen years old, the oldest of eight children; 
the youngest, four months old. All the care of the family 
and housekeeping came upon her. She thought the best 
thing to do for herself and for them all, was for her to keep 
on at school, and that would enable her to do more for the 
other children. 

All the others have been to school and are doing well. 
The brothers are taking care of themselves, one sister is 
teaching, the youngest is at the Whittier School, will enter 
the Normal School next year. The father died a few years 
ago. She taught at Matthews C. H. three terms, and in the 
town of Hampton four terms. She taught about one hundred 
and seventy pupils ; one has become a teacher. 

There was a very good Sunday-school at Matthews. She 
had the charge of the " young ladies' Bible class " in the 
Baptist church. She had Sunday-school at church in the 
morning, and in the afternoon in her school house ; older 
people would come, and it was often crowded ; it would hold 
more than a hundred. They often had a prayer meeting af- 
wards, and they had Sunday-school concerts. 

She now has a little shop in Hampton, where she does 
millinery and dressmaking, quite successfully. She owns her 
house and lot. 

Educated by Mrs. P. W. S. Canfield. 

Green, Lavonia T. (Mrs. Langston.) Born in Gatesville, N. C, 1856. 
Her father and mother died before she was three years old, 
leaving a family of eleven children. The eldest brother and 
sister took care of the smaller ones, till they were large 
enough to help work. 1868, was the first year she went to 



I02 ^ TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

school. In '73, she went to school a few months to Florence 
Newsome, a Hampton graduate of '72 ; since graduating she 
has taught at Edenton, N. C, twelve months ; Winton, N. C, 
four months ; Gatesville, N. C, three years ; Reynoldson, N. 
C. twelve months, and at Whaleyville, Va., twenty-four 
months. She has taught three hundred pupils, about twenty 
of whom have become teachers. 

In '86, she m arried Joseph Langston, a farmer, and is now 
housekeepmg ; has one child. They own stock and real es- 
tate. " The people are rapidly improving." Lives in Whaley- 
ville. Educated by John P. Truesdale. 
Johnson, Agnes. Born at Bleak Hill, King William Co., Va., 1856. 

" I was born a slave, and when I was old enough I was 
taken into the house as a child's nurse. My f9.ther and moth- 
er came to Fort Monroe in '63, and there they learned that 
the colored children were going to school. They had to work 
hard to buy my books, and get me ready to go to school, 
' That it may be some benefit to you in the future,' they said. 
Five long tedious years I went through rain and snow, as I 
was anxious to learn." 

" Since leaving Hampton Institute, I have been to Peters- 
burg Normal College six months and studied History, Geog- 
raphy, Arithmetic, Reading and Bookkeeping." " I have 
taught private school at home, as I had the care of my mother 
who was an invalid. I have also taught in Nansemond Co., 
five months, in Nelson Co., seven months, and in Charles 
City, two terms. Have taught 1 1 5 small children ; three have 
become teachers. The people are improving, the majority 
live in their own homes." She owns a house and lot. Lives 
near Hampton. 

Educated by Mrs. Henry Callender. 
* Lewis, Lavinia B. (Mrs. Bragg.) Born in Norfolk, Va., i86o." Af- 
ter graduating, she taught in the North St. School in Norfolk. 
In '83, she married Mr. Bragg and went to Burkeville, Va., to 
live. In '87, she was teaching in the country near Burkeville; 
had forty-three on roll. 

Educated by William B. Spooner. 
Lucas, Sarah A. Born in Fauquier Co., Va., 1858. Taught in Nelson 
Co., Va. Was taken ill while teaching. Died 1882. 

Educated by Miss Mary Anna Longstreth. 
Lumpkin, Dixie Clementina, (Mrs. F. D. Banks.) Born in Mil- 
ledgeville, Ga., 1861. 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAiMPTON INSTITUTE. IO3 

She taught at Smithfield, Va., six months ; in York Co., 
two terms; James City, one term ; in Charles City Co.. four 
terms ; at Caytonville, Md., one term. 

At one time, she wrote : " The parents are very back- 
ward about sending their children ; the first week there were 
but three, and the first month there were not enough schol- 
ars to continue the school ; but when I notified them that I 
would have to leave unless the number of scholars increased, 
they sent them, tho' many were kept at home to get ' fixed 
up,' or were put out to work. The people were very poor. 
At another time, there was trouble about books. New ones 
were introduced and they were not allowed to use their old 
ones. The nearest place where new ones could be bought 
was at Richmond, thirty-six miles away. The parents did 
well ; in a month, the school was in running order. The 
Supt. said we were ahead of all the other schools." After 
teaching three years, she wrote : " The parents and children 
show more interest than ever before." " I have taught about 
three hundred children ; four have become teachers." 

In '86, she married Frank D. Banks, class of '76. They 
have two children, a girl and boy. She is now housekeeping; 
living near Hampton Institute, in which her husband has 
long been a bookkeeper. 

Educated by Mrs. Maria R. Towne. 

*Mallette, Anna H. Born in Wilmington, N. C, 1858. Soon after 
graduating she was employed at Mrs, Russell's, St. Mary's 
School, at Waterbury, Conn. In '81, she went to Wilming- 
ton, N. C. to teach in her cousin Maria's place. (Maria, class 
of 'it, died in '80.) At that time, she wrote, " I have one 
hundred children in my room, to teach how to read, so you 
can imagine my work ; I find it real tiresome at times. I think 
it is the hardest work any one can do, but I like it ; tiresome 
as it is, I would not give it up When I see what is to be 
done, I wish I had begun sooner." 
Educated by J. K. Webster. 

* Merchant, Susan E. Born in Lynchburg, Va., 1859. She has 
always taught in her own city, Lynchburg. Has taught seven 
years in one school. 

In '82, she wrote to Mrs. Dixon she had ninety-five en- 
rolled, with an average of eighty-nine. The children were all 
trying very hard, so as to pass a good examination. She 
sometimes thought the younger ones took more interest in 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



I04 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

their school than the older ones. In '86, she wrote Miss 
Cleaveland that she had a Sunday school class ; there was a 
large attendance at the school in summer, from four to six 
hundred, and they had had a Christmas tree. 
Educated by Thomas H. Powers. 

Parker, Sarah J. (Mrs. Courd.) Born in Drummondtown, Va., 1853. 
Says: " I left school not knowing where my lot was to be 
cast. I spent my vacation at work on my father's farm. The 
last of August, I applied for a school, but I had offended the 
white people because I had taken a first class fare on board the 
steamboat, and was therefore refused. I was disappointed and 
discouraged. I was in debt to the School, and was very anx- 
ious to pay. I wrote Miss Harrold asking her to get me a 
place at service in the North. She did so, and, with her good 
advice and recommendation, I went to live in Prof. Carter's 
family in New Haven. I don't think I ever met any finer 
people. I lived in the family seventeen months, and served 
with satisfaction. I came to Hampton on my way home, and 
squared with the school, and had $30 left. I felt that I had 
dropped a burden. 

My father objected to my teaching, so, as I could not go by 
my own dictates, I settled the question by marrying a young 
farmer, Mr. B. J. Courd. I find that a true Hamptonian's 
work does not end at the school-house, but it must be in ev- 
ery step that he or she takes. In the Sunday-school and in 
the temperance cause, I have tried to prove myself a true 
Hamptonian. Hampton's motto passes through my house- 
hold. We are in good circumstances, our little farm is get- 
ting to be more valuable. We are carrying a small insurance 
valued at $5,000, and live stock beside. Our people are get- 
ting on very nicely, each one striving to obtain a comfortable 
home. Our school is not as good as it ought to be ; we have 
had poor teachers. I hope that, next term, we may have a 
good Hampton teacher. I am a farmer's wife with four chil- 
dren, and I aim at advancement, and general improvement." 
She lives in Drummondtown, Va. 

Educated by John Cummings. 

* Pryor, Jane. Born in Hampton, Va., 1862. Taught in Southamp- 
ton Co., Va., three terms. Said she liked teaching, but wanted 
to be nearer home. Is now employed in the Printing Office 
of the school, and doing very well. 
Educated by Samuel Willetts. 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 1 05 

* Scott, Clara M. Born in Manchester, Va., 1857. Taught at Pun- 
goteague, and in Middlesex Co., Va. In '82, she wrote Mrs. 
Dixon : " The colored people in this vicinity are improving 
to a great extent. They are trying to be something and to 
have something; a good many of them have good, comforta- 
ble homes." 

Educated by Miss Mary Bronson. 

Taliaferro, Angelina, (Mrs. Morris.) Born in Amherst Co., Va. 

1856. She taught in Nelson Co., Va., from '79 till '82, and in 
Lynchburg since '82. She has taught not less than five: hun- 
dred children, does not know how many are teachers. Says , 
" I find I can do more work where I have taught, and where I 
know children, and they understand me, than in a new field." 

" At one time, Mr. G. E. Brown sent a barrel of crackers: 
some clothing, etc., and I had a Thanksgiving festival at the 
school. I asked the children what they were thankful for; 
there were almost as many different answers as children : 
eyesight, peace, religion, books, friends, etc. One little fel- 
low not more than nine j'^ears old, said : " I'm thankful we are 
not slaves." 

Her husband is a Baptist minister ; they have three 
children and they have a very comfortable home in Lynch- 
burg. They own the property on which they live. She is 
now teaching a private school, and aims to elevate her race. 
Says : " The people are in a prosperous condition and sure- 
ly improving." 

Educated by the Misses Wigglesworth. 
Weaver, Lucy A. (Mrs. Knight). Born in Kanawha Co., West Va.^ 

1857. Has lived in Cambridge, Mass., and also in Water- 
bury, Conn. In '81, she married William Copeland, class of '78. 
He died in '84. Is now married to Henry Knight, and lives- 
in Hampton, Va. Has one little girl and is teaching at home 
a class of four girls and seven boys. They own their house. 
She is teaching, sewing and assisting in the farm manage- 
ment. Says : " I think the people are slowly improving." 

Educated by Mrs. J. S. B. Knox. 
Anderson, Charles A. Born in Charlottesville, Va., 1857. Taught 
in Virginia. In the fall of '78, he went to New Orleans, af- 
terwards to Kansas City, where he taught two or three years. 
Died in 1882. 

Educated by Chas. L. Sharpless. 
BoBSON, Allen A. Born in Lynchburg, Va., 1857. Taught five years 
in Piscataway, Md. Was obliged to give up his school on ac- 

*Did no t answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



Io6 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

count of ill health, and for a time was in the hospital at 
Washington. A lady friend of Hampton, through Gen. Mar- 
shall, helped him at that time to pay for a home for his moth- 
er and sister, which he was trying to do. 

He has now a school at Port Conway, Va., with fifty-six 
on roll, and an average attendance of forty-three. 

He says : " I find the people in the rural districts less 
dependent. Many of them have finished paying for their 
homes and are now making more than it takes to live. They 
show unmistakable signs of progress ; their bargains and con- 
tracts are more business like. I also notice that their wild 
and frantic worships are being replaced by those that are 
more quiet and intelligent, but equally fervent. They ac- 
knowledge the importance of education. This community is 
behind in school matters. Most of the schools have been 
taught by native white teachers, and there is not that interest 
here as in most communities, but I think I shall be able to 
bring it up to the standard." 

Educated by Mrs. C. J. Kittredge. 

BOLLING, Thomas W. Born in Charles City Co, Va., 1856. He 
taught in Charles City Co. In '82, had the largest school in the 
county, colored or white, and was liked by parents, children 
and school board. Died in 1886. 
Educated by W. E. Barnes. 

Brown, Jacob T. Born in Hilton Head, S. C, 1859. Said: "I 
spent five years in teaching ; viz: one at Great Bridge, Va., 
three at Bluffton, S. C, and one at Hilton Head. I taught 
about one hundred and fifty children. Perhaps you are aware 
that the materials we are handling are by no means like yours, 
but must be coaxed, persuaded, and begged to do that which 
is to benefit them only." 

He thought the Negroes on the Sea Islands on the coast 
of South Carolina, " superior, morally, mentally, education- 
ally and financially to any class of their race in the State.' 
The poor whites were friendly with the blacks, but behind 
them in the desire for education. 

In '85, he entered Lincoln University, Pa., and took the 
regular college course. Is now a divinity student there. His 
" aim " is the ministry among his people. 
Educated by A. Mclntyre. 

*CoLES, Richard T. Born in Pittsburg, Pa., 1855. He taught at 
Bridgewater, Va., and was principal of a public school in 

*Did not reply to last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 107 

Kansas City, Mo., also editor of the Kansas City Dispatch. 

Educated by S. D. Warren. 
COPELAND, William. Born at Portsmouth, Va. He entered Storer's 
College, Harper's Ferry, Va. In '81 he married Lucy A. 
Weaver, a graduate of this class. Died in 1884. 

Educated by Prof. Fairman Rogers. 
Daggs, William H. Born in Falmouth, Va., 1859. He taught at 
the Glendower School in Albemarle Co., Va„ one year, taught 
over eighty pupils, four have become teachers. He taught 
Sunday school in Hampton, Va., six years ; also worked in 
the temperance cause. 

In '85, he married Sallie Carper, class of '80. They have 
one little girl. He owns real estate and personal property. 
He is a bookkeeper in the Treasurer's office at the School, 
and "aims" to be "a good citizen, and a good Christian." 

General J. F. B. Marshall says, " Wm. H. Daggs has 
proved himself competent and faithful, not only in office 
work, but in many other capacities in which his services have 
been required. Of a deeply religious nature, his influence 
not only upon the students, but among the young men of the 
town, has been valuable. And as one of the Quartette of 
Singers who have yearly visited the North, he has, by his gen- 
tlemanly bearing and judicious remarks, as well as by his 
sweet voice, made a good impression, and rendered valuable 
service to the School. He is one of the sweetest tempered 
and most courteous men I know, and it is always pleasant to 
have dealings with him." 

Now spends part of the year in the North, obtaining sub- 
scribers for the Southern Worktnan and speaking for the school. 

Educated by Rev. G. R. Leavitt, and D. A. Waldron. 
*Davis, Joseph S. Born at Chatham, Va.. i860. In November, '87, 
he wrote Miss A. E. Cleveland, that after graduating he was 
principal of colored schools in Chatham, Va., and also for a 
time was secretary and vice-president of the Virginia State 
Colored Teachers Association. In '82 he went to Washing- 
ton, D. C. While in the land office he studied law ; was gra- 
duated from the Law Department of Howard University in '85, 
and was admitted to the bar in the District of Columbia, and 
afterwards in Baltimore, Md., being the second colored man 
admitted in that state. 

He said : " I am convinced that the work done at 
Hampton, is just the work needed for the material advance- 
ment of the great mass of colored people." 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



Io8 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

Has not reported since '87. He is married, and lives in 
Baltimore. Educated by John Gibb. 

Dodge, Wiley E. Born in Salisbury, N. C, 1857. He has taught 
since '78, in Randolph, Stanley and Rowan Counties, S. C. 
Twelve of his scholars have become teachers He has also 
been engaged in Sunday school. In '81 he married Mary A. 
Grey, class of '76. They have one child. They own their 
house and lot. He is teaching and will remain a teacher. Of 
the people, he says : " I am hopeful ; you can rest assured 
they are improving." Educated by Benjamin Coates. 

DoRSETTE, Nathaniel C. Born in Davidson Co., N. C, 1859. "My 
mother was taken away when I was about two months old, 
and I was left on the plantation with my grandmother. She 
having to do a definite amount of work daily, I got but little 
attention, but spent the most of my young days shut up in 
the house alone, and so far away from everybody that if I 
cried it did not disturb any one. My mother only saw me 
once or twice a year until emancipation ; then I was with her. 
I think I was ten years old before I saw the inside of a school 
hoiase, and then I could only go a little in the winter, when I 
could not work. I went in this way, till I was sixteen. Feel- 
ing the need of an education, and hearing of Hampton, where 
I could work and pay my way, I went there in September, '76, 
and I can truthfully say that I have never been benefited so 
much by going to any place in my life." 

After graduating at Hampton he went to Lyons, N. Y., 
with the fixed purpose of obtaining a medical education. En- 
tering the service of Dr. Vosburg, whom he had met while 
working at Old Point in the previous vacation, he took care 
of the Doctor's horse, studying Latin, etc., with his assist- 
ance, evenings and odd times. With this preparation, he en- 
tered the Medical College at Syracuse, N. Y., paying his 
way by hard work and boarding himself and making a good 
record there and in the University at Buffalo, N. Y., where he 
went for economic reasons, and from which he was graduated 
in medicine, in 1882. He was then appointed physician of 
the Wayne County alms-house and insane asylum ; the same 
position his friend and preceptor had tilled. The height of 
his ambition was to be a successful physician. At that time 
he wrote : " Had I the wealth of an Astor or a Vanderbilt, 
my greatest desire would be to establish a hospital for the re- 
lief of suffering humanity. 

He went to Montgomery, Ga., in '84, and there passed a 
rigid examination before the medical profession of that city. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. IO9 

with whom his relations have been ever since most pleasant. 
He has now a large practice among the colored people of 
Montgomery, who are generally prosperous : has all he can do 
with three good horses, and is never through work before ten 
or twelve o'clock. He also has a drug store and employs two 
efficient clerks, but much of the business he attends to himself. 
Says : " I have made considerable money since I have 
been here, and, in the main, saved it, although I have had my 
share of misfortune. I have had a complete course in the 
school of experience, and am entitled to a diploma. Through 
all I have kept steadily pushing to the front, and, in the words 
of General Armstrong, I ' never say die.' " 

" I have worked hard for the cause of education, and 
have contributed liberally, labor and money. As to church 
• and Sunday school work, I have done very little, my time be- 
ing so completely occupied, and there are so many who can 
do that, who cannot do what I am doing." 

He is married and has one child. ( His first wife and 
child died the same week, in '85.) He owns city property 
worth $10,000, and a drug store worth $3,000. He saj^s : "The 
people are buying homes and educating their children, and I 
am certain of a steady improvement, materially and intellect- 
ually." 

Educated by Moses D. and E. Scull. 

Fauntleroy, Joseph S. Born in Hanover Co., Va., i860. Studied 
theology and Latin, one term, at Wayland Seminary in '84. 
Taught, five months each, in Elizabeth City Co., Surrey Co., 
and Prince George Co.; in Princess Anne Co., six months, and 
in Gloucester Co., three terms. Has taught about three hun- 
dred children, about six of whom have taught. Is engaged 
in Sunday school, and thinks the influence on the children is 
generally good. He is married and has had one child, who 
died ; has accumulated about $800. in real estate and personal 
property. " My occupation is teaching and my aim in life is 
to better the condition of my race. Generally the people are 
well informed and seem desirous of being educated, and ul- 
timately will succeed." He lives in Roans, Gloucester Co., Va. 
Educated by Mrs. Stephen Griggs and Joseph W. Bacon. 

FiELD.s, John A. Born at Hanover C. H., 1855. Was a barber in 
New York city. Was married. Died in 1887. 
Educated by C. P. Baldwin. 

Fields, G. Washington. Born at Clover Plains, Va., 1854. Attend- 
ed night school of the Y. M. C. A, in New York city two 



no TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

years ; studied French. While in New York city, he taught 
for about three years, a private free school composed of twelve 
young men who worked in the same employ. Is at present 
a law student at Cornell University, and " aims " to do his 
duty. " The condition of the colored people can be favor- 
ably compared with that of any other people of their oppor- 
tunities. They are improving." 
Educated by Geo. W. Chase. 

Hackley, Elias. Born in Nelson Co., Va., 1854. Says: "I have 
taught every year, and have tried to be useful among my peo- 
ple. The first school I taught after leaving Hampton was 
the Catawba school at a salary of $25. a month. I taught 
Sabbath school and tried to inculcate the principles of true man- 
hood and womanhood. The next, was in Salem school district. 
School teaching there was very poor encouragement, a^ the 
county then paid on]y$2i.5o per month. This was a place of ig- 
norance and superstition. These people believed in evil spirits^ 
witches and conjurors. The school board thought it best to 
move me to a better field, where the school was larger. This 
was the Hanging Rock school. The first three years they 
gave me $23. and then my pay was raised to $30. I have taught 
here eight years, and am satisfied that I have done a great 
deal of good. I found the people here in better condition 
than in either of the other places stated above. Yet there 
was plenty to be done ; not only in Sunday school, and tem- 
perance work, but teaching the spirit of industry, which I 
have tried to show by working after my school closed till it 
would start again. I have located here; own about sixty 
acres of land, six are in orchard. I am married, have three 
children, and am doing all I can to build up the community. 
The people are improving and the newspapers of the South 
have stopped saying the Negro is shiftless, since he wants 
his own vine and fig tree. They can only bring up the col- 
or line and speak of his alliance to the Republican party. 
This is kept up by the newspaper men who do more harm 
than they do good." Lives in Salem, Va. 
Educated by Mrs. P. M. Bryson. 

Harris, Henry T. Born in Middlesex Co., Va., 1853. Studied Latin 
two years since graduating. Has taught in Middlesex Co., Va., 
eight years. In '86, he married Mary Thornton, of Hampton ; 
they " have two children, W. D. and Naomie." His occupations 
are farming and teaching. Of the people he says : " The 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. Ill 

advancement in the acumulation of property is improved. In 
morals it is not equal." Lives in Urbana, Va. 

Educated by H. P. Kidder. 
Henderson, Hannibal S. Born in Raleigh, N. C, 1858. He went 
to St. Augustine Institute at Raleigh, and studied for the 
ministry in the Episcopal church. He wrote Mrs. Dixon : 
"You are of course aware of the fact that a man, to enter the 
ministry of the Episcopal church, must know nearly every 
thing. I have read several Latin and Greek authors, and 
have nearly finished the Gospels in the Greek text. I am 
teaching a class in " First Latin Book," one in arithmetic, 
grammar, history and one beginning Greek. In this way I 
pay my schooling. I bless the day I entered old Hampton ; 
she has carried me safely thus far. The seeds sown there are 
evidently bearing fruit. My education there has enabled me 
to take hold of the languages with more ease." 

He was one of the teachers at the St. Augustine Insti- 
tute. Was ordained Deacon, and had charge of a church in 
Lexington, Ky. Was married in '84. Died in Lexington, Ky., 
1887. 

Educated by Frank Peabody. 
Hill, Stepney B. Born in Danville, Va., 1857. He taught in Dan- 
ville in the Friends' School, under Alfred Jones, two terms ; 
in Halifax Co., two ; in Pittsylvania Co., two ; in Bedford Co., 
one ; in Caswell Co., N. C, one. He has taught about seven 
hundred children, twenty five of whom have become teach- 
ers. In '83, he attended Iowa College, taking college studies; 
afterwards Leonard Medical College, Raleigh, N. C, and 
Shaw University. He is now a physician in Danville, Va., 
owns a lot valued at $500., a horse and buggy. Thinks there 
is no lack of opportunities for doing good in his chosen field. 
Has been practising medicine a year, and thinks his work has 
been a success. " The people are improving ; seem to have 
learned that education, morality and wealth, are the road to 
success. One fourth of the property holders are colored." 

Educated by C. L. Swan. 
*Jenkins, Thomas. Born at St. Helen's Isle, S. C, 1855. After 
graduating he was employed awhile on the School farm. In 
'82 he was caterer, and had an eating saloon in Philadelphia. 

Educated by Amos P. Tapley. 
Johnson, William H. Born in Petersburg, Va., 1858. " My par- 
ents struggled hard and denied themselves many of the nec- 
*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



[12 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

essaries of life, to enable me to get a little education. After 
going as far as the public schools of Petersburg would advance 
me, I was stopped from school and sent to Richmond to work 
at the cooper's trade, till I could master my business. Then, 
by the aid of my father, I attended the Hampton N. & A In- 
stitute, my father paying half my board in money, and I work- 
ing the rest. The education which I obtained at Hampton 
has been of great service to me. I have taught in Surrey, Va., 
one year; in Chesterfield, seven years, and at Petersburg one 
year; working at my trade as cooper at intervals. I have 
taught about three hundred different children. I am teacher 
in the Oilfield Baptist Sabbath School, in Petersburg. I am 
married; own about $600 in real estate. $150 personal prop- 
erty." 

" The colored people are working very hard, and slowly 
moving up the hill; they are accumulating property, especially 
real estate." 

Educated by F. L. Pond. 

Jones, Charles H. Born in Salisbury, N. C, 1868. He has taught 
in Kilton, S. C, eight years. Has taught about two hundred 
and fifty children. Ten are teaching ; one is a minister, one 
a physician. He is Superintendent of one Sunday-school, 
and assistant Superintendent of another. Owns about $800 
in real estate. Is teaching, and aims to benefit his race. 
" The people are owning land and stock, educating their 
children, and amassing some property." 

Educated by Mrs. Charlotte H. Means. 
Merchant, Lewis R. Born in Virginia. Taught in Charles County, 
Md., where he had from seventy-five to ninety on roll, with 
an average of from fifty to sixty. His health failed and he 
went to Washington. 

Died 1886. 

Educated by J. M. Jones. 
Miller, Samuel T. Born in Burkeville, Va., 1855. He went to 
West Coast of Africa, Bailunda, near Bihe, as a missionary 
of the A. B. C. F. M., and was there four years, when the mis- 
sion was broken up. He built a house there and had his school 
in it. He had fifteen boys and thought the children began to 
be interested in the school, and saw many hopeful signs which 
gave him great encouragement. He wrote : " As yet I have 
had no girls in school ; the girls are considered inferior to the 
boys." He has taught five years in Nottaway Co., and one in 
Albemarle Co., Va. Has taught about five hundred children. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. II3 

seven are teachers. He is now living in Burkville owns a 
house and lot worth $800. Farms in summer, and is teaching 
public school. Of the people he says : " Some are improving, 
others appear to be at a stand still." 
Educated by C. P. Huntington. 

Moody, Moses. Born in Hampton, Va., 1859. He taught in Mod- 
esttown, Va., had seventy-eight on roll till spring, when many 
had to leave to work on farms. Died 1885. 
Educated by Mrs. G. H. Shaw. 

Phillips, Frederick. Born in Gloucester Co., Va., 1859. He taught 
in Norfolk Co., Va., afterwards in Salem N. J., a colored 
school before that taught by white teachers. While teaching, 
he continued his studies, and afterwards went to the Willis- 
ton Seminary at East Hampton, Massachusetts, paying his 
own way by work in vacations, and boarding himself in term 
time. He graduated from the Williston Seminary in 1884. 
His record there in scholarship and conduct was as brilliant 
and as good as Hampton could wish for one of her boys. 

He finished a three years' course at the Williston in two 
years. He stood No. 2, in a class of fifty (all white but himself) 
and on graduating was salutatorian of his class. 

It was his intention to enter Harvard College in the fall 
of 1885, but death ended his life of great promise, in March, 
1885. 

He was one of the first Hampton students to teach in 
New Jersey. His services there were so entirely satisfactory 
to all concerned that Hampton teachers at once become pref- 
erable in the section of the state in which he taught. 

Educated by Dillwyn Parrish. 
Potts, George W. Born in Williamsburg, Va., 1857. Taught two 
terms in Bear Quarter, Norfolk, Va. There were ninety-eight 
on roll ; two or three are now teaching. 

" Since I stopped teaching, I have been doing different 
things for a living; from '81 to '84 I kept a general grocery 
and provision store in Williamsburg, and did quite well, until 
drawn into politics ; then negligence of business, and activity 
in politics caused the former to sufier and the latter to pros- 
per. In '81, I was elected member of the Common Council 
of the great city of Williamsburg on the Republican ticket 
and was re-elected in '82. The position being only honorary, 
I thought I did not fit it. So in '83, I ran for Commissioner 
of Revenue of the city of Williamsburg, and was elected for 
f oar years o /er two competitors. The emoluments were so small 



114 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

that I again sought, and obtained an appointment under the 
U. S. Government, as Deputy Collector and Inspector of Cus- 
toms at Yorktown, Va., and served from May '84 till Sept. '86 
when the Democratic hatchet , shied my way. I then moved 
to Hampton, and served as butcher and hotel waiter. In '88, 
with my family, I moved to Zanesville, Ohio,, and now live on 
and manage a 150 acre farm of my father-in-law, Mr, N. T. 
Gant, raising principally stock, wheat, and grass. I am get- 
ting along nicely and try to "adapt myself to circumstances," 
a principle I learned at Hampton and which has been a great 
advantage to me since graduating." 

Educated by Mrs. Benjamin Marshall. 

Powell, Ephraim C. Born in Hartford Co., N. C, 1854. He 
went to Murfreesboro, N. C, and bought a little farm. He 
wrote Mrs. Dixon that heVas teaching in a very poor log school 
house, which was very cold, the children had scarcely clothes 
to hide their nakedness. " The school house is really not fit 
to teach in, I suffer myself, and I have an overcoat." " I came 
to my old state and planted myself down exactly where I was 
needed. I have been teaching here six years, and they still want 
me as a worker among them. I am working hard trying to 
buy me a little home. I thought that would be an example, 
and encourage others to do so. 
Died in 1883. 
Educated by the Misses Newlin. 

*Reese, Thomas. Born in Kingston, Jamaica, W. I., 1853. Was a 
carpenter, and, after graduating, worked at his trade on the 
School grounds. Was em.ployed by Mr. T. T. Bryce in his 
canning establishment. Afterwards he went to Newport 
News. In '82, reported he had property valued at $500. 
Educated by Rev. Evarts Scudder. 

Robinson, Francis E. Born in Baltimore, Md., 1848. Says: "I 
have taught every year in Northampton Co., N. C, since June 
'78. I do no temperance work except by example, by not 
drinking." He owns fifty acres of land — and is very busy 
farming and teaching. '• The Negro is progressing onward 
and upward, but it is slow progress in either direction, because 
every thing is apparently against him." 
Educated by Rev. A. C. Small. 

*SCARBOR, Cornelius C. Born in Hampton, Va., 1856. Wrote to 
Mrs. Dixon in '81. " When I graduated I was not able to take 
a school ; for one reason, I did not have the money to pay my 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. I15 

travelling expenses; neither did I have necessary clothing; so 
I thought I would go out and work awhile I started for 
Boston, and have been here ever since. I have been sick, 
and I have been out of a situation, but I have climbed through 
it all, and can say there is a bright and better day before me." 
Educated by Mrs. R. W. Carter. 

*ScoTT. Sterling C. Born in Charlotte Co , Va. 1854. Taught in 
Charlotte Co., Va., two years. 

In '81, he wrote Mrs. Dixon: " I like the work of teach- 
ing, and would have remained in it, but the pay was so small 
I could not treat myself justly, nor those that I owe. So I 
am now at work in the U. S. Revenue office at Danville, Va., 
as clerk. I shall never forget the School, and what it did for 
me while I was there. I shall always look upon it as the 
place of my birth." 

Educated by Mrs. James R. Faulkner. 

^Servant, Alexander. W. Born in Hampton, Va , 1863. Is em- 
ployed at the Hygeia Hotel, Old Point Comfort. 
Educated by Ezra Farnsworth. 

*Titus, Casper. Birth place and time unknown. After graduating, 
he went to New York city where was his home. Then was 
storekeeping in Hampton, owning a part of the store. Is now 
in business in Norfolk, Va. 
Educated by John Aitken. 

*Wharton, Littleton. Born in Accomac Co., Va., 1857. He 
taught at Drummondtown and Onancock, Accomac Co., Va. 
Educated by Howard Potter. 

Wright, Major D. Born in Warwick Co., Va., 1857. Taught at 
Warwick three years, and had three sisters also teaching. He 
had had about three hundred and fifty scholars. Thinks "it is 
harder to get along with the Negroes than with the whites ; 
the former think when a boy comes from school he feels above 
them ; the only thing is for Hampton to send out three times 
the number to help fight the battle." 

He studied law three years and was admitted to the bar 
in '86. Has been a farmer, been logging for this school, been 
Commissioner of Internal Revenue for Warwick Co. Says he 
is glad to help his people some other way than by teaching. 
Was married in '89. Lives in Newport News, Va. 

Educated by James White. 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



Il6 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 



MEMBERS OF THE SENIOR CLASS WHO LEFT BEFORE GRADUATING. 

Christian, Mary B, (Mrs. Garrison). Born in Petersburg, Va.,. 
1857. 

Taught in King William Co., one year and had seventy- 
five on roll. Has assisted in Sunday school in the Mission 
Chapel. She is married and has four children, and finds "life 
mingled with much sorrow and sadness on account of in- 
temperance." She attends to her household affairs, and 
makes a little by washing. " The people are improving in the 
city, they are industrious, but wages are small for laborers." 
Lives in Petersburg. 

Educated by Rev. G. R. Leavitt. 

Waters, Mary P. H. Born in Hutchinson Island, S. C, 1859. Says: 
" I am more than glad to report my six years work among my 
race, since leaving the Elmira Water Cure, [where she was 
kindly tre<ited for illness after leaving Hampton,] I 
taught one term near Goldsboro, under the Friends of New 
York City. Mrs. F. M. Coppens sent me. My next field was 
Gwynn's Island, Matthews Co. I did five years work here. I 
had evening Bible classes, sewing society, and singing school, 
and a well attended day school. Have had one hundred and 
eighty pupils — none have taught. Have worked faithfully in 
the Sunday-school, and have a temperance society of twenty- 
five members. I am now teaching in Accomac Co., Va., and 
aim to be a useful, self-made woman. The people are poor, 
very industrious, striving for an honest living ; the need of 
education is strongly felt among them. They are striving to 
advance their children in school." In one of her letters, she 
speaks of receiving Miss Mary Anna Longstreth's letter to 
the graduates, and says : " I can see her calm, quiet, cheerful, 
happy face ; she was always doing and saying something to 
make us happy and do us good. I have often told my children 
about the dear kind teachers and friends at Hampton, who 
have worked earnestly and faithfully to help fit us for some 
usefulness among our people, or for any good work we felt 
called upon to do." 

Educated by Mr. and Mrs. J. Huntington Wolcott. 

Wright, Rebecca D. (Mrs. Short). Born at Warwick C. H., Va., 
1854. Has taught at Hartshorne Memorial College, King 
William Co., where she also studied music, etc.; in Warwick 
Co., Mulbury Island, Bacon's Castle and Homewood, Va., 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. II 7 

Says she has taught more than eight hundred children; only 
knows of five among them who are teaching. Has never 
missed teaching in Sunday-school. She is married and has 
one child. Says : " My lot is as Paul's, continually establish- 
ing new schools, and Sunday-schools. I hope to be a mission- 
. ary always. 

" The people have quit working and gone into politics to 
get money, and are coming to nothing." 

Educated by C. W. Bassett, and S. E. Chase, Superin- 
tendc-nt of Sunday-school at Newton, Mass. 
D.A.VENPORT, William Benjamin. Bom in Staunton, Va. 1858. 
He taught after leaving school, in Ellicott City, Howard Co., 
Md., where he had a large school. He left there and went to 
Staunton, Va., to be with his widowed mother; has taught ever 
since leaving school. Has had at least six hundred scholars. 
Knows of six who are now teaching. Is superintendent of a 
large Sunday school in Staunton, and is engaged in temper- 
ance work also. Owns a house and lot valued at five hundred 
dollars. Has "a strong incL'nition for the ministry." Says 
the people are slowly improving. After ten years good work 
as teacher, he re-entered the school in '87, to review some 
studies and take advantage of its improved course in " meth- 
ods and practice teaching." He is married, and lives in 
Staunton, Va. 

Educated by Mrs. George Howe. 

"^'Parker, James H. Born in Hampton, Va., i860, Taught in York 
Co., Va. Afterwards went to Boston. 

Educated by. Mrs. Lydia Maria Child, and Pennsylvania 

Abolition Society. 
SiNGFiELD, George S. Bom in Augusta, Ga., 1859. Says he taught 
once, three months, in Chatham Co., Va., and had an average 
of thirty-nine. Is now superintendent of a Sunday school. Is 
married ; has had five children ; only one is living, a little girl 
six years old. He owns two houses and a lot, valued at $300. 
" I haven't forgotten my old school. Hampton has made a 
man of me. I am living in my own house which I bought 
with my own labor. I am a mechanic, carpenter and cabinet 
maker. I preferred a trade to teaching. I want to be a min- 
ister of the Gospel. 

I cannot say that the people are improving; only that they 
thirst after knowledge." 

Educated by Mrs. Henry W. Clark, Hyde Park S. S. 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



Il8 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 



EX-STUDENTS, middle class ; 1878. 

ASHBY, Mary A. Born in Williamsburg, Va., 1858. Taught in Cape- 
ville, Va., two terms, in James City Co., two years ; at Wil- 
liamsburg, two years in public school, and three years in pri- 
vate school. Has taught about two hundred children ; four 
have become teachers. Is teaching when her health will per- 
mit. " Aims " to be a Christian and do all the good she can. 
" The people are improving." Lives in Williamsburg, Va. 
Educated by Miss Sarah Russell. 

McDowell, J. H. Came from Staunton, Va. Is now living at 
Muchakinock, Iowa. Says, '• I was in the army from Feb. 
'79 till '84. During that time I contracted a little throat 
trouble, for which I draw $10. monthly pension. I am in 
hopes of getting well of it shortly. While I was not able to 
play in the band, (I was a musician), I taught school eight 
months ; the only teaching I have done since leaving Hamp- 
ton. I am School Director, elected by the farmers for part of 
our town and school district. My work for the cause, and 
against strong drinks, has been much a matter of business. 
Nearly three years ago, I was appointed constable to serve the 
unexpired term of another. At that time, there were seven sa- 
loons in this town of thirteen hundred inhabitants ; but, before 
the thirteen months rolled round which I was serving out, six 
of these places were closed. I was candidate for the next elec- 
tion, but was beaten by a ' whiskey man.' 

In about a month I was appointed Deputy Sheriff, and 
stationed at this place. The town has no drinking places 
now." 

.Educated by Mrs. C. T. Pond. 

Russell, James Solomon. Born at Palmer's Spring, Va., 1857. He 
taught three terms in Warren Co., N. C. Attended the Di- 
vinity School at Petersburg three and a half years, and has 
taught seven years in Lawrenceville, Va. He has taught over 
four hundred ; about forty havebecome teachers. 

He says : " My Sunday schools are large, and in a flour- 
ishing condition. I have ever battled against intemperance." 
In '84, he was " rector of three parishes. The Bishop had con- 
firmed one hundred and twenty-nine persons " under his 
charge. He is married and has three children. His wife has 
a large school with one assistant. He. has a school connected 
with the church. Sallie A. Davis, one of the ex-students of 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. I 19 

this school is one of the teachers. He says : " My aim is to 
elevate my benighted brethren. The people are accumulat- 
ing real estate and other property, they are making rapid prog- 
ress, and occupy many stations in life." 



CLASS OF 1879. 

Burke, Wilhelmina G. Born in Ravensworth, Va., 1859. She 
taught three terms at Ocean Cottage School, near Hampton, 
and three terms at 'Bates' school, [district schools.] There 
were one hundred and fifty or more scholars. She knows of 
but one who is teaching. She had very pleasant and well at- 
tended Sunday-schools in her school house, while teaching. 

She was thirteen months at the Training School for 
Nurses at West Philadelphia, and is now a professional nurse, 
and " aims " to be " a true woman." Since leaving Hampton, 
she says, she has had " but little chance to observe the progress 
of the colored people, except in Alexandria and Washington; 
there they have improved much in common sense, education, 
and refinement. There was always a small class that pos- 
sessed these three commodities, but that is no longer the case; 
the former small body has grown to be a large one. There is 
also improvement in taste in dress — a better quality and less 
showy is worn. In our public schools we have boys in the 
eighth grade studying algebra, geometry and physiology. The 
maximum age of this class is fourteen years ; a few years ago 
this class was made up of older children." 

" I have done very little ; so there is very little to tell. I 
taught six years near Hampton, from '80 till '86 ; during that 
time I assisted in Sundaj^-school, temperance and mission 
work." 

Educated by Mrs. Pauline Henry. 

Chadwick, Della S. Born in Beaufort, N. C, 1857. She says: 
" My first school was at Annapolis, Md. It was an industrial 
school, gotten up by the ladies of the Naval Academy, who 
were interested in the poor colored children of the city. 
When I left Hampton, I was full of ideas and theories about 
teaching, but I found the real work very different from the 
imaginary, and sixty lively, healthy girls to teach and guide 
mentally and morally, no easy task. They were very unruly 
children, but, when they learned that I meant no, when I said 



I20 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

no, I hadn't any more trouble. I visited them in their homes 
regularly and looked after them as much as I could." " The 
summer of '80, I attended Teachers' Institute at Lynchburg, 
six weeks. That fall I went to Massie's Mills. I was the first 
lady teacher they had ever had, and the people were very 
much afraid I could not manage so many large boys and 
girls ; but I told them I had no fears. I found the children 
very obedient, and anxious to learn. I had a public examina- 
tion at the close of school, and the marked improvement of the 
children was the talk of the neighborhood by white and 
colored. 

I had one hundred and twenty-five scholars on roll. The- 
school house, which was built of logs, was crowded ; on pleas- 
ant days I could not find room for my classes to stand. 
The second term, I had an enrolment of one hundred and 
eighty, and was given an assistant. At the close of the term 
there, the last of February, I went to Cub Creek, and taught 
till July. There they hadn't any Sunday-school, so I started 
one. In the fall, I taught in Southampton Co., and, when the 
school closed in March, the Supt. of Surry Co. wrote me to 
go there. 

The next winter I did not teach. I was in New Haven, 
Conn., where I had entire charge of a sick child. Afterwards 
I was with my mother, who died Sept., '84. I then went to ■ 
my old school in Southampton Co., and taught three terms ; 
also taught in Danielstown. Have taught about four hun- 
dred ; several have taught and two are teaching now. 

Finding my health failing, I was compelled to stop 
teaching, for awhile ; I went North and have been doing light 
housework. I expect to go back to Southampton Co., in the 
fall ; for it is my great desire and aim to do all I can to help 
build up my race. 

I see great improvement in this ten years that I have 
been out among my people. The great destroyer, intoxi- 
cating drink, is losing his hold upon many of them. And the 
cry is for more light." 

Educated by Miss M. A. Wales, Mrs. Anna Richmond and 
Miss Caroline Richmond. 

Davidson, Olivia A. (Mrs. Booker T. Washington.) Born at Taze- n 
well C. H., Va., 1854. Died May, 1889. 

The following obituary was in the Christian Register of 
June 6, 1889. 

" The Tuskegee School is in the shadow of its first great 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 121 

calamity. In the recent death of Mrs. OUvia Davidson 
Washington, the accomplished wife of the principal, her hus- 
band not only loses one who was a true helpmeet to him in 
his home and in his work, but the school itself is bereaved of 
a woman who had no small share in making it what it now is, 
the highest illustration of the capacity of the properly trained 
Negro to conduct wisely and successfully large educational 
enterprises. 

Olivia Davidson was a teacher in Memphis when the 
schools were broken up by the yellow fever epidemic. She 
offered her services as nurse to her people ; but, as she was 
not acclimated, the mayor refused to accept them, telling her 
to go away till the pestilence had passed by. Advised by a 
friend to enter the Hampton Institute and learn its methods, 
she joined the Senior Class, in which she at once took the 
highest rank. Through the kindness of a Boston lady, to 
whom Hampton owes much for liberal timely aid. Miss David- 
son was enabled to take a course at the Framingham State 
Normal School, where she graduated with the honors of the 
class, and at once entered upon her chosen work of teaching 
the children of her race, as lady principal of the Tuskegee 
Normal School, then just established by another Hampton 
graduate, Mr. Booker T. Washington, [class of '75-] To the 
work of establishing this remarkable school, she devoted all 
her ability, energy, and strength ; and her early death is 
doubtless owing to her overwork in its behalf. Short-handed 
and with insufficient facil ties, she maintained a high stand- 
ard of class work, that compared favorably, in the judgment 
of experts, with that of any of the schools or colleges con- 
ducted by white teachers in the South ; and when, worn out 
by the great labors of the session, she needed a season of rest, 
she spent the vacations in the wearing work of making ap- 
peals in the North for aid, in which she was remarkably suc- 
cessful. 

A few years ago, she married Mr. Washington, but con- 
tinued to share in school work as much as the cares of the 
family and her failing strength would permit. Her early 
death is an irreparable loss to her husband and his three 
motherless children, to the school, and to the cause of Negro 
education." J. F. B. M. 

Educated by Mrs. Rutherford B. Hayes. 

Eppes, Louisa A. (Mrs. C. L. Bethell.) Born in Farmville, Va., 1858. 
In a letter givingan account of her life, she says : " I was born 



122 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

a slave. Freedom came to all before I was old enough to 
feel any of the hardships of slavery of which I heard others 
speak so horribly. 

My father and mother were sood working people, very 
desirous for liberty. At their earliest convenience they 
rented a house and moved, to begin the noble struggle for 
life. They had no reliable means of support, except their 
' ten friends ' — their fingers ; and they worked together like 
two wagon -horses." "School was opened by teachers sent 
from the North by the Freedman's Educational Society. I 
went when I could. My parents made a comfortable living, 
and headway enough to buy half an acre of land and build a 
bouse, neatly arranged and comfortable." 

" After I left Hampton, I came home to Farmville and 
taught in the county six terms. After this I married and 
moved to Blackstone, Nottoway Co., where I taught three 
years. In '87, our dwelling was burned and we lost all we 
had in the world. 

We moved back to Farmville, and I have been teaching 
here ; making eleven school years that I have taught. My 
average has been about eighty-seven, yearly. I have two 
children, a girl and a boy. 

I am a dear lover of the Hampton school, and shall pray 
for its success." 

Educated by Miss Julia Wood. 

Ireland, Mary C. (Mrs. Calloway.) Born in Waterproof, La., 1859. 

" I left Hampton in the summer of '79, came home, and 
taught school during the summer. In the fall, I passed a law- 
ful examination and taught the public free school. At the 
close of the term I was married to Ferdinand Calloway, (class 
of '79). My home is ten miles from Lynchburg, only twenty 
minutes ride in the cars, which makes it a very desirable coun- 
try residence. I have taught here six years. I have an enrol- 
ment of eighty two, with an average of fifty-five, which is a 
large school for one teacher. My school work is heavy, from 
the fact that I am trying to instil into the minds of those un- 
der my care, purer motives and better things. I have taught 
upward of one hundred and twenty-five. None have become 
teachers. I have often wished I could live my school life o- 
ver again, but if we have too good a time in this life we shall 
forget our duty to our Maker. 

When I first came to this place there were not many col- 
ored people owning property ; they were renting from their 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. I 23 

masters, or from some other white man ; paying as much for a 
cabin a year as it would take to buy an acre of land. Some of 
the houses actually were not fit for horses to stay in. To-day, 
for two or three miles around, you will find colored people own- 
ing from two to twenty acres of land, two horses, cows; raising 
their own meat and bread. They had a peculiar way of carry- 
ing on in their meetings, which they have put down. After 
preaching, they would form in a ring, and they would all go 
round singing one of those shouts, which reminded me very 
much of stories in history about the Indian war songs. They 
are beginning to see that all that is nonsense, and they are . 
putting it down. The colored people need enlightened mini- 
sters of the gospel to lead them. They need education ; they 
have not yet learned the value of it. 

I have gained the good-will of our superintendent, who says 
I am one of the best teachers in the District. I feel encour- 
aged to go on, doing all the good I can. 

When we were married, we did not own anything; now 
we have two and a half acres of land, a comfortable little 
house to live in, one horse and wagon, a cow, farming im- 
plements, etc." 

Educated by^ E. S. Hathaway, Mrs. A. M. Minturn and 

Miss S. H. Wendell. 
McAlpine, Charlotte, (Mrs. Johnson). Born in Raleigh. N. C, 
1 861. She says : " I have taught four terms, of nine months 
each, in Woodstown, N. J. — my first experience — two terms of 
seven months each, in Salem, Va., and three terms of ten 
months, in Berkley, Va. I have taught between four hundred 
and fifty and five hundred children. Wherever I have taught 
I have attended Sunday school. At present I am teacher of 
the Bible Class in the Methodist Sunday school, and aim to 
do my people all the good I can." 

" The colored people are progressing rapidly. They own 
a considerable amount of property. It is said that the wealth- 
iest colored man in the county is a resident of this little town." 
Lives in Berkley, Va. 

Educated by Mrs. Thomas Cole and Mrs. Gulielma Jones- 
Perry, Amelia E. (Mrs. Pride.) Born in Lynchburg, Va., 1858. 

She says : " I have been teaching ever since I graduated, 
except eight months I lost by sickness. I first taught the In- 
dians at Hampton, one year, and next in the public schools of 
Norfolk, one year. I am now teaching here at my home in 
Lynchburg. I have taught here about seven years. About 
twelve hundred and fifty children have been under my train- 



124 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

ing ; one hundred and twenty or more are teaching now or 
have taught. I am not engaged in Sunday school. Saturday 
and Sunday I spend at home with my children. In temper- 
ance work .'' Yes — lam one of the officers of the Temper- 
ance Society. On Thanksgiving night, we gave a temperance 
entertainment at our church and invited all the other church- 
es in the city. 

I have been married eight years (since 27th Dec. '81 ). 
Since I have been married, I think I do better work as a teach- 
er, because my mind is more settled." 

" I have three children, all boys ; lively little fellows they 
are ; the oldest is seven, the next nearly six, and the youngest 
four. We, (my husband and I) own the house we live in. 
Neither of us had five cents we could call our own, when we 
were married. Our house cost about $3,300, but I don't sup- 
pose, if we waijted to sell it, we could get $2,100, property in 
Lynchburg has depreciated so. Business is at a stand still, I 
do wish some enterprising Northern white man would come 
here and start a cotton mill, or something that would give 
these poor people work." 

" I think the colored people are improving. Many of 
them own property, here, and in other cities I have visited in 
Virginia. Then again, there are others that don't get along 
so well. These haven't any trades. There are also many 
poor white people here, that live worse, in every way, than the 
colored people." 

" I am teaching school, and my aim is to remain teaching 
as long as there is a piece left of me. I find it rather hard 
though, sometimes ; but then I love my work. My heart 
seemsto yearn to be among my people, and try and teach them 
in every way, both educationally and morally." 

Educated by the Misses Newlin and Elbert B. Monroe. 
*Smith, Mary E. (Mrs. Williams). Born in Raleigh, N. C, 1858. 
. She taught at Lovington C. H., and Roseland, Va. In Feb. 
'84, she was in Newark, N. J., and had a night school of adults. 
She wrote then that she felt that " the Building of Education 
must go up," and if she " could not bring as many bricks as 
some," she " would do what she could." 

In '85, she married Samuel Williams, Class of '80, living in 
Lynchburg. She had taught every year since '79, and thought 
" every one should rest once in five years." 

Educated by Miss Alice S. Hooper. 

*Uid not answer last cicular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 1 25 

Smith, Lucy E. (Mrs. McKensie). Born in Williamsburg, Va., i860. 

" In Nov. '79. I opened a five months school at Chester- 
field C. H. My school house was not finished and there 
was no stove. The weather being cold, I commenced teach- 
ing out doors around a log fire. By private contributions, I 
succeeded in getting a stove and windows in December. 
Taught there two sessions. In the fall of '81, went to Dru- 
ry's Bluff ; after finishing a five months school there, opened a 
spring school at Berlin, and taught four and one half months. 
In October '82, I went to Tuskegee to assist in the Normal 
school under Mr. Washington. In October '83, I entered St. 
Augustine Collegiate Institute at Raleigh, for the purpose of 
reviewing my English branches and was advised to study Lat- 
in. I became a pupil teacher there, teaching summer schools 
at Haywood and Beaufort, N. C, between whiles. In '85, I 
went to Asheville, N. C, to take charge of the grammar de- 
partment of Trinity Mission School, and also became organ- 
ist of the church and Sunday school. In '86, I came to 
Chesterfield, Co., Va., and taught five months. In Dec. '86, 
I was married to Wm. E. McKenzie. Since my marriage I 
have not taught any. I have one child, a dear little boy. My 
husband teaches in the winter and farms in the summer. 
We bought thirteen acres of land, and, after paying for it, 
built a little cottage ; then we purchased a cow, pigs, chick- 
ens, etc. 

I keep very busy with my household affairs, yet I find 
time to read and study too. We take a weekly newspaper, 
and a neighbor lends us a daily paper ; so we keep up with 
the times, 

I think the colored people are advancing. They had 
much to contend with in the beginning." Lives in Ettrics, Va. 

Educated by Mrs. Benjamin Marshall and Miss H. S. 
Benson. 

Snodgrass, Margaret E. Born in Bellefont, Ala., 1854. 

" While yet a small child, my parents ran away from sla- 
very to Battle Creek, Michigan. Here I was put into the 
public school at the age of eight, completeing the prescribed 
course in thirteen years. I started for Hampton in '78, en- 
tered the Senior class, and graduated in '79. In the fall of 
that year, I took charge of my first school, in Newbern, Va. 
I had a large school, and did better work than I thought it 
was possible for me. My total enrolment was eighty-five. 
My next was at Mt. Crawford. This school was small, but 



126 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

gave i.ie the best attendance of any I ever had. With thirty- 
three on roll, my monthly average was never less than twenty 
five. 

In the spring of '8i, I went to Southampton Co. Here 
I was in a district where there never had been a school, and 
many of the children did not know the meaning of school. 
In this district, the whites were little better off than the col- 
ored, so far as education is concerned. My school numbered 
seventeen. Often I was forced to teach all day, with but four or 
five small children. Fortunately the clerk of the school 
board was a Quaker, and appreciated my labor, and paid me 
accordingly. Next I went to Tuskegee. The first year my 
total enrolment was one hundred and twenty. The second 
year my school was made the Training school to the Normal. 
This year I enrolled three hundred, had Lucy J. Smith of 
Hampton ['79] to assist me, and forty of the advanced stu- 
dents of the Tuskegee Normal School. 

In the spring of '84, I went to the place in Alabama 
where my father was born and reared as a slave. The cabin I 
taught in stood where the shop stood in which my father 
had worked, I met his former owners, they were exceedingly 
kind to me. The school was small but full of interest to me, 
from the fact that I worked among my father's people. 

The fall of '84, I went to Roanoke City, and taught 
three sessions. Last fall I taught in Bath Co., Va. I have 
taught eight hundred and thirty-nine pupils. Each summer, 
for several years, I have gone North to work ; this I think 
quite right. If we want to be a people among people, we 
must do manual as well as mental labor. Many of our teach- 
ers teach that these must go together, but are always ready 
to turn their backs to the one and their faces to the other. 
Some think it is quite wrong and have rather forgotten or 
forsaken me for doing it." " I want to help solve the Negro 
Problem." Lives in Blacksburg, Va. 
Educated by A. Mclntyre. 

Weaver, Sarah E. (Mrs. R. H. Hamilton). Born in Winton, N. C, 
1853. She taught between one and two years in Hertford Co., 
N. C. In 1880 she married Robert H. Hamilton, class of '^^. 
Died, 1881. 

Educated by Rev. A. S. Twombly and Miss M. A. Wales. 

Barrette, James R. Born in Danville, Va., i860. He taught in Hali- 
fax Co., Va., two school years, seven months, and ten months ; 
at Aiken,S.C., eight months. He taught about two hundred and 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 1 27 

fifty children. About ten have become teachers. At least 
fifty will be teachers in the near future. 

He has taken a collegiate course of four years at Lincoln 
University, Pa., and was afterwards principal of a high school 
in South Carolina. He has assisted in establishing a high 
school at Danville Va., which promises, with the assistance of 
friends, (the work is supported mainly by charitable contribu- 
tions) to be a success. Ninety -eight scholars were enrolled 
in '88. 

He says : " I am trying to make teaching a business, and 
not a resort." 

" The people are poor, ignorant, gregarious ; willing, but 
slow to accept reformatory ideas, and still emotional in re- 
ligion. They are making improvement in every thing men- 
tioned." Lives in Danville, Va. 

Educated by W. O. Grover. 
Bell, Winston. Born at Culpepper C. H., Va., 1858. " I taught 
four years in Chesterfield Co., Va., from '79 till '83. I taught 
about two hundred pupils , twelve of whom are teaching now 
in Virginia. The Sunday school and temperance work or- 
ganized by me in Chesterfield Co., I still care for." 

" I attended the Normal and Collegiate Institute at Pe- 
tersburg, four years. Reviewed English studies, and took 
Latin, Greek and mathematics, with one year in law. My 
present occupation is that of a law student, at the University 
in Boston. To be a lawyer is my aim." Owns about $1,000 
in real estate and personal property. 

Says : " Where I have been, our people are steadily ad- 
vancing," 

Educated by Dillwyn Parrish. 
Bird, Edmond Anderson. Born in Abingdon, Va., 1859. He 
taught at Roanoke five months ; Washington Co., Va., five 
months; Gloucester C. H., eight months: Salem Co., N. J., 
two school terms of ten months each. About three hun- 
dred and fifty children have been taught by him. Perhaps 
fifty of that number are teachers. He has studied Greek, 
Latin, mathematics, and taken a full academic course at Phil- 
lips Academy, Andover, Mass. Graduated from there June, 
1889. Living in Boston. 

Educated by Mrs. James Whitall and Mrs. George R. 
Russell. 
*B0STIC, John A. Born in Columbia S. C, i860. Was at one time a 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



128 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

clerk in Patent Office, Washington, D. C. Afterwards, clerk 
in Bureau of Education. Attended Howard University. 

Educated by Mrs. Geo. D. Howe, and Mrs. Lydia Maria 
Child, (Lucy Osgood School). 

*BowDEN, RuLDOLPHUS L. Came from Norfolk, Va. In '85, was 
teaching at Sewell's Point, his fifth year. Had an assistant ; 
daily average about 80. 

Educated by Enoch Lewis. 

*BOYD, William C. From Deep Creek, Va. In '82, was at Shoals- 
burg, Mo.; '83 and '84, at Baxter Springs, Kansas ; since '84, at 
Spurgeon, Mo. Teaches winters and farms summers. In 
'82, he married Elizabeth (Betty) Cabbel, class of '80. 

Educated by H. E. Coggeshall, Mrs. Geo. Russell, and J. 
G. Pollard. 

BuRBRiDGE, Phrenora B. Born in Maiden, West Va., 1859. He has 
taught every year since 1879; at Maiden, three years, '79, to 
'82, and Charleston, West Va., since '82. He says : " You 
may be sure I am successful, or I could not have staid so long 
at one place." " My school would average a daily attendance 
of about forty-five pupils for the nine years. I know of ten 
of my pupils who have been teaching. For the last six years 
I have been teaching a graded school, where there are five 
other teachers, three of whom are Hamptonians." 

" I have been Superintendent of Sunday school here 
for five years. School is getting along nicely : about two hun- 
dred and fifty scholars. Have been a temperance worker 
for some time, but have not been very successful. It is one 
great fault with the people here ; there is too much indul- 
gence, and it takes hard work to show parents their errors." 

He is married, and has one child, and owns a house and 
lot. " The people are getting along nicely, and improving 
slowly." 

Educated by E. Pierson Beebe. 
*Callis, Henry J. Born in Matthews Co., Va., 1855. Taught two 
years in Matthews Co., and Norfolk Co., Va.; afterwards was 
waiter at the Hygeia Hotel, Old Point Comfort. In '85-'86, 
was in Rochester, N. Y., in business as a caterer. 

Educated by Deacon Ezra Farnsworth, and George W. 
Coburn. 
Calloway, Ferdinand H. Born in Pittsylvania Co., Va., 1854. 

" I have taught in Bedford Co., Va., fifteen terms ; only 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 1 29 

three different schools. Have taught ten terms at Forest De- 
pot, Have taught about two hundred children ; five have be- 
come teachers. 1 am the oldest colored teacher in this dis- 
trict. Pupils who first came to me are now teaching. I be- 
gan with a second class certificate ; now have a ' professional ' 
one." In '80, he married Mary C. Ireland of this same class. 
When her health permits, she teaches in the same school. In 
'87, she had charge of his school, and he took a school eight 
miles from home. He had a fast horse which took him home 
every night. He had an assistant. Says : "We are holding 
up Hampton's Banner faithfully and honorably. We have a 
home of three acres, a horse, wagon and cow. School work 
is growing rapidly, its bitterest enemies are now its strongest 
friends. If a man wants to be defeated here in an election, 
just let him say one word against our schools. My aim is to 
be as useful to my race as I can." Lives ten miles from 
Lynchburg, Va. 

Educated by Miss Mary Wells and Edward Wells. 

Chenoweth, Herbert A. Born in Lynn, Mass., i860. He is white- 
Was a clerk, when he wrote, in the Boston Post office, but 
hoping to establish himself in some good business. Owned 
forty-five shares in a co-operative bank, part interest in a 
store, furniture, etc. Thought if some one would start the 
co-operative banks in the South as they have them in the 
North, it would enable the colored people to build their own 
homes very easily." 

Sentto Hamptonandeducated by Mrs. Augustus Hemenway. 

Courtney, Samuel E. Born in Maiden, West Va., 1861. "Since 
leaving Hampton in '79, my life has been quite a busy one. 
The summer after graduating, I went to Massachusetts and 
worked a year ; paid up my school bills, and returned South 
and taught five months in Augusta Co., Va. ; having sixty-five 
pupils in my day-school, and twenty- seven young men and 
women in my evening-school. At the close of the school 
term, I returned to Massachusetts. After working a year, I 
entered the State Normal School at Westfield, Mass., gradua- 
ting in '85. Immediately after graduating, I went to Tuske- 
gee, Ala., to assist Mr. Washington, in his noble effort to plant 
a young Hampton in the far South. I spent three very 
pleasant and profitable years, teaching at Tuskegee. During 
part of my summer vacations, I conducted a State Teachers. 
Institute in Alabama, under the auspices of the State Super- 
intendent." 



130 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

" I very reluctantly resigned my position at Tuskegee to 
pursue a long cherished desire, a medical course. I entered 
the Harvard Medical School in Sept. '88. The professors and 
students are kind and generous. I like the study of medicine 
very much." 

" Though I am not in the South, I find I can be of some 
service to my people in Boston. After returning home from 
my church and Sunday-school (Unitarian) in the morning, 
I teach a class in the afternoon in the colored Baptist 
Sunday-school. 

" During my stay in the South, I noticed a gradual im- 
provement of the colored people, in every respect. They are 
truly on the progressive march." 

" I hope that every son and daughter of Hampton will 
heartily co-operate with you in getting up the report of the 
' Twenty-two years' work of Hampton.' The concurrence of 
all in this effort will corroborate the truth that ' // does pay to 
educate the Negro! " 

He owns $1,500, personal property. "Aims to be a 
skilled physician." 

Educated by William Adamson. 

Craig, Peter Henry. Born in Montgomery, Ala., 1861. "I have 
taught six terms of nine months each, in Richmond, Co., Ga. 
Have taught about seven hundred children; twelve are teach- 
ers. I am teaching, ( Principal of Nellieville Academy, Au- 
gusta, Ga.,) and aim to reach any honorable position by which 
to help my race. The condition of the people is good, but 
morally there is much to be done."- 
Educated by Charles Spencer. 

Grasty, William F. Born in Danville, Va., 1858. " I was elect- 
ed as teacher in Danville, Va., in the fall of '81, at a salary 
of $25 per month, and was re-elected each year for three 
terms, serving both as teacher and assistant principal. In the 
fall of '84, I was made prmcipal of a new school, which the 
Board opened in the suburbs of the city ("Shinquarter"). I 
was principal of this school three terms and had, under my 
charge, five of Hampton's graduates. During the summer of 
'88, the principal of a graded school in the city was elected 
Secretary of the Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute at 
Petersburg, and I was promoted to his position." 

" I often think of my stay at Hampton, and the many fa- 
vors shown me there, by which I have been enabled to become 
a worker in solving the future of my people. As I move 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 



131 



around in my building, having under my charge live hundred 
and sixty pupils, taught by eight energetic and faithful teach- 
ers, I realize I have done so little and yet so much in a short 
while. 

There is one thing I regret, and that is this : I have no 
knowledge of the classics. If I had gone to some other in- 
stitution after my graduation, as many of our boys have done, 
I would be in every way fitted for an educator. Nevertheless 
I shall do the best I can with my humble attainments, and 
console myself with the thought that perhaps Grasty with a 
classical education might not be so serviceable to his people, 
as Grasty with his Normal education. I have thought that 
I would strive to save enough of my salary this term to ena- 
ble me to attend some institute in the North, during vacation. 
Perhaps I might secure a position with some one who v/ould 
allow me to work what I could at odd times and attend some 
summer school. The age calls for progressive teachers, 
and the teacher that folds his arms complacently, satisfied 
with the knowledge gained in past years, will awake to find 
that he is a relic of the past. I feel my needs more and more 
every year. I have adopted teaching as my work, and I de- 
sire to stand foremost among the many, who, like me, have 
chosen it as their calling." 

Educated by Miss Anne Wale, and Mrs. Annie Hazard. 

GwALTNEY, George A. Born near Windsor, Va., 1854. " In my mid- 
dle year at Hampton, I taught thirteen months at Holy Neck, 
Nansemond Co., Va. ('76-'77). Since leaving Hampton in '79. 
I have been teaching, without stopping a single year, near 
Windsor, Isle of Wight Co., Va. I amjyet to hear any dis- 
satisfaction about my teaching. I have built two school 
houses with my own hands, and assisted in building one more. 
I was no carpenter, but I have found that it is a secret of a 
great many teachers staying so long ^in one place. I find 
there are places where such work has to be done, or assisted, 
by the teacher, in order to have the influence among the race 
that he should have. I have taught four hundred and fifty 
pupils ; four are teachers. 

" Last spring, I took an active part in trying to have the 
bar-rooms moved from this place. I did this with the hope 
of bettering the condition of my race. I find, in every locali- 
ty, that it is one of the worst evils that the colored people 
have to contend with. It keeps them squalid, ignorant, and 
in want of something to eat. I am glad to say we succeed- 



132 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

ed. I have visited many homes and find that they have been 
able to have food, clothes and to send their children to school. 
There has been a great improvement since last May. * * * 
The people are improving every day, in the idea of buying 
homes." 

He is married ; owns $700 in real and personal estate ; is 
teaching and farming. 

Educated by Miss Sarah Lewis. 

GwYNN, John Austin. Born in Caswell Co., N. C, 1857. " My his- 
tory, during the ten years smce graduating, may be divided in- 
to two epochs ; viz : from '79 to '83, a period of four years, 
during which time I taught a school in Chesterfield Co., Va. 
My first school, seven miles north east of Petersburg, I taught 
three years. This school numbered about fifty or sixty, for 
three years. The children were very anxious to learn, and 
advanced quite rapidly. At the beginning of my fourth year 
of teaching, I was promoted to the pcincipalship of the gra- 
ded public school at Clover Hill. This was a grand school, 
and numbered one hundred and fifty pupils, from six to twen- 
ty years of age. Some of them exhibited marked aptness in 
books, and were far enough advanced to enter the junior, and 
three or four the middle class at Hampton, and I would cer- 
tainly have helped them enter, if I had gone back there the 
next year to teach. The Superintendent and patrons [parents] 
earnestly insisted I should return. 

Our Sunday school was large; both the old and young at- 
tended. We also had a temperance society, which was well 
supported and encouraged by all the members of the church. 
These, no doubt, benefited both the children and patrons. 

I was lectured to at Hampton on Sunday evenings; so I 
lectured to my children once a week, and called the old to- 
gether now and then for a similar purpose. Thus ended the 
first period. 

The second extends from '83, when I entered Howard 
University at Washington. I came here in '83, with the in- 
tention of studying medicine, after taking a course in the sci- 
ences and classics, thus making a deeper and more solid 
foundation for the study of medicine. Since I have been.here 
I have been working faithfully and constantly during both 
vacation and school time, in order to get through. I have had 
a hard time financially, but kmd friends have assisted me 
from time to time. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. I33 

I have no property, but have aided in buying real estate, 
etc., for my parents, while I was teaching. 

The condition of the people is fair, considering the past. 
They are improving both in the way of property and educa- 
tion, in which improvement Hampton has largely aided." 

Educated by Mrs. Walter Baker and Roland Mather. 

*HAi\iLiN, William L. Born in Petersburg, Va., i860. He was 
book keeper in Mr. Bryce's office, the first year after graduat- 
ing, and gave perfect satisfaction. He taught, first, at Ford's 
Depot, Dinwiddle Co., Va. While there, he wrote to Mrs. Dix- 
on : "I have on roll forty scholars. Their attention to stud- 
ies and prompt attendance, as well as good behavior, are in- 
deed commendable. The parents have been extremely kind 
to me, seem interested in education, and do all in their power 
to forward it. When I went to the Superintendent of schools 
to be examined, I was informed that I was the first Hampton 
teacher that had come under his surveillance, and that he had 
long wished to see some of their teaching. It is needless to 
say, I have tried to do justice to dear old Hampton and her 
teachings." He has been for several years — since '83 — principal 
of the public high school in Petersburg, Va. A very successful 
teacher and prominent in educational work. 
Educated by Mrs. Israel Washburn. 

Hall, Frank L. Born in Smithville, Charlotte Co., Va., 1854. "I 
taught before graduating, and have taught every year since. 
Red Oak Grove, ten months ; Piney Grove, five ; Duprees 
Store, ten ; Mill Hill, twenty ; Smithville, fifteen ; Cedar Grove, 
fifty. Nine hundred children have been taught by me ; twen- 
ty have become teachers. I am teaching and preaching ; have 
farmed during vacations. I am in charge of two churches. 
Have met with great success in trying to lead sinners to 
Christ; fifteen professed hope this fall at one of my church- 
es, twenty at the other ; most of them are young people, mem- 
bers of the Sunday school." 

In '86, he married Daisy M. Hicks, a Hampton student ; 
owns $1,050 in real estate and personal property. Lives at 
Cedar Grove, Va. 

" The people are improving in the various branches of 
industry." 

Educated by Terryville, Conn., Congregational Sunday 
School, Frank Mix, Supt. and by A. M. Blakesly. 
*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



J34 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

*Harris, Charles G. Born at Harrison, Penn. Was at one time 
steward on board S. S. Ohio. Lived in Philadelphia when last 
heard from. 

Educated by W. W. Justice, 
Inge, George P. Born in Pittsylvania Co , i860. Taught in Albe- 
marle Co., two years ; in the town of Charlotte, seven years. 
Taught about three hundred pupils ; two have taught. Has 
a Sunday-school class of girls, and has always taken an ac- 
tive part in temperance work. He is married, and owns real 
estate and personal property, valued at $1,000, or more. He 
is teachmg, and aims " to live an upright life and do all I can 
to better the condition of my fellow man who may not be so 
well favored." 

" The condition of the people is poor, but many are do- 
ing well. They are progressing morally, mentally and finan- 
cially." He lives in Charlottesville, Va. 

Educated by James Whitall. 
Lee, Ferdinand D. Born in Mathews Co., Va., 1859. He taught 
three years at his home in Gloucester Co., Va.; had about 
three hundred pupils, five of whom attended Hampton Insti- 
tute and became teachers ; also engaged in Sunday-school 
work. 

He attended Howard University, and graduated from the 
Law Department in '87. He is now practising law. Owns 
some real estate, and a horse and buggy. 

He says : " The condition of the colored people, in 
our neighborhood, compares favorably with the average, 
and some are better. They are on the road to improvement; 
many of them have acquired property, and are making a good 
living ; their principal occupation is farming ; some are oys- 
tering." 

Educated by D. and E. Scull. 
"^Morton, William P. Born in Smithville, Charlotte Co., Va., 1859. 
Has been teaching in Charlotte Co., since graduating. In a 
letter to Mrs. Dixon, he said : "I have gone to work with 
such earnestness, and faithfulness , and have attained such 
good results, that it seems that I am adapted to the work. I 
have fifty-four pupils on roll, and am not ashamed of them. 
When I commenced with them I had about twenty beginners, 
and now they can read, spell and write quite nicely. I can 
account for this success from no other cause than that of at- 
tending the " Institute " at Hampton last summer. It was 

*Did not reply to last ciicular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAINIPTON INSTITUTE. I35 

my first trip to Hampton since graduating. It is strange, and 
not strange, that all the way I felt as if I were going home, 
and was proud to find, on my arrival, that home had made 
such rapid improvements, which led me think that those con- 
cerned were adapted to their work too. 

I have given a glowing account of myself, and the work 
in which I am concerned, but I have my bitters as well as 
sweets." 

Educated by Mrs. James R. Faulkner, and Mrs. Henry 
W. Clark. 
ROGERSON, John W. Born at Winfall, N. C. He has taught at 
Newby's School House, Willow Branch, Cedar Hill. N. C, etc- 
Has ■' taught seven hundred children ; thirty are feachers." Is 
engaged in Sunday school. Is married, and has three child- 
ren. Says : "' I have owned a good deal, but fire made way 
with it." 

It was in the winter of '87, that his house, kitchen and 
smoke house were burned. He saved his wife and his two 
children ; everything else was destroyed. 

He is now farming. Lives in Winfall, N. C. 

"The people are very poor, but improving." 

Educated by John M. Forbes. 
Saunders, Franklin Pierce. Born in Hertford, N. C, 1853. He 
has taught every year since he left Hampton : three sessions 
in Princess Anne Co., and seven in Norfolk Co. Has taught 
about five hundred, four of whom have became successful 
teachers. Is engaged in both Sunday-school and temperance 
work. He had a private teacher, for two years, in theology, 
Greek and Latin. 

He married Alice M. Brockette, (Junior class of '79) and 
his wife assists him in his school. There were eighty scholars. 
He owns about $1,500 of real estate. He is teaching and 
preaching. Says " My life's work is preaching the Gospel of 
the Son of God." 

" The people are progressing somewhat in education, 
property and religion." 

Educated by Augustus Hemenway, and Erastus Collins. 
SiMiTH, Isaac H. Born in Chatham, Va., i860. Has taught ten terms 
in Pittsylvania Co., Va. He is now principal of the school in 
Chatham, and has two assistants, and nearly two hundred pu- 
pils on roll. Has had at least four hundred different children 
under his charge. Thirty are teachers. Twenty- five are 
teaching now in that same county. 



136 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 

There are three Sunday schools in his place and he is 
superintendent of one, and " doing good work for the Master." 

He is married and has one child. They own a nice little 
farm of twent5^-five acres ; also a lot in the village, and are 
expecting to build. 

" The people are improving slowly, some are buying 
homes." 

Educated by S. E. Parker. 
Stewart, Robert Adger. Born in Abbeville, S. C, 1862. Has 
taught in Union Co., S. C, two months, and in Manning, S. C, 
three years. Is teaching at the latter place. Has taught about 
two hundred and fifty children, six or seven of whom are 
now teaching. Attended the law department of Allen Uni- 
versity, Columbia, S. C, taking a two years course. Gradu- 
ated there in '84. 

He also taught in Allen University. Was secretary, and 
instructor in the Law Department, and was elected Dean of 
the department, but declined the honor. 

He is a Sunday schoolteacher in the A. M. E. Church. He 
is married and has two children. Owns a building in Colum- 
bia, S. C, also owns cows, hogs, etc. He is now teaching and 
practising law. Says : " I desire to succeed as a lawyer if pos- 
sible, but find it hard in these parts ; prejudice is great." " I 
may say the condition of the people is favorable. In intelli- 
gence and morals they are improving ; under better circum- 
stances would do more in every department." " I feel that 
there is no similar institution in the United States accomplish- 
ing such real good as Hampton. 

Educated by Robert Treat Paine, Jr. 

Tunstall, John H. Born in Chatham, Va., 1859. Taught four 
years in Salem, N. J. There were between two and three 
hundred pupils : none have taught, so far as he knows ; while 
teaching at Salem, N. J., his salary was raised from $60 per 
quarter, the first year, to $80 per quarter the third year. He 
said : " I merely make this statement ; I think it may perhaps 
speak better for my success than anything else I could say." 
He is now a clerk in Salem, N. J, and "aims" to better his con- 
dition in whatever way he can and eventually to have some 
business of his own. 

Of the colored people, he says: they are " no better nor 
worse than elsewhere. In exceptional cases, they are improv- 
ing. .Generally speaking, not." 

Educated by Richard D. Wood. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. I37 

Washington, John A. Born in Franklin Co., Va., 1853. He taught 
in Maiden, West Va. In '82, he was " in the employ of the 
U. S. Government at Charleston, West Va. In '86, he mar- 
ried Miss Susie Miller. Is Business Agent and Drill Master of 
the Normal School at Tuskegee, Ala. 

Educated by Samuel Green and Stephen Salisbury. 

Wright, Ezra P. Born in New York city, 1862. " I am afraid there 
is very little of interest I can tell, as I have not taught school 
since I left Hampton. I had a chance, but, as I had a situa- 
tion, I sent my brother in my place ; that was at Woodstown, 
N. J. When I first left school, I went to work for S. L.Simp- 
son, New York city. After being there awhile, he promoted 
me to the position of assistant book-keeper. He went out of 
the business and I went on the railroad, as porter in the Pull- 
man service, and worked for them three years. While there, 
I heard of the Civil Service examinations, and determined to 
try. I passed with 89)^ per cent, which was the highest per- 
centage attained in that class. I then went into the post-of- 
fice as carrier and remained three years, until the Democratic 
administration got in full power, when the Superintendent of 
carriers asked me to resign, which I did, knowing I should be 
discharged in a short while if I did not. Having worked for 
the success of the Republican party during the last election, 
I was given a situation in the State-house, on the Secretary- 
of-State's force in Chicago. 

The colored people in Springfield, 111., seem to be doing 
very nicely ; there are any number that own their homes ; 
many have farms. They are entitled to all school privileges, 
which they make, use of. In Chicago, as the field is larger, I 
think it is better. Several colored ladies are teaching in the 
schools; here the colored children and white go to the same 
schools. 

We have a few clerks and salesmen; we have a third as- 
sistant grain inspector, a Doctor on State Board of Health, 
and a man just appointed to one of the important clerkships in 
the office of Secretary of State, which pays not less than 
$1,500 a year. That young man happens to be my brother ; 
the same that taught school at Woodstown, N. J. Altogether 
I think the colored people are doing well, but still there is a 
chance for improvement." Lives in Chicago. 

Educated by First Presbyterian Church Sunda5^-School 
Brooklyn, N. Y. and Mrs. Joseph M. White. 



138 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

MEMBERS OF THE SENIOR CLASS WHo LEFT BEFORE GRADUATING. 

*Calloway, James P. Born in Chatham, Va. Taught in North- 
ampton and Halifax Go's. Was teaching in '82. 

Educated by Morris K. Jesup and First Presbyterian 
Church Sunday-School, Brooklyn, N. Y. 

*MiNNis, Andrew J. Born in Bedford Co., Va., 1854. Taught at 
Bonsacks, Roanoke Co. In '85, was still " standing at the 
wheel, as teacher of public instruction." 

Educated by Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Wolcott. 

Randolph, Simon H. Born in West Virginia. He taught at Vicks- 
ville, Va., seven months. He attended Oberlin College. In 
Feb. '83, he wrote from Galena, Kansas, that he did " not find 
his taste inclined to teaching." He was expecting to begin a 
two years study of law in the fall, and was reading with a 
view to that end. In Nov. '85, he was teaching at Pleasant 
Hill, Missouri; had one hundred and twelve on roll with aver- 
age attendance of ninety. He had a good brick school-house 
with all the new school apparatus, and was making arrange- 
ments to add a reading room. 
Educated by B. H. Bartol. 



EX-STODENTS, MIDDLE class, 1879. 

Bowling, Richard H. Born in Hampton, Va., 1864. " After sever- 
ing my connection with the School in '79. I went to Boston 
and entered the army. I was not in the regular service, as 
that would have necessitated a stay of five years. After my 
return from the West, I began to consider the advisability of 
choosing an aim in life. My mind turned to the law, but God 
willed otherwise, and, after two years of unrest and earnest 
work on my part, I was called to the ministry. I entered a 
private theological school in New York. After taking a two 
years course, I was called to the First Baptist Church in 
Waynesboro, Va. I served there one year, then was called to 
Harrisonburg, Va. We disagreed on the temperance question, 
the ofl&cers of the church saying the minister should not lec- 
ture on temperance. From there, I went to Steelton, Pa. I 
have been stationed here two years, and the congregation has 
trebled. The communicants' membership has increased won 
*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 139 

derfully, having grown from thirty-four to seventy-six. Al- 
though I left Hampton under a cloud, every cloud has rolled 
away. It was a hard lesson taught me, but it has brought 
forth good fruit. I have tried to uphold the honor of my 
Alma Mater, and hope that success may ever attend her." He 
is now pastor of a large church in Norfolk, Va. 

Foster, Randolph. Born in Virginia, 1853. He is now living in 
Palatka, Fla. Says : " I have been teaching but very little. I 
found I could not make a living in it, so I would not make a 
business of it. I have gotten a little property around me. I 
own ten acres three miles from town, and a house and lot in 
town, representing about $3,000. 

My business is dairying. My aim in life is to get all I can 
around me, so that I may be able to help my neighbors in time 
of necessity." 

He is married ; his wife was a Hampton student in the 
Junior class in '86. 

He says : " I have not forgotten Hampton, nor have I 
failed to make use of what I received there. All that I am 
doing or ever shall do, is based on what I got there." 

Educated by Amos A. Lawrence. 

Newby, Noah R. Born in Perquimans Co., N. C. Writes : " As I 
am only an ex-student, you will not expect to hear of as much 
progress as from a graduate ; although my success as a teach- 
er has been quite encouraging to me. I have been teaching at 
least six months of every year since leaving school : at Nix- 
onton, three years ; Deep Branch, one year ; Okisco, one 
year, and Elizabeth City, N. C, live years. About ten or 
twelve of my pupils have become teachers ; two have received 
first grade certificates and are teaching in this city : several 
received second grade and are teaching in the country. I am 
teaching in Elizabeth City, as first assistant under Mr. Rooks 
Turner who is a graduate of Howard University. 

" I am glad to say the colored people are quite as pros- 
perous in North Carolina as in most sections of states in 
M^hich I have travelled. The colored population of Elizabeth 
City is about 2,500 ; fully one-half own their own little homes. 
Many that live in the country around are extensive land own- 
ers; a few working from six to eight and ten horses and mules 
on their own plantations. 

" I have bought a very good little home, with six acres of 



140 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

land, since leaving school, and my kind old father is living at 
it. I have a horse and buggy and there is a store house on 
the farm, which I rent out, giving me a monthly income. I 
attend a teachers' institute every summer. My aim is to be- 
come a stenographer and a telegrapher." 
Educated by Mrs. Quincy A. Shaw. 



EX-STUDENTS, junior class, 1879. 

Leslie, Amy L. (Mrs. Davis). Born in Isle of Wight Co., Va., 1862. 
"I commenced teaching the fall after I left Hampton, and had 
a small school which lasted five months, at $20 per month. I 
taught night school all the time, as there were some people 
who could not spare their children in the day. Still they 
wanted them to have an education, so would pay for them to 
go to night school. I still teach a few at night, although I 
haven't the time to spare ; they are so anxious to learn, and 
cannot go to day school. I have taught at several places, all 
in Isle of Wight Co. During vacations, I would go away and 
get some work to do. I have taught seven terms, and about 
three hundred pupils ; three have become teachers. I have 
been married six years ; have three children. I taught three 
terms after I was married, at $30. per month. My husband is 
a farmer; we have a nice house and farm, worth $2,500. I 
have as much as I can do now, attending to family affairs. 
The teacher is boarding with us. 

" The most of the people are trying to elevate themselves. 
Close to my home, there are three families that have 
farms of their own, and are trying to improve them. The 
land was owned by white people, but was sold for debt. Oth- 
ers are working at different things. But most want land, so 
they wont have to pay rent. Some have Lighthouses to at- 
tend to. Saw-mills are numerous. Schools are going on all 
the time, and the girls are studying so that they can become 
teachers. This is a great peanut place. There is plenty of 
work to be done by women and men, but wages are , right 
low." She has done excellent work in teaching and influence. 

Educated by W. M. Halstead. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 14I 



CLASS OF 1880. 



*Cabbell, Elizabeth E. (Mrs. William C. Boyd). Born in Nelson 
Co., Va., 1859. She went to Baxter Springs, Kansas, as a mis- 
sionary. In '82, she married W. C. Boyd, class of '79. In '85, she 
was living on a farm in Neqsho, Mo., and having a hard time to 
get along, with her two babies. Her husband taught winters 
and farmed summers. In '86, she was teaching a seven 
months school, with thirty-five scholars — twenty boys. Said 
she always had a Christmas tree, but had to do it all herself. 

Educated by Mrs. Quincy A. Shaw and E. R. Mudge, 
Sawyer & Co. 

Carper, Sallie A. (Mrs. W. H. Daggs). Born at Rocky Mount, Va., 
1862. She taught eight years ; six at Salem, one at Roanoke, 
and one year at the " VVhittter School," and also in the 
Night School at Hampton Institute. She has taught five 
hundred children; twenty or twenty-five of them have become 
teachers. In '84, she married Wm. H. Daggs, class of '78, 
and has one little girl. Is now housekeeping in their own 
home, not far from Hampton Institute, 

Educated by Mrs. George J. Fiske and A. Mclntyre. 

Clark, Nellie L. Born in Abingdon, Va., 1864. Taught in Roa- 
noke Co., Va., and at Salem, Va. In March, '84, she wrote 
from Salem that she had a nice school, with four teachers, all 
Hampton graduates. They hoped they should have an eight 
months term, but the money ran short, and they had to close 
at the end of six months. She expected to teach private 
school two months in the same place. She died in Novem- 
ber, '84. 

Educated by Rev. Phillips Brooks. 

*Cheek, Alice L. (Mrs. Gilliam). Born in Fauquier Co., Va„ 1861 

She taught at Clover Hill, and at Winter Park, Va. 

Educated by Miss Mary Anna Longstreth. 

Davis, Clara L. (Mrs. Cook). Born in Petersburg, Va., i860. Says 
" I taught in Petersburg one term ; in King and Queen Co- 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



142 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

three terms. Have taught two hundred and ninety-four chil- 
dren. In this county, they have sent eight to Hampton and 
four to Wayland, and nearly all are teaching. I have a large 
Sunday school ; we have four teachers and fifty-nine schol- 
ars." In '85, she married Mr. Cook ; has one child. They 
own thirty-two acres of land, a house, horse, cow, yoke of 
oxen, eighteen hogs, etc. She is teaching and aims to help 
her race onward. " The people are improving and getting 
little homes, and are trying to send their children to school." 
Lives in Dragonville, Essex County, Va. 

Educated by Miss Anne Anderson and Miss Towne. 

*F AIRFIELD, Serena. (Mrs. Johnson). Born in Hampton, Va., 1863. 
She lived in Hampton and took care of her father, who was 
at one time insane. 

She married, and went to New York to live. Her hus- 
band Jias been for some years in the employ of Hon. Chaun- 
cey Depew. 

Educated by Mrs. Martha C. Reed and Hon. Wm. E. 
Dodge. 

Freeman, Blanche E. Born in Southold, L. I. She has taught five 
years in Virginia, two yeai^s in North Carolina, and is now 
teaching in Maryland. Has taught two hundred and twenty- 
three children, of whom two are teachers. She aims to be a 
successful teacher. " The people are improving rapidly. 
They are educating their children and getting property." 
Lives in Southold, Long Island. 

Educated by Dr. John De Forest. 

Hilton, Harriet A. (Mrs. Osborn). Born in Lapidum, Md., 1858. 
She says ; " I have done but little ; therefore, I have only a 
little to tell. I have taught five different schools, in Md.: Up- 
per Cross Roads, two years ; Fallston, three years ; Federal 
Hill, two years ; Havre de Grace, a summer term ; Level, a 
fall term. I had very little trouble : I found the schools in a 
tolerably good condition except one, and that was in a sad 
plight, both school and school property. I have taught 
about three hundred children ; not any of them have become 
teachers. 

We have a very good Sunday school, though a small one. 
Temperance work is not so well conducted. It seems as 
though the colored people cannot keep the pledge. Intemper- 
ance was the greatest enemy I had to fight against while I 
was teaching. 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. I43 

"At Federal Hill, I opened the first day school and Sun- 
day school they had ever had. The people were very 
poor and ignorant. Many of the old people and children had 
never heard a sermon preached. They used to come to Sun- 
day school drunk, sometimes— a bottle in their pocket. While 
this is a fact, there is a great improvement. I sent a petition 
to the M. E. Quarterly Conference for a minister to preach 
for us, and it was granted, and we had preaching every third 
Sunday. 

The colored people are doing better. Many own their 
homes, with from three acres to one hundred, and more. 
They send their children to public schools, and many are 
sending them to high schools, where they are prepared to 
teach, preach and fill other positions of honor." 

She is married, and is now housekeeping, " aiming " to 
do all she can for her race. She has personal property, about 
$500. Lives in Garland, Md. 

Educated by H. F. Barrows. 

Johnson, Rose Ella Lumpkin. (Mrs. E. B. Brown). Born in New 
Kent Co., Va., 1863. Has taught in Southhampton, Surry, 
Princess Anne and Norfolk Co's., also in Hampton and New- 
port News. Some of the schools were large and she had to 
have an assistant. She thinks she has taught not less than 
four hundred ; about eight have become teachers. She is a 
teacher in Sabbath-schoOl, and a member of the W. C. T. U. 
She has attended Summer Institutes at Petersburg, Hampton 
and Norfolk. Owns a lot in Hampton, 90 x 196. " Aims" to 
be an honest, useful woman. 

Educated by Mrs. Thomas Cole and H. F. Wolcott. 

Kaufman. Pinkie. Born in King and Queen Co., Va., 1862. She 
taught near her home. Died, 1884. 

Educated by Mrs. Tileston and Mr. Dillwyn Parrish. 

Lash, Nannie E. (Mrs. De Justo). Birth place and date not known 
to us. 

Says : " I taught a country school near Winton, N. C, 
the fall and winter after graduating. The building was so 
open and so poorly heated that I contracted a cold, from which 
I have never fully recovered ; indeed I am scarcely less than a 
confirmed invalid. I was married Sept., '81, and with my 
husband and four children, who are very strong, get along 
happily, notwithstanding my poor health. 

My husband, who is an Episcopalian, has been teaching 



144 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

in the Parochial School, connected with St. Philip's church. 
It is getting along finely, and the prospects for doing good 
are bright. The condition of the people is fully as good as 
can be expected." Lives in Richmond, Va. 
Educated by Mrs. Henry Pickering. 

LOCKETTE, Pattie L. (Mrs. Banks). Born in Petersburg, Va., 1861 
She taught two terms at Hickoryground, Norfolk Co. There 
were about fifty children; one is teaching. Said that, when 
she began to teach, she thought she should never like the work 
but the more she taught the better she liked it, and she studied 
as much or more than when in school. She is married, and 
has one child, is housekeeping, and aims " to make home hap- 
py." Owns a house and lot. Says : " The people are doing 
well and coming together." Lives in Hampton, Va. 
Educated by Mrs. Phoebe Magie. 

Mason, Rosetta. Bom in Norfolk, Va., 1861. 

"Since leaving Hampton, I have had a very busy life. All 
of my time has been taken up in teaching, except a few 
months spent in recreation. I taught the first term after 
graduation, at the " Butler." After leaving there, I went to 
Salem, Va., and taught six months in day and Sunday school. 
I next taught ten months in Southampton Co. Never have 
I enjoyed teaching more than I did in my little school house 
right in the'heart of the woods. The floor was open and, in 
wet weather, the house was surrounded with water, and at 
times I had to wade part of the way to my boarding place. 
Yet I feel that I did more real good there than anywhere 
else. I had a chance to see it there as I have not in other 
places. The people came to me for every thing, for they 
seemed to think that I knew something about every thing 
which concerned them. I had an average of sixty-five pu- 
pils, and a great many of them were large girls ; therefore it 
was a common thing for a girl to bring her dress to me to 
show her how to cut and make it. 

At the close of my second year, I received a letter from 
Mr. Washington, asking me to come to the Tuskegee Normal 
School : after taking every thing into consideration, I thought 
it best to come, and I have been here ever since. I was ma- 
tron three terms ; housekeeper, and in charge of the night 
school two terms. The present year I have been acting Lady 
Principal. It has not always been smooth sailing with me 
since I have been here, but I have tried to do my duty and 
have gotten much real pleasure out of the work. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 145 

M}' aim in life is to do all I can for Christ and humanity. 
In doing this, I shall only be putting into practice one of the 
many lessons which I learned at Hampton.'.' Resigned her 
position at Tuskegee in the spring of '90 and took a less ard- 
uous one at Handsom's Depot, Va., where she is now teach- 
ing school. 

Educated by Mrs. Ouincy A. Shaw and Hon. W. E. 
Dodge. 

Mavo. Lovev a. Born in Raleigh, N. C, i860. Since graduating 
she has taken a four years course in the " Chautauqua Liter- 
ary and Scientific Circle. " 

She says ; " The first five years after my graduation in 
'80, were spent in the Indian Department at Hampton. 
Though I did not do as much class room teaching as I had 
hoped for, there were other points that needed attention, and 
thegreaterpartof my time and strength went in that direction. 

" The above named race, as well as my own, is struggling 
for recognition as men, and though the former has greater en- 
couragements, I consider it a privilege to have contributed, 
even in a small way, towards the accomplishment of the de- 
sired end In the fall of '85, I left Hampton for my home in 
Raleigh, N. C, to rest up and prepare for further duties. The 
following autumn, I went to Tuskegee, to Mr. B. T. Wash- 
ington's school. There I was matron, taught some, and had 
charge of the missionary work. Two years were spent in 
this very pleasant work, when it became necessary for me to 
give it up on account of ill health. 

"It is hard, in fact impossible, for me to state how many stu- 
dents I have had to do with, as I have been working with so ma- 
ny others, and the students were continually coming and going. 

" I engage in both Sunday school and temperance work, 
especially at my own home. I am trying to live for others. 
The people are needy but improving." 

Lives in Raleigh. 

Educated by H. P. Kidder. 
Poole, Anna M. Born in Norfolk, Va., 1861. She has taught in 
Norfolk eight years, in one of the graded public schools. 
Has taught from eight hundred to a thousand children ; only 
two have become teachers. Last year, she had sixty-six on 
roll with an average attendance of sixty. Says : " I have al- 
ways been engaged in Sunday school, temperance, Y. M. C. A. 
and mission work, and have endeavored to do some good. All 
of the teachers in Norfolk are engaged_| in some good work. 



146 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

Much of the money I had saved was lost in the failure of the 
Home Savings Bank in Norfolk." 
Educated by Mrs. C. J. Paine. 

Pryor, Mary F. (Mrs. Cooper). Born in Hampton, Va., 1865. She 
has never taught. Married John Cooper, Junior class of '^T. 
They own a house and lot in Hampton. She has had two 
children, who have both died. Says : "As a general thing I 
think the colored people are improving," 
Educated by Miss Eliza Butler. 

*Smith, Mary J. (Mrs. Myrick). Born in Hampton, Va., i860. Taught 
in Loretto, Va. When she began to teach, she wrote : " I 
have a very nice school and I like teaching very much now. 
When I commenced, I did not like it at all. The morning I 
went to open my school, I saw such large pupils, 1 did not 
know what to do. The people laughed at me because I was 
so small, and said my scholars would whip me, but I made up 
my mind to throw myself into it as if I meant something, 
and I am getting along very well. My scholars all seem anx- 
ious to learn, and like me so well that I feel all right, I have 
forty scholars on roll, from six years to twenty. My superin- 
tendent came to see how I was getting along, and he said he 
liked my teaching, and that I might keep the school as long- 
as I wanted to." 

Educated by Mrs. Solomon Curtis. 

Spriggs, Georgia L. Born in Gloucester Co., Va., 1862. She taught 
in Powhatan Co, seven months, a school of fifty-two children. 
Is not engaged in Sunday-school or temperance work. Is 
now living in Boston. 

Educated by Mrs. J. A. Dickinson. 

Washington, Minnie A. (Mrs. Rumsey). Born in Harford Co.,Md., 
1861.. 

" I have lost no time in doing what little I could for my 
people. In Oct. '80, I opened school at Fairview, Md., and 
taught there two years. The Examiner then appointed me to a 
larger school, where I taught five years. I got married in '87, 
to Mr. George E. Rumsey, a resident of Thomas Run, Md., 
and have one little boy. As married women connot teach in 
in this county, I gave up teaching. I taught about one hun- 
dred and seventy-five pupils ; only four have taught. 

" The majority of the colored people at Thomas Run are 
property holders, and are improving their lands considerably. 
This place is quite thickly settled. We have a nice church, of 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 147 

the Methodist Episcopal denomination, and have a very 
good Sunday school ; yet there is room for improvement; our 
hbrary is poor, but, in the next quarter, we hope to raise means 
to improve it! One year ago I was appointed assistant su- 
perintendent. 

" My husband is a farmer ; owns thirty-three acres. I am 
a dressmaker, and aim to be a good wife and a Christian. 

" The people are doing well, and improving to some ex- 
tent." 

Educated by Miss Abby W. May. 

Watts, Pauline M. Born in Atlanta, Ga., 1864. She taught in 
Norfolk Co., Va., two terms ; in Chesterfield Co., two, and 
Elizabeth City Co., three terms. Has taught not less than 
one hundred and eighty- one children. Is also engaged in 
Sunday school work. 

She said : " The people at one place were very poor, and 
lived in log huts. The school house was built of logs daubed 
with mud. The white people were as poor as the colored ; 
some of them poorer." 

She owns part of a house and lot, that cost $700. She 
IS now teaching, and " aims for " the elevation of herself and 
her race. Lives in Hampton, Va. 

Educated by Mrs. George Curtis and Rev, J. A. Smith. 
*Brown, Edward W. Born in Southampton Co., Va., i860. Has 
taught at Prince George C. H. ever since he left Hampton. 
After teaching there three years, he wrote that, when he first 
went there, "a teacher was looked upon as a low object, ow- 
ing to other teachers' conduct that had been there." He was 
almost tempted to give up at times, but he had overcome 
prejudice, and "the clouds had rolled away. ' The people 
were very poor. The next year he wrote that he did not fin- 
ish his work in the school room, but at night had a class of 
men at his own house ; " men who work all day and study 
three hours at night," and had " learned to read, write and 
cipher, well enough to attend to their own business." He had 
sufi:ered with rheumatism, and his eyesight was badly dam- 
aged. Had the promise of a better school house. Igno- 
rance was " on the decline." 

Educated by Elbridge Torrey, 
*Chisman, John. Born in Hampton, Va. 1863. Has not taught ; 
was doing job work at Fort Monroe when last reported. 

Educated by John C. Whit in. 

♦Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



148 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

Creekmur, Carey R. Born at Deep Creek, Va. 1856. 

" I began to teach at Great Bridge, Va., the fall of '80, 
and have taught each successive term since. Terms are ten 
months, and I generally enrol sixty-five or seventy pupils. 
I would say, as a rough estimate, that I have taught between 
one hundred and seventy-five and two hundred. I have also 
been connected with Sunday school. 

" I am married [to Grace Hopper, class of '82] and have 
two children. I own a house and lot, with about four and 
one half acres, ahorse and buggy, cart, farming utensils, etc., 
and I aim to be of service to my race, mentally and morally, 
and to educate my children. The people are poor and igno- 
rant ; there are, however, signs of improvement ; several have 
purchased homes, and others are working earnestly in that 
direction." 

Educated by George W. Chase. 
Davis, George W. Born in Washington Co., Va., 1858. He taught 
in Albemarle Co., Va., also at Beamen, Kansas. Was agent 
for " Kansas Freedmen's Relief Association." In '82, he en- 
tered Oberlin college. He read an essay on " The Kansas 
Exodus " — at Commencement, at Hampton, in May '84, and 
was, for a while after, clerk in General Armstrong's office. 
Was in poor health when he came from the West, and left 
the Institute in May '86. He married and lived for a time on 
his father-in-law's farm, in North Carolina. Died there of 
consumption in 1888. 

Educated by Rev. Arthur Crosby. 
Goodman, Henry C. Born in Reynoldson, N. C, 1858. Taught 
two summers in Gates Co., N. C, one in Bertie Co., N. C, and 
six winters in Nansemond Co., Va. Has taught four hun- 
dred and forty ; knows of one who is a teacher. In '85, he 
wrote that he was teaching, and that it was the worst place 
he had ever been in ; he wanted to do all the good he could, 
and had bought a small farm of fourteen acres and meant to 
live there ; would go ofif and work to make money enough to 
build a house. In '86, he taught in a house on his own place; 
most of the people were new comers and most of them 
owned land. Morality was " very good among them, indeed." 
He was married in '86, and has " two fine boys," Besides his 
farm, he has a mule, and a grocery store, worth $900. He is 
farming and in the mercantile business. " Improvement is 
slow." Lives in Suffolk, Va. 

Educated by Mrs. Wm. Gammel and Mr. Frank Peabody. 



OP^ HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 149 

* 

KiRBY, John Washington. Born at Hampton, Va., 1867. 

" My first school was at Bear Quarter, Norfolk Co.; my 
second was at Hampton, third at the "Butler," fourth, at 
Bowers Hill, Va., where I have taught four terms, and am 
now principal of the school. Have taught between three and 
four hundred : one has graduated from Hampton, and is 
teaching; others are preparing to teach. 

I attended Richmond Institute, and Theological Semina- 
ry. I graduated from the Academic Department, and also 
the Theological Class. The studies of the latter were theol- 
ogy, Old and New Testament history, lectures on church his- 
tory, harmony of the Gospels, church polity, pastoral duties, 
homiletics and Hebrew. 

" I am"- actively engaged in Sunday school work, and pas- 
toral work . I am pastor of two churches ; one at Bowers 
Hill, the other in Princess Anne Co. Both churches are doing 
well. I have but little idle time, and try to make it less every 
day. I baptised forty persons last summer; among them a 
man over seventy years of age, who had not been to church 
for more than twenty years. 

I am married and have two children ; am now a public 
school teacher, and a minister of the Gospel. I own one lot 
in the town of Hampton. 

The general condition of the people among whom I move 
is good and encouraging. The younger people, compared with 
the fathers, do not strive as hard to accumulate real property. 
There are some exceptions. I feel hopeful of my people and 
sincerely believe they can and will do as well as any other peo- 
ple under similar circumstances." 

Educated by James A. Wright. 

Owen, Aaron A. Born in McCracken Co., Ky., 1857. 

"The following October, after graduating, I entered Shaw 
University, Raleigh, N C, where I remained one session, fur- 
ther pursuing my English education. While there, I paid my 
own bills with funds earned while at Hampton (for work done 
during extra hours at blacksmithmg), and by teaching a class 
in mathematics one hour each day. At the expiration of the 
session, Dr. H. M. Tupper, the President of Shaw University, 
asked me to return the next fall to teach at $50. per month. 
This I declined to do, and taught a summer and fall school in 
Warrenton, N. C, my home, at $40. per month ; principally to 
satisfy my friends of that town, and to show them what old 
Hampton could do to a fellow. My school was said to have 



150 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

been the best ever had there, for good management, 
thoroughness of instruction, practicaUty,' and for the impe- 
tus given to personal pride and morality among the students 
and in the community. I taught more than five hundred. 
Fourteen are teachers, ten hold first grade certificates. 

While teaching, the citizens of the town of Warrenton 
( two thirds of whom are whites and Democrats ) elected me 
one of the town council. As a member of the council, full 
and complete recognition was given me, from the mayor, who 
was chairman, and from e\'ery member, the majority of whom 
were Democrats. After closing my school, I generally fol- 
lowed my trade, blacksmithing, in inyown shop. In Septem- 
ber '82, I came to Washington, D. C, to fill a position as copy- 
ist at $900 per annum, in the Pension office. In '83 and '84, 
I was promoted respectively to $1,000 and $1,200. On my ar- 
rival I entered Howard University, Law department, where I 
remained three years, graduating in '84, with the degree of 
LL. B., and LL. M. in '85 ; after graduating at Hampton, 
going to Shaw University, making corporation laws, graduat- 
ing in law, etc., I thought it was time to look up one of Hamp- 
ton's daughters. In the summer of 85, I married Miss Mary A. 
Boner of the class of '81. In the summer of '86, I was ad- 
mitted to the bar of the District of Columbia. Had written 
examination lasting six hours. The highest per cent, gained 
was .88f by the valedictorian of Georgetown Law School. 
My rating was .88. I have purchased a farm of 50 acres, ad- 
joining my home in Warrenton, N. C, upon which I have 
set out a good orchard of finest and earliest fruits. Besides, 
I have good crops of wheat, corn, oats, beans, and cotton, as 
well as poultry and stock, which help to make home pleas- 
ant for my father and mother, 60 and 70 odd years each, re- 
spectively, who stay there continuously ; also for Mrs. Owen, 
the children and myself. ' In time, I hope to make my farm 
look like Hampton's. It is there we learn Northern and suc- 
cessful modes of agriculture. I have three children: two boys 
and a girl. Am clerk in Pension Office at Washington. I am 
preparing to fit myself for the profession as to law books, etc., 
as I intend to return South soon, to labor among my race for 
their elevation and education. In conclusion, please allow 
me to thank the many Northern friends for their generous 
and continual support to Hampton School, and especially my 
personal benefactor. Mrs. George R. Russell of Boston." 

Educated by Mrs. George R. Russell. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 15I 

OriATT, John H. Born in Warrenton, N. C. 1859. " I have taught 
ever since leaving Hampton ; at Waterfall, Woodlawn, and 
Winchester, Va. Have taught four hundred and twenty. Of 
that number, seven are teachers. The work is hard, as I must 
do a large part of what ought to be the parents' work. I have 
made teaching m}^ work, and shall continue while I have 
strength." 

Atonetime,lack of clothing kept many of his pupils at home, 
and two of his Sunday-school teachers offered to sew for the 
poorer ones, and also to teach them how to sew. He has a 
large Sunday-school, and has also had charge of a large church 
for some time, which keeps him very busy. He is married 
and has three children. Owns a house and lot, worth $600. 

He says ; " The people are divided into two classes ; one 
doing well; the other, very ignorant." Lives in Winchester, Va. 
Educated by Mr. Benj. Coates. 

Shearer, Charles H. Born at Spanish Oaks, Va., 1854. " I have 
taught nearly fifty months, five-months sessions, at Tye River 
Depot, Salt Creek, and this is m}^ fourth session at Madison, 
a small town in Amherst Co., Va. I have taught two hun- 
dred and fifteen children. I also teach Sunday-school. I am 
married [to Henrietta B. Merchant, an ex-student] and have 
two children. I have $2,000 worth of real estate and personal 
property which I have saved since I left Hampton. 

" The colored people of this section are intellectually im- 
proving very fast. They seem to have great anxiety to edu- 
cate their children. There is a great rush in the public schools 
at Lynchburg at present, and the accommodations are entire- 
ly inadequate. The colored people are also buying and owning 
some valuable property." 

Educated by Miss Anne Anderson. 

*Sterrette, Samuel T. Born in Baltimore Co., Md., 1853. Has 
taught in Maryland and Virginia. Is a carpenter ; owned in 
'82 two acres of land and a house. 

Educated by Mr. and Mrs. Walter Baker, Mr. B. H. Bar- 
tol and Samuel A. Chase. 

Stokes, William Henry Carrington. Born in Lynchburg, Va., 
i860. " I taught after graduating, four successive years in 
Glendower, Va. I stayed with a firm of Doctors in St. Louis, 
Mo., the next two years, and since then I have been attending 
Fisk University ; teaching during vacation months, in West 
Tennessee. Have taught between three and four hundred 
*Did not answer last circular letter of inquhy. 



152 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

different pupils. Several have become teachers. During all 
my years of teaching, I have been closely engaged in Sunday- 
school and temperance work. In '87, I stumped a portion of 
the State of Tennessee, under the State Committee for pro- 
hibition. My property consists of text books. I am a student ; 
expect to be a minister. The people are a blind Samson, whose 
eyes are gradually being opened through the advance of civil- 
ization and education." 

Educated by Mrs. Walter Baker. 

Strother, Amos T. Born in Dublin, Va., 1858. " I have taught ev- 
ery year, with the exception of one, since leaving Hampton ; 
at different schools in Pulaski, Montgomery and Washing- 
ton Go's., Va., with a total of four hundred and fourteen pupils 
in the nine years of my work. Of this number, only seven 
have taught. Four have graduated from Hampton, and are 
now at work for themselves and the race. 

Wherever my work has been, there I have been actively 
engaged in Sunday-school, but, as for temperance work, I have 
done nothing, though I am a friend of it. 

" Eight years of experience and work among my people 
have firmly fixed this idea, I may say this truth, in my mind; 
that, ' When you get the Negro interested, when his curiosi- 
is aroused over something that is for his and his children's 
welfare, then his mental powers are exerted, his doing-power 
is fully demonstrated, he goes about his work with a resolu- 
tion to master, to conquer if possible.' 

" I have been rather a rolling stone, and as the adage 
says, they gather no moss ; in the matter of property, it is veri- 
fied in my case, though I have a little home of my own, a 
very comfortable house and an acre of land, and we have some 
nice fruit trees. Being a cripple [he has lost a leg] I have 
made teaching my business, as best suiting my condition. I 
have formed a love for the work, because I glory in laboring 
for the future of my race. Hampton has been an inestimable 
blessing to the Negro. And what Hampton has done for the 
Negro, must be answered by her sons and daughters. I am 
indeed proud of my race and I have need to be, for the pro- 
gress made by us in twenty-five years, surpasses that of any 
other emancipated race on the globe. Hampton graduates who 
are in the field, are doing their duty as they know and under- 
stand it, and we will labor on in the right as God gives us to 
see the right. Much has been accomplished for the Negro 
and Africa, and much more remains to be done, and I, as one 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 153 

of the Hamptonians, feel there is a great responsibility on me. 
There is a great work for us beyond the seas. God intends, I 
believe, that we shall imbibe the civilization of the white race 
and then, when by intelligence, mechanical skill and morality 
we are competent, I believe a large proportion of us will re- 
turn to the land of our forefathers, there to work for Africans, 
dark and benighted, like intelligent and polished Africans. 
May God speed the day when such fitness shall be ours. 

" The colored people in south-west Virginia are doing 
very well, generally; indeed better than those in other portions 
of this or other States I know of. In all the towns on the 
railroad, you may look just over the hill, or round that turn, 
and you will see a little town of colored people, generally 
termed " Needmore " or " Blacksburg." In that town they 
have their school-house, but their churches are always on the 
Main street of " Whitesburg." Wherever they have a town, 
you will see their churches and school-houses. These two 
powerful agencies are sure to improve a people intellectually, 
socially and morally." 

Lives in Meadow View, Va. 

Educated by Sunday School of Fourth Congregational 
Church, Hartford, Ct. 
Sykes, Anderson J. J. Born in Northwest, Norfolk Co., Va. 1857. 
Taught in Camden, N. C, Norfolk and Surry Co's. and Sa- 
lem, Va. Has taught five hundred children; eleven are teach- 
ers. " My first school-house was the poorest I ever saw. In 
the two holes for windows, was no glass; nothing to keep out 
cold wind and rain. The children came freely and were good 
and studious. My second school was in a place where there 
had been no school. The people were very poor; only one own- 
ing land, and part of his house was the school-house. School 
houses are now better, being built wholly or partly by the pub- 
lic, instead of by individuals. I am teacher in our Sunday- 
school, which is united in a union, with two others. Individ- 
ual example and persuasion are my main temperance weap- 
ons. 

" I have attended Teachers' Institute at Petersburg, and 
read law a little. We have bought a tract of land, 175 acres, 
mostly unimproved, and swamp land. I shall soon be out of 
debt, and be able to improve it. I had planned to get a pro- 
fession but do not see my way clear. So I am teaching and 
farming, and aim to be an honest man and a Christian, wher- 
ever and whatever it is my lot to be or do. Our graduates, 



^54 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

in the different departments of life, are trying to establish a 
better condition. 

"I ask our teachers and those who contribute so generous- 
ly for our education — don't be discouraged, for most of us are 
at our post, and knowing your faith abides will spur us to 
more faithful work. We are establishing little Hamptons all 
through the South, urging the education of head, hand arid 
heart, as the only road to our truest and best elevation." He 
lives in Wallaceton, Va. 

Educated by Mr. T. L. Hungerford. 

Wharton, George D. Born at Accomac, C. H., Va., 1862. Taught 
at Buffalo Springs ten months, and at Clarksville nine years. 
He is the only teacher in the county holding a professional 
certificate, and receives $35 per month. Has taught two 
hundred children, three of whom have. become teachers. Also 
teaches in Sunday school. Was married in '84, and has two 
children. He is teaching and farming, In '85, he cultivated 
70,000 tobacco hills, and made 7,000 lbs. of tobacco worth 
from $7 to $25 per hundred. In '87 he raised 60 bbls. corn, 
50 bushels wheat, 2,000 lbs. tobacco, and a surplus of vegeta- 
bles ; had a horse, mule, yoke of oxen, cows, hogs, etc ; his 
farm is worth $2,000. He heard a County Superintendent 
say, that the colored people were acquiring knowledge faster 
than the whites, and that the colored teachers are better 
trained. " The people are impi-oving rapidly, getting land and 
homes and eager to educate their children." 
Educated by Mr. Dillwyn Parrish. 

White, Joseph J. Born at Mathews C. H., Va., 1861. Taught at 
Mathews C. H., five years, and at North P. O , Mathews Co., 
three years. Has taught between three and four hundred 
children, of whom six have become teachers. He is married 
and has one child ; his wife teaches also; their schools are 
near home, and they number nearly seventy pupils. Is en- 
gaged in both Sunday- school and temperance work. Writes: 
" I am glad to be able to say that the condition of the colored 
people here is becoming more and more hopeful. They are 
more willing to accept intelligence; you find very few church- 
es here that will have for .pastors uneducated men, when once 
they would have no other, and he would have to possess a pe- 
culiar 'motirn ' to his voice. They are becoming more temp- 
erate and industrious. A large majority of us voted against 
the sale of intoxicating liquors, which was carried by a major- 
ity. And of the two hundred and fifty colored families here. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 1 55 

there are not twenty-five without purchased homes." He owns 
real estate, $i,ooo — and live stock worth $150. 

Lives in Mathews C. H., Va. 

Educated by Mrs. George Curtis. 
^WiCKS, William J. Born at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., 1857. Was 
Pullman car porter, for a while. Is now in the service of the 
city government of Chicago— and reported as doing " First- 
rate." 

Educated by Mrs. C. P. Hemenway. 
,ViLLL\MS, Samuel. Born in Bedford Co., Va., 1857. Taught in 
Smj^the, Bedford, and Albemarle Co's., and seven years in 
Lynchburg, Va. Has taught fourteen hundred pupils during 
this time. Two or three have become teachers. Has been 
teacher in Sunday-school twelve years. He is a Good Temp- 
lar. " There is only one lodge in the city, with but few mem- 
bers, but of the best people, teachers, preachers, etc., and it 
will no doubt render good service in contests against rum." 
He owns a residence on a ^ acre lot, two blocks from the 
horse- car line and five blocks- from his school. In '85, he 
married Mary E. Smith, Class of '80, and has a little girl three 
years old. His aim is to " become a better teacher and so 
help to uplift his race." He says : " As far as I have been 
able to learn, the colored people are as well off, morally, re- 
ligiously, financially, or otherwise, as anj^ other race 
could have been had it been turned loose twenty- 
five }^ears ago, under similar circumstances. In going around 
last summer, I had a good opportunity to see what the colored 
people were doing. Quite a number had nice little homes ; 
most of them were hewn log-houses. These homes represent 
sacrifices that no one but a black man can imagine. Men 
earn from 35 to 50 cents a day on the farm ; women, 20 to 25 
cents ; but very rarely see any money. I stopped with a friend 
whose house I visited eight years ago. Then he was renting, 
now he has a farm of more than 200 acres of good mountain 
land. It is nearly all good wood land. He told me that, if his 
crops turned out well, he would finish paying for it this year. 
There were plenty of chickens, turkeys, a cow, good horse, and 
other things that go to make up a well kept farm. This is 
what the colored people are doing to solve the Negro Question. 
But the race can never become educated unless the county 
schools run more than four or five months in the year." Lives 
in Lynchburg. 

Educated by Mrs. Walter Baker. 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



156 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

*WiLLiAMS, John E. Came from Middletown, Del. Was at the 
School three years. Lives in Jersey City, N. J. 

Educated by Rev. Evarts Scudder, Mrs. M. DeW. Rogers 
and Miss C. DeWolf. 



MEMBERS OF THe senior CLASS WHO DID NOT GRADUATE. 

*Crawford, William H. Born in Ulster Co., N. Y., 1858. Was ex- 
pelled. Was at one time teaching in winter at Athens, Va.,and 
book-keeping in summer. 

Educated by Miss Harriet S. Benson. 

Turner, William R. Came from Jerusalem, Va. Left the School 
on account of ill health, and died soon after, in 1880. 
Educated by Mr. A. W. Mclntyre. 



EX-STUDENTS, middle class ; 1880. 

Jackmond, Mary E. (Mrs. Baytop). Born in Gloucester, Va., 1862. 
Writes : "I have been silent, but not idle. I left Hampton 
in '81 and opened school the following autumn, at Beach Hill 
I taught there four successive terms and held night school for 
the young men, who were very anxious, as they had never had 
a chance before. My work was hard and tedious, as they had 
only had school one term before. It was taught by an age- 
able white man who loved his fiddle better than his work, and 
the dancing of the children better than their lessons, for not 
more than ten of his number could read and write their 
names. The people were very good and kind but very ignor- 
ant, so I had very little help in the Sunday-school, and, being 
unconverted, I felt myself too unworthy to teach God's word. 
I tried to do my best, as the harvest was great and the labor- 
ers were few. Am glad to add that, during my next term, I 
confessed, and was baptized ; then, having a helper both temp- 
oral and spiritual, my pupils made rapid progress in Sunday 
day and night schools. During the summer, I taught private 
school and Sunday-school at Brooksville. I went through heat 
and cold, wet and dry, till my health failed, from cold, hard 
study and overwork. 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 157 

" In '86, I married, and have an industrious, kind and lov- 
ing husband. We own 20 acres of land, a nice house, horse 
and buggy, three cows — a yoke of oxen — hogs, hens, etc. etc. 
I am housekeeping, have one little girl, and aim to be true to 
myself and God, and aid in the upbuilding of the race, moral- 
ly and intellectually." 

Lives in Gloucester C. H., Va . 

Educated by S. S. Ward. 

Randolph, Shirley J. Born in Madisonville, Va., 1855. 

Writes : " I taught in Appomatox, Charlotte, Campbell, 
and Prince Edward Co's., Va., for nearly eight years, and had 
upward of eight hundred pupils, fifteen of whom are teachers. 
I am superintendent of a Sunday-school. In '84, I went to 
Cleveland, Ohio, opened a store, and attended a medical 
college one year. Then I sold out my store, went to New 
York and married, Sept. 27, '88, and came home. I own 120 
acres of land, houses, horses, cattle and other improvements 
valued at $1,000. Of the colored people, some few own prop- 
erty and are somewhat improving, though slowly." 

Lives in Rough Creek, Charlotte Co., Va. 

Educated by Rev. James H. Means. 



CLASS OF 1881. 

Banks, Sarah E. Born in Hampton, Va., 1856. "While I have 
not attended any other school, I have taken private les- 
sons, and am always trying to improve myself. Since my 
graduation, I have taught at home and in the same school, 
with the exception of one term I taught at the 'Butler School,' 
and one in Prince George Co. I must have taught over six 
hundred ; I was engaged in teaching before I entered the 
Normal School at Hampton. I have heard of several of my 
former pupils teaching, and had letters from them. I have 
• taught in Sunday-school for fifteen years. Our temperance 
work is a little on the decay, but we have a fine ' Literary 
Society,' at which the young men are invited to spend their 
evenings instead of spending them at saloons. I own real 
estate worth six hundred dollars. It is my greatest desire to 
do something that will outlive me, so I try to do right, and to 
encourage others to do the same." Lives in Hampton in a 
homesecured by her own industry, and cares for an invalid 



158 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

sister. Is still teaching in the Lincoln School there, and, 
though crippled from childhood by spinal trouble , has made 
a brave and noble record. 

Educated by Hon. L. F. Brigham. 
Barksdale, Anna F. (Mrs. Freeman.) Born in Pittsylvania Co. Va., 
1862. She taught at Clover Depot, Halifax Co., every winter, 
with an average attendance of foity pupils. In '83, she mar- 
ried Mr. Amos Freeman of Halifax Co. Died 1887. 
Educated by Mrs. Mary L. Skinner. 

BOLLING, Eliza W. Born in Buckingham Co., Va., 1861. "I have 
taught eight terms in Cumberland Co. The total enrolment, 
for each term, has been between ninety and one hundred pu- 
pils. It is always 'a pleasure to meet my pupils in our little 
log house. 

" Whenever I think of the teachers at Hampton, wl].o un- 
tiringly continue from year to year to instruct the colored 
people of the South, and the Indians of the West, I feel that 
we should thank God that one has been provided, and en- 
abled to remain at the head of that large School ; and that he 
has so conducted matters that hundreds of young men and 
women of the two races can say : ' Thank God that General 
Armstrong still lives ! ' In every county in this state, and in 
nearly every Southern state, we find some one who has re- 
ceived instruction at Hampton, and has gone out to teach 
good lessons and set good examples to some less favored ones 
of his race. The colored people are progressing, many of 
them own farms, horses, and cattle ; and these are planting 
fruit trees, enriching the land and trying to make home pleas- 
ant ; while those who live on rented farms take no interest. 
Because our church is five miles from our home, we cannot 
do the good there we wish. This year we have a vacant house 
on our farm, in which we have Sunday school every Sunday, at 
3 p. m. My sisters assist me, and we have an idea of trying 
to build a church where we are now teaching the Sunday- 
school. Father says he will give the land for the chupch. I 
shall continue to try to help my race and teach the good les- 
sons I learned at Hampton to the children of Cumberland 
County." 

Lives in Farmville, Va. 

Educated by the Misses Burnside. 
Boner, Mary A. (Mrs. Owen.) Born in Salem, N. C, 1864. "In 
the fall of '81, I went to Powhatan and taught six months. I 
organized a Sunday-school and temperance society, in which 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. ' 1 59 

both old and young took a lively interest. In May, '82, I re- 
turned to Hampton and read an essay, on Commencement 
Day. I remained there over a year, teaching in the Night 
School, and writing in the Treasurer's office. I was called 
away by the illness of my mother and sister, who died soon 
after my return. In eight months, my father also departed 
this life, leaving three children at home. Finding ourselves 
helpless and poor, I concluded to send my sister and brother 
to Hampton to work their way through school, and I went 
of? to engage in my favorite work, teaching. I went to Wor- 
sham and taught eight months. During the time I taught, I sup- 
pose I have had about two hundred and fifty pupils under my 
care. There were always too many to be taught by one teach- 
er ; still, I did the best I could by all. The patrons [parents] 
were, of course, very poor, but, as a rule, they were sensible of 
their need of an education. 

" In '85, I married, and my principal occupation is house- 
keeping, I have three children, and they take the most of 
my time to care for them . 

" Large numbers of the Negroes here own homes ; some 
have nice, large houses ; others, small, but neat ones. They 
are, as a rule, making rapid progress. May God just contin- 
ue to bless us and open new avenues in life whereby we may 
improve ourselves and become useful, that all who know us 
will have to say that we, as a race, have not been a failure 
since the reconstruction days." 

Lives in Warrenton, N. C. 

Educated by Mrs. E. H. Farnum. 

BOULDING, Lucy J. (Mrs. Stephens.) Born at Burkeville, Va., 1858. 
She taught at Hampton, Staunton, Farmville and Lynchburg, 
and has also taught in five Teachers' Institutes in North Caro- 
lina and Virginia, which were attended by 465 teachers. In 
her schools she has taught seven hundred and seventy-five pu- 
pils ; twenty-five of whom are teaching. She says : "I have en- 
gaged in Sunday-school and temperance work, where I have 
taught ; thus gaining the confidence of the citizens, which is 
a stimulus to my efforts. I have purchased a nice little home 
of seven acres. 

"The condition of the people is, in some respects, encour- 
aging : but intemperance and immorality are vices to which 
many of our most promising girls and boys are falling victims; 
but the future prospect is better in this ; the teachers are be- 
ing awakened to the fact that their work is not confined to 



l6o . TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 

the school room alone, but that they are to come together, 
form unions, and fight agamst every sin that besets us, in or- 
der to improve our race symmetrically. 

" I am one among the grateful daughters of Hampton 
whose object is to be a humble instrument in raising some 
soul to a higher standard of civilization." 

She married George H. Stephens, class of '74- They 
live in Lynchburg, Va. 

Educated by Mrs. Anne T. Slosson. 

Brydson, Martha A. (Mrs. Armistead.) Born in Norfolk Co., Va., 
1850. She has taught in the country near Norfolk, and in 
Portsmouth, since '81. Had crowded schools; sometimes 
seventy-five crowded into one little room. At Portsmouth, she 
taught the first primary grade ; children of eight years old. 
She has taught five hundred ; none are teachers yet. She was 
a widow, with one little child, when she came to Hampton 
Institute. Since graduating, she has married Mr. Armistead, 
who had three children. They own $5,000 in real estate. She 
"aims" to do what she can "to better the condition of the 
people." Says : " They are progressing financially, morally, 
intellectually and religiously." 

Lives in Portsmouth, Va. 

Educated by Mrs. P. M. Bryson. 

BuRNHAM, Delia A. Born in Norfolk, Va. She has taught ever 
since graduating ; first at Jerusalem, Va. " In spite of its 
name it was a very wicked place, the children were very 
rude." Afterwards at Norfolk, where she had two sessions— 
eighty-six children in the morning and seventy-four in the 
afternoon. She has taught nearly two thousand pupils. She 
always thought, before Miss Hyde told them so much about 
' it, that she could not possibly get along without whipping, 
but found she could. 

Lives in Norfolk, Va. 

Educated by Miss Mary Lewis. 

* Fairfield Charlotte. Born in 1864. Lived in Hampton and 

assisted in taking care of her father who was insane. After- 
wards taught school. Lives in New York City. 
Educated by Judge Oliver Prescott. 

* Gray, Julia E. (Mrs. White.) Born in Norfolk, Va., 1863. She 

taught at Natural Bridge, and at Norfolk, a few miles out of 
the city ; was assistant in Thomas Gray's school, (class of ''J^) 

*i)id not answer last cicular letter of inquiry . 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. l6l 

had the primary department, with seventy children in her 
room. She married Boswell S. White, class of '^^, and now 
lives in Boston. 

Educated by Mrs. George H. Shaw. 

Hayes, Virginia F. (Mrs. Sheppard.) Born in Norfolk, Va., 1857. 
She taught in Nansemond and Norfolk Go's. In '82, married, 
and afterwards taught in Ghurchland, Va., with Mr. and Mrs. 
McNeil, (class of 'tj), in a school she taught before com- 
ing to Hampton. Has taught about two hundred children ; 
three have become teachers. She has now three children; 
who keep her very busy. " My home tasks have been so 
heavy, I have not done much work in Sunday-school and 
temperance, but the community has not suffered, because Mr. 
and Mrs. McNeil have been faithful workers m all good causes. 
My husband is a carpenter, and judges say he does very good 
work." They own a house and lot, horse, wagon, cart, etc., 
worth $1,200. Says : "I don't think the people improve ac- 
cording to their chances, but I think they are ahead of the 
general mass of country people." 

Educated by Mrs. William O. Grover. 
=^ Inge, Winifred S. (Mrs. James R. Wilson.) Born in Danville, Va. , 
1863. Taught in Catawba, and in Danville, Va. Was mar- 
ried in '86. Lives in Danville, Va. 

Educated by Mrs. James L. Little. 

* Landey, Josephine L. Born in Baltimore, Md., 1862. Had her 
first experience in teaching near Camden, Del. Taught at 
Canterbury, Del. where she was quite encouraged ; " The 
second year, pupils were more eager to grasp all the learning 
they could." Also taught in Harrington in same county, and 
at Port Kent. Had a Christmas box one year from New 
Britain, Ct., which was a great delight and a great help." 

Lives in Harrington, Del. 

Edu cited by Hon. J. G. Pollard. 

Mackie, Sadie J. (Mrs. Williams.) Born in Norfolk, Va., 1863. She 
wrote : " I taught in Norfolk City one term, and in Norfolk 
Co., four terms. I have always taught the primary depart- 
ment in a graded school ; consequently, none have become 
teachers." In '84, she had a night school, with thirty-seven 
" reliable scholars," " some of them were forty-five years old ; 
one was fifty-three." This school continued three years, when 

*Did not answer last circular letter ol inquiry. 



l62 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

failing health compelled her to give it up. She also had 
scholars in music. I)ied 1889. 

Educated by Miss Ellen F. Mason. 

Miller, Isabella, (Mrs. Graves.) Born in Centerville, Pa., i860. 
" I have been teaching at Lahore, Va. ever since '81. I en- 
joy teaching very much, and have succeeded in sending five 
of my pupils to Hampton ; seventy-eight have been taught 
by me, and four are teachers. The people here are improv- 
ing, and acquiring property; they have a large Sunday-school 
and church. My aim in life is to do all the good I can for 
my race. I am the only Hampton graduate in this district. 
The Superintendent says he would like to have more teach- 
ers from Hampton. I have tried to have a Temperance So- 
ciety, but have not succeeded. The people seem to think 
they must spend part of what they earn in drink, and it is 
hard to influence the children when the home training is so 
bad. As a teacher, I have had a great many discouragements, 
but am still willing to continue in the work." 
Educated by Jacob P. Jones . 

Nixon, Louisa G. (Mrs. Briscoe.) Born in Mecklenburg, N. C, 1863. 
" I left Hampton filled with the desire to do some work for 
the elevation of my race, and so great is my love for the work, 
and so sincere is my appreciation of the benefits bestowed on 
me at Hampton, that it is a pleasure to continue in the work. 
My first efforts were put forth in Virginia, where I was as- 
sistant to two other Hampton graduates. The school was sit- 
uated in a thriving village. The parents and pupils were ap- 
preciative and the surroundings pleasant. My next school 
was in Onslow Co., N. C. This proved to be a field filled 
with opportunities for real missionary work. No school had 
ever been held for colored children in the district, and pa- 
rents and pupils were anxious for some one to instruct and 
lead them. There were about thirty pupils, some of whom 
walked over five miles to and from school." 

While teaching in the wilds of North Carolina, I re- 
ceived notice that I had been appointed teacher in the public 
school of Wilmington, N. C. I entered upon the duties in Oct., 
'82, and retained the position till May, '86. In Sept. '86, I was 
married and came to Baltimore. My school life has not 
ceased. At present 1 am teaching in the Parish School of St. 
Mary's Episcopal Church. I have taught more than 600 pu- 
pils. As my work has been chiefly in primary grades, I can- 
not speak of work done by them ; but, as far as it has been 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 163 

possible for me to observe, my children have proved honest 
and trustworthy. From others I learn that the older pupils 
are striving to live as good men and women. 

The general condition of the colored people is improv- 
ing. There are many who do not take as much interest in 
bettering their condition as they should, but there are many 
who have made marked progress in business, and intellectual 
matters." 

Educated by Miss Beulah Coates. 

Peerv, Mattie. (Mrs. J. S. Ferguson. ) Born at Tazewell C. H., Va. 
i860. 

" I taught my first term in Dorchester Co., Md. My ex- 
amination was not so good as it might have been, being my- 
self green, and having a very cross examiner. It was the most 
advanced school I ever had, and required a good deal of study 
on my part. I enrolled eighty-four pupils. Two of them 
have become teachers. At the close of the term I gave an 
exhibition, and charged at the door. The proceeds I present- 
ed to the M. E. church. The next summer I spent sewing in 
Baltimore, and was received as a full member in the Madison 
St. Presbyterian church. In Sept., '82, I went to Bristol, and 
was offered a school on the Tennessee side, but I accepted the 
one on the Virginia side. There I received a first grade certifi- 
cate, and was appointed principal of the school. I found the 
school house in a very dilapidated condition, and reported it 
to the board, who wanted to know why I could not teach 
there as well as other teachers. I showed them the import- 
ance of a decent house, as well as a good teacher, being nec- 
essary for the elevation of the young. There was nothing 
but the frame of the house; twenty-four glasses were out ; the 
stove pipe out of the window, and walking across the floor 
was like walking on so much elastic, and they had never fur- 
nished the coal even. The board promised to give me $25, a 
I would raise the remainder among my people. I raised 
about $50, and in the spring, with that, $75. There was not a 
better colored school in that county. At the end of five 
months, I gave an exhibition to a crowded house, and charged 
five cents admission ; the proceeds went for prizes for good 
conduct, regular attendance, good lessons, etc. At the close of 
the term, I was given another five months school in the same 
county. After teaching four terms in Bristol, I went to Po- 
cahontas, a new mining town, where many of my old friends 
had moved. This school had never been taught by a colored 



164 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

teacher before. While there, I bought an organ for the 
school and paid for it by entertainments. I am now teaching 
in Pulaski, Co., Va. Have taught four hundred and fifty pu- 
pils : four are teachers. Many of the white people are now 
in favor of educating the Negroes, if only for servants. A 
lady in Knoxville said to me : ' Mattie, you are the most in- 
telligent servant I ever had about me : you know your duty 
and do it. Why do you teach ? Come and live with me all 
the time.' From Knoxville to Lynchburg, I find many of my 
people living well, owning property, building churches, and, 
in fact, doing credit to their race, and seeming, many of them, 
to realize that wealth and education are the only things that 
will put us on an equality with other races." 

Lives in Lucretia, Va. 

Educated by Mr. Elbert B. Monroe. 

Thomas, Emily Lena. Born at Fort Monroe, 1863. Taught seven 
terms at the " Butler " — now called the " Whittier" — the 
"training school" for our Normal Department. Taught about 
five hundred. Also engaged in Sunday school work. Is now 
teaching in the Whittier. Lives at " Chesapeake City " near 
Fort Monroe. 

She says : " I feel that the colored people are making 
great progress." 

Educated by Miss Alice S. Hooper, and " D. B. C," 
through Miss Mary Anna Longstreth. 

Wilson, Anna F. (Mrs. Williams). Born in Guilford, Conn., i860. 
" Before leaving school, Miss Hyde advised me to write 
to the superintendent of Roanoke Co., for a position in that 
county. I did so and was appointed assistant in the graded 
school, of which Mr. A. J. J. Sykes, (class of '80) was Princi- 
pal. I have been assistant in the same school ever since. I have 
tried to lead such a life, and conduct myself in the school 
room in such a way, that I might not disgrace the school that 
did so much for ine, if I cannot be one of its bright stars. 
Our school sessions are not long. In the eight years I have 
been teaching, we have had only two sessions as long as seven 
months. You can readily see that the children cannot get 
along so very fast, with most of the time vacation. I have 
taught between seven and eight hundred pupils. Two are 
teachers. In '84, I married a gentleman from Salem, a plas- 
terer. The wedding took place at Guilford, Conn., my home. 
I have been a teacher in the M. E. Sabbath school all the 
time, and I have been their organist, but I am not much of a 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 165 

player. I find a great deal of work among my people, and, 
where I can do any good for their advancement, I try to do 
so. The people are improving, although some are very 
poor." 

Educated by J. H. Thorpe. 

"■^ Allen, Beverly. Born in King and Queen Co., Va., 1859. Has 
taught at West Point, Va., nearly every year since graduating. 
Was principal of a graded school, and had eighty-sight schol- 
ars. When school closed, he went fishing and coasting with 
his father. Said : " To one used to sailing from city to city, 
teaching is somewhat wearisome ; nevertheless, I like it. My 
whole life at Hampton seems like a dream to me ; too pleas- 
ant to be natural." 

Educated by Hiram Foster. 

^AvERV, John B. Born at Barnwell, S. C, 1862. Taught at Colum- 
bia, S. C. At one time had a private school at Foreston, S. 
C, with forty pupils on roll and an average attendance of 
thirty-eight or nine. He went to Jacksonville, Fla. 

Educated by Mr. Charles Boswell. 
Baton, Edward R, Born in Augusta. Ga., 1862. He taught at 
North Landing, Great Bridge and Vicksville, Va. Said : "At 
first I thought I would not like teaching, but have come to 
like it very much. The people seem to like me very well; 
they are ignorant and superstitious, and believe in conjuring. 
If a person gets sick, they will take him to a conjure doctor 
and he will pretend to take lizards and snakes from him ; 
they also believe in conjuring animals, and in fortune telling. 
When I first came here some said: ' We are not going to send 
our children to school ; let them come up as we came up.' 
1 go to their homes and read the newspapers, and discuss 
Biblical and different topics, and tell them what I think, and 
they listen with great interest, and are believing in educa- 
tion." " Education must be respected." 

Died 1887. 

Educated by H. P. Kidder. 

Bayne, Joseph C. L. Born in Eastville, Va., 1861. 

" I have taught three years at Capeville and five years at 
Eastville, Va. Have taught about two hundred scholars ; 
have sometimes had more than I could teach well. I have 
taught a little differently from my predecessors, so I have 
had to work hard to carry my points. One thing I dont do 

*Did not reply to last ciicular letter of inquiry. 



i66 



TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 



as they did, and that is ruling the scholars by using the whip. 
At first, the people said, if I did not whip them, they would 
rule me, but I knew there was more than one way to do some 
things, so I thought there was more than one way to rule a 
school. Now they say I keep better order and teach them 
more than any other teacher. The colored people are im- 
proving very fast, a large per cent, own real estate.' 

Lives in Eastville, Va. 

Educated by James Talcott and Rodney Dennis. 
BOLDEN, Archer Warren. Born in Cumberland Co., Va., 1863. 
He taught twenty months in Southampton Co., and eighteen 
months in Orange Co., Va.; had four hundred and six pupils ," 
five are teaching. He had $400 in the Bank. Is now a sol- 
dier in loth Cavalry, U. S. A. He writes from San Carlos, 
Arizona : 

" Some people say that the life of a soldier is grand and 
romantic ; but I think there is more reality than romance. 
There is no romance attached to the part I have undergone 
in the past two years — nothing but hard riding, scouting and 
mountain climbing. I don't think it will happen again when 
I have completed my five years service, 1 will give up ad- 
venture as a bad job, and return to the quiet life of a teach- 
er ; that is, if I do not forget all that 1 knew before entering 
the service of ' Uncle Sam.' My Troop — Troop E— has the 
best cavalry horses in the loth Regiment, and my captain is 
in command here. 

Educated by The Pennsylvania Abolition Society. 

BOUSH, Alfred. Born in Portsmouth, Va., 1863. Taught in Ports- 
mouth, Va., a night school. Went to Philadelphia and was 
the only colored clerk in the office of the Shoe and Leather 
Trade Association. 

Said : " I, like all my class, intend to overcome all ob- 
stacles that are in our path to the road of success." 

Died : — we do not know date. 

Educated by Mr. Benedict's Bible-class. 
*Brown, Robert H. Born in Wilmington, N. C, 1859. Taught at 
Skinquarter, Va., North Springfield, Mo., and among the ex- 
slaves of the Cherokee Indians in Indian Territory. Lives in 
Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Educated by Wm. Endicott. 

Burke, Werten. Born in Alexandria, Va., 1856. Was employed 
the summer of '81, at Hampton Institute. Was very ill. In 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 167 

the autumn went to Waterfall, Va., where he hoped to 
teach, Died 1882. 

Educated by Frederick Marquand and Park St. Sunday 
School, Boston, 
*Brickous, James E. 

Went to Wilberforce College, Ohio; afterwards to Spring- 
field, Mo., and Baxter Springs, Kansas. He is now a Metho- 
dist preacher. 

Educated by Mrs. Jeannette Fowler and Charles Bene- 
dict. 
Carrington, Samuel C. Born in Roanoke, Va., 1861. 

•' I have been teaching ever since I left Hampton, at Hol- 
lins, Va.; have taught about one hundred. Three of my pu- 
pils are teachers. I have attended the Normal Institute at 
Petersburg. I am married and have three children. Own a 
house and land, a cow, etc., valued at $500. The people are 
buying themselves homes very rapidly." 

Educated by Miss Mary W. AVells and Edward Wells. 
Evans, William I). Born in Farmville, Va., i860. 

" I have seen some very pleasant times since I have been 
teaching. First, I was assistant teacher in the Glendower 
School. W. H. Stokes, class of '80, was principal. Our ses- 
sion lasted seven months. The following year, I returned to 
my own county ( Prince Edward ) and have taught six terms 
I have taught two hundred and ninety-five, three of whom are 
teachers, and I have sent three to Hampton. I have a nice Sun- 
day school, well attended by the children. The people are 
improving; they are in a medium condition." 

Lives in Worsham, Va. 

Educated by S. D. Warren and Mrs. Valeria Terry. 

Hilton, William A. Born in Harford Co,, Md., 1857. 

" Since graduating, I have studied law. I taught one 
term at Mt. Meridian and two terms at New Hope, in the 
same county (Wicomoco.) I have been superintendent of 
the colored schools of Pocahontas, Va , two years. Under 
my direct teaching there were about two hundred and fifty ; 
six have become teachers. There are about four hundred in 
the schools of which I have charge. The colored schools of 
this town are run by the colored people themselves. Each 
single man pays twenty-five cents per month, and married 
men pay fifty cents ; this amount comes through the Office of 
the South-west Virginia Improvement Company of this place. 

*Did not answer lest circular letter of inquiry. 



1 68 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

Our term is ten months. I am engaged in temperance work. 
I find it does a great good among my people. Temperance 
is one of the three things that will solve the Negro problem ; 
viz: Religion, Morality and Temperance. I am married and 
have one child. I am a foreman for the South-west Virginia 
Improvement Company of Pocahontas, Va. My aim in life is 
to do that which will best benefit my people. I pay taxes on 
$500 worth of personal property. The condition of the people 
in this part of the state is above the average of that in many 
parts of the state where I have been. This is the great min- 
mg region of the state, where a great floating population finds 
its way : yet I feel, that, after five years work among them, I 
am safe in saying there is improvement." 

Educated by M. H. Simpson. 
HoLLiNGSWORTH, Henry C. A. Born in Hanover Co., Va. He has 
taught in Augusta, Nelson, and Rockingham Co's., Va., three, 
five and six months sessions ; has taught two hundred and 
eighty-four children ; four of them are now teachers. Has 
not been able to do much Sunday-school or temperance work, 
by reason of poor health. Is married ; owns two house lots in 
Florida. Is preaching and teaching, and " aims " at a life of 
service and usefulness to his ra-ce. Thinks the colored people 
are improving. Lives in Belle's Valley, Va. 

Educated by Miss Annie Anderson. 
Kerr, George W. Born in Eastville, Va., 1859. 

" I have taught one term in Orange, two in Southamp- 
ton, two in Belle Haven, two in Craddockville, Va. I sup- 
pose I have taught nearly four hundred children. Own a 
horse and five acres of land. Aim to be something and to 
do something. The people are prosperous and improving 
rapidly." 

Lives in Eastville, Va. 

Educated by Gen. W. S. Pierson and Cong'l Sunday School 
of Windsor, Ct. 
Martin, Romey O. Born in Greenwood, Va., i860. 

" I left Hampton in '81, and opened school at Swanson- 
ville, Va., Oct. ist. The hut in which I began to teach had 
been built ten years before, and been taught in two or three 
winters; it was then closed on account of having no teacher. 
Everything about the hut had been destroyed, except the logs 
of which it was built. The first thing to be done was to have 
it floored and to make some seats. With the assistance of 
the fathers of some of the children, we fixed it up so I 
could commence teaching, and promised ourselves to have 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 169 

it all right before we stopped. With a blackboard one and a 
half yards square, six rough benches for seats, five slates and 
nine pupils, I opened school. My first month closed with 
thirty pupils, the second with fifty-one on roll, and still in- 
creasing. I have been teaching this same school, in a better 
house, from six to eight months every year since. I have 
never had any serious troubles since I have been teaching ; I 
have found the work much harder than I anticipated, but I 
love and enjoy it, and am more interested in it at present than 
ever. I keep up my Sabbath school and I have a little tem- 
perance society, but it puzzles me more to make that a suc- 
cess than anything I have undertaken. Neither can I ac- 
count for my non-success, unless it is due to the unrecogni- 
tion of the old people, who still claim 'it was made to drink.' 

I have a farm of 145 acres, valued at $1,500 ; a wagon, 
two mules, tools, etc , worth $500. I am farming and teach- 
ing and aim to do all the good I can for every body, and es- 
pecially for my own race. The people are poor but improv- 
ing." 

Educated by Morris K. Jesup. 
=^MiTCHELL, Julius L. Born in Charleston, S. C, 1862. He has been 
teaching in Monck's Corner, S. C, since '81. The county 
school runs but three months, but the people support their 
own school seven months longer. He said, " We went to 
work and built our own school house and furnished all our 
supplies the first year." The people attributed his failure to 
enter West Point Military Academy to their earnest prayers, 
so unwilling were they to have him leave them. In '85, 
he intended going to his home, Charleston, S. C, and study- 
ing law, but became interested in teaching and continued. 

Educated by Dillwyn Parrish. 

McKay, Perry Cleaze. Born in Marion, S. C, i860. 

" I commenced teaching in '75, and, with the exception of 
two years at Hampton,— '79 and '80, — I have taught every 
year since. I taught in Marion, Marlborough and Kershaw 
Co's., S. C, and in Clarksville, Texas. I have taught thir- 
teen hundred children ; sixteen have become teachers, I will 
add that, in teaching, some of the happiest days of my life 
have been spent. I gave my whole time to the work, and 
when I was not teaching, I was making ready for it. Since 
coming to Texas, I can no longer confine myself to the rou- 
tine of the school house. I shall farm. I own town lots 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



170 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

worth $800 and personal property, $250. At present I am 
teaching and farming. The colored people generally are in a 
healthy and hopeful condition. The testimony of their min- 
isters, teacheis and the land owners of the county attest this 
New churches and school houses are being built, and the col- 
ored man's standing with banks and men of means is im- 
proving," 

Educated by E. W. Clarke. 

*McIntosh, Thomas H. Born in St. Mary's, Ga. Lived in Jackson- 
ville, Fla. Was a waiter. 

Educated by Hon. Martin Brimmer. 

Norton, Robert F. M. Born in Springfield, Mass., 1862. 

" After graduating, I had a position in the Custom House 
at Yorktown ; first ^s Asst. -Deputy, afterwards as Inspector of 
Customs. Since graduating, I have attended the Virginia 
Normal and Collegiate Institute at Petersburg and studied 
languages and classics. 

I taught at Yorktown one year; in Hanover Co., two 
years; at Petersburg Institute, one year, and Hollywood, Va., 
three years. I have taught nearly five hundred pupils; twen- 
ty-nine have become teachers. 

I have a small farm of forty-six acres, and a few head of 
stock. I am now teaching. My aim is to study medicine. 
Our people are advancing rapidly: educationally, and in every 
conceivable way." 

He married Lizzie Saunders, class of '84. They live 
in Richmond, Va. 

Educated by Mrs. Amos P. Tapley. 

Scott, Charles. Born in Farmville, Va., 1859. 

" I am yet teaching in Worsham, Va., where I have been 
since the fall of '81. I have fifty -six scholars on roll, and I 
am getting along nicely. As I have been teaching in one 
place all the time, the number is not so great as some teach- 
ers will report. I have taught three hundred and fifty ; six 
have been teaching. My preserft occupation is school teach- 
ing and farming. The colored people are getting along well; 
the majority of them own their homes." 
Educated by Mrs. Robert G. Shaw. 
Snowden, Morgan M. Born in Leesburg, Va., 1854. 

" I taught two years at Horntown, three at Guilford, and 
one at Farmville, Va. I have taught two hundred and forty- 
*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 171 

seven pupils. While I was teaching, both white and black 
were very kind to me, and the whites were just as anxious as 
the blacks to have the colored children educated. I had a 
class of little children, from eight to ten years old, who could 
write their spelling lesson, who, when I went there could not 
make a letter, nor could any of my children write a good leg- 
ible hand. I, being such a poor writer, felt it would be al- 
most useless to try and teach them, but I went into it, and 
some of them now write better than myself (which is not saying 
much). I am now a railroad porter. I wish to teach, but as 
the pay is not good, I must do something else sometimes. The 
colored people are improving in every way very fast." 

In '88, he married Ellen L. Walker, class of '77. and is now 
janitor of a building m New York. They have one child. 

Educated by Rev. Arthur Crosby. 
Spann, Russell J. Born in Sumter Co., S. C, i860. 

" I have been to no other school, but have studied Latin, 
under a private teacher. Have taught in Sumter, Anderson. 
Lynchburg, S. C, and in Marion Co., public school terms va- 
rying from two to six months ; sometimes I have continued 
two or three months with an independent school, after the 
public school closed. I have also been a book keeper and 
clerk, and a waiter in a club house in New Jersey. Am now 
teaching in Elberton, Ga. I have been at this place four years, 
enrolling three hundred and forty-one scholars. I have 
taught in all, nine hundred and twenty-nine. Twenty have 
become teachers. The pay has not been in proportion to the 
work, but it is not the dollars and cents that I am after, but 
the enlightenment of my race. I find the majority of the colored 
people in Georgia, as a whole, not in as good circumstances as 
those of South Carolina. They are improving educationally 
but not much morally. I was married to an earnest Christian 
girl in March '87, and have one child. I am now teaching and 
aim to be a practical teacher and farmer. We have a very 
good Sunday school, with seventy pupils and six teachers, 
and are trying to kill out Satan and the rum-shop." 

Educated by Miss Anna C. Lowell. 
*WlLES, Louis A. Born in Magnolia, Fla., 1861. Taught in Nor- 
folk and Isle of Wight Go's.. Va. Afterwards went to 
Muchakinock, Mahaska Co., Iowa, where he now lives. Is a 
brick maker by trade. Owns a share in 160 acres of " Home- 
stead land," in Moody Co., Dakota. 

Educated by John M. Forbes. 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



172 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

MEMBERS OF THE SENIOR CLASS WHO DID NOT GRADUATE. 

^Houston, Oliver. Born in Pulaski Co., Va., 1858. He went to 
Oberlin College for a while. Has taught in Southampton, 
Surry, Pulaski, Nansemond, Amelia and Giles Co's., Va. He 
has had various experiences. Wrote at one time : " Tem- 
perance and Intemperance are arrayed strongly against each 
other. There are three or four bar-rooms in full blast." He 
took such a strong stand against them, that some of his best 
friends — " readjusters" — did not speak to him. At one place, 
the people were superstitious and immoral. " There were 
plenty of preachers but they were sometimes the worst men 
in the place. In the spring of '87, while acting as porter of a 
sleeping car, he jumped from the train and dislocated his 
knee. The next antumn he was walking a mile and a half to 
school every day on crutches. 

Educated by Miss AnnaS. Everette, H. E, Coggeshall and 
C. C. Lyman. 

^Thornton, William H. Born at Staunton, Va.,' 1856. Was a 
brick maker. He went to Muchakinock, Iowa. Owned a 
share in 160 acres of " Homestead land," in Dakota. In '82 
he married Alice P. Davis, class of '73. 

Educated by Union Church, S. S., Worcester, Mass. 

*Spottswood, Lincoln. Born in Hampton, Va. Was steward on 
board U. S. Flagship Tennessee ; later, at Hygeia Hotel, 
Fort Monroe. 

Educated by Frederick Jones and Hon. C. P. Talbot. 



EX-STUDENTS, MIDDLE CLASS, 1881. 

Graves, ElisHA T. Born in Pittsylvania Co.. Va. 

" I have been teaching eight sessions in Pittsylvania Co. 
To my best judgment, between four and five hundred chil- 
dren have been taught by me ; two of them have become 
teachers. I have been engaged in Sunday school. Had a 
very good school, a large turnout. I own 115 acres of land, a 
horse, two cows, hogs, etc. I am married and at present am 
farming. There is but very little improvement here with the 
colored people. Some try to do and be something, while 
others pull back." Lives in Callands, Va. 
Educated by Miss Helen Porter. 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 173 



CLASS OF 1882 

Badger, Susan M. Born in i860, at Aiken, S. C. Has been teach- 
ing, ever since the fall of '82, in the Schofield School, Aiken. 
Last summer, she went " down in the back woods, of Barn- 
well Co." and had a school : found the people " far behind in 
educational matters," yet •' anxious to have their children 
taught." Thinks the Schofield school, which was taught 
principally by Hampton graduates, is having a great influence 
for good. Is engaged in Sunday-school and temperance 
work. 

Educated by Mrs. James M. Beebe and Miss Mary Coates. 
*Banks, Ara:minta. (Mrs. Gipson) Harrisonburg, Va. Was teaching 
in '83, at Fairfax C. H.; 50 scholars on ^roll. Married in '84, 
and, when last heard from, was living in Pawtucket, R. I. 

Educated by Mrs. Pauline Henry, Mrs. C. V. Spear and 
The Westminister Benevolent Ass'n, New York. 
Boner, Sultana. Born, Salem, N. C, Sept. 26, 1865. Taught 
school at Mount Sydney, Va., six months. Had about 75 pu- 
pils. Died, Dec. 16, 1883. 

Her sister, who gave the above information, says : '• I 
guessed at the number of children. I know she had a very 
large school and worked herself to death, trying to do her 
best." 

Educated by Rev. Phillips Brooks. 
Brown, Justine H. Born in Savannah, Ga., 1867. Entered the Mid- 
dle class at Hampton. As she was very young and very small, 
the rest of the class doubted her ability to keep up with them. 
It was soon found that little Justine could more than " hold 
her own." Has taught ever since graduatmg ; ten months in 
Powhatan Co., Va., and, since that time, in Springfield, Tenn. 
Her present school was formerly supported by the Woman's 
Home Missionary Society, Boston, but is now under the 
American Missionary Association. Has had over 300 child- 
ren under her care. Six have become teachers. Has been 
very actively engaged in temperance work. Writes thus : " I 
think we did some good work at Powhatan. I was very 
young and inexperienced then ; therefore wasn't as successful 
as I could have wished. Over a hundred children and about 

*Uid not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



174 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

twenty-five adults signed the pledge. I dont think that they • 
had ever heard of such a thing as a Sunday-school before the 
fall of '82, when Harriet Fisher and Rose Draper [her prede- 
cessors, also members of the class of '82] organized one. Peo- 
ple came from all parts of the county to visit it." " Springfield 
is the county seat of Robertson, the ' Whiskey County '." She 
writes, " In such a county you can easily irnagine what a hard 
fight we have. For the last six years, we Hamptonians have 
been working hard against intemperance, and, I am happy to 
say, we have been very successful." She reports "great im- 
provement in the appearance of the children, in their observ- 
ance of Sunday, etc." 

Educated by Mrs. Amos Reed and Young People's Be- 
nevolent Society, Brookline, Mass. 

Chew, Susie A. (Mrs. Cannon). Born in Maryland, 1862. Taught 
one term at Snow Hill,jSl. J., one at Milford and one at Frank- 
ford, Del. Is now teaching at Omar, Del. Has had about 
200 scholars. Is married. Reports many of the colored peo- 
ple as owning farms and doing well. 

Educated by S. S. of Cong. Church, North Brookfield, 
Mass. 

COLBURN, Georgiana. Born in Accomac Co., Va., 1863. "Since 
graduation, I have taught five years in Mathews and Accomac 
Co's., Va., and been run over with children in my school- 
room." Spent one winter, " resting " in Philadelphia — is now 
" back " at her " old work again." Attended for two years 
the Teachers' Summer Term at Delaware Conference Acade- 
my in Princess Anne, Md. Is engaged in Sunday-school 
work. Lives in Metompkin, Va. 

Educated by Ezra Farnsworth and First Cong. S. S.; 
Woburn, Mass. 

Coles, Nannie B. Born in Pittsylvania Co., Va., 1864. " I have 
been teaching ever since graduating m '82. First, three years' 
work in a graded school in Danville, Va. The next three 
years I taught in the country, at a place where they had never 
had a school. I began a Sunday-school which was largely at- 
tended. My chief 'object in life is to become a good teacher. 
I have no desire to do anything else. I love my work." Has 
taught about 200 children. Lives in Danville. 
Educated by Cong. S. S., Montclair, N. J., 
and Mrs. Henry Rose. 

Collins, Sarah A. Born in Baltimore, Md., 1863. Writes thus : "I 
have now taught very nearly six years. At first in Powhatan 
Co., Va.; was then appointed teacher at Springfield, Tenn. un- 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. • 175 

der the Woman's Home Missionary Association, of Boston 
My aim in life is to do zuell- whatever I find to do ; to grow- 
broader and deeper in intellect, through reading and study; 
to keep my heart in sympathy with my fellow creatures and 
alive to its duties to them, and to make my life a contradic- 
tion to the idea that the Negro is low and groveling in senti- 
ment and purpose. I mean to ' look up and lift up.' " 

Has taught about 250; ten are teachers. Is teacher of an 
industrial school established by Northern residents at St. Au- 
gustine, Fla. [ Lucy A. Morse, class of '75, is now — 1891 — 
matron in same school. Both doing excellent work. Ed.] 

Educated by All Souls' Church, New York. 
CuMMiNGS, May E. (Mrs. Taylor). Born in West Chester, Pa., 1859. 
Taught four terms in Cumberland and Buckingham Counties, 
Va.; not less than 100 scholars. Does not teach now. " Have 
a nice Sunday-school; mix temperance through it, but have no 
organized society." Has been married six years. Owns 200 
acres of land, with farm implements ; three horses, one cow 
and seven hogs. " The surroundings here (Cumberland Co) 
in general are poor and chances for advancement are almost 
no chances at all. The colored people are leaving here very 
fast indeed, and none are coming to take their places." 

Lives at Hawk P. O., Va. 

Educated by Mrs. Henry Perkins. 
Doles, Martha S. Born at Ivor Station, Va., 1865. Has taught 
for five years in Southampton Co., and is still engaged in the 
work. Number of pupils taught 130, four of whom are now 
teachers. Writes thus : " The work around here is indeed 
prospering. There are nine of Hampton's children teaching 
not far from me. I feel thankful that the temperance work is 
going onward and upward. We have now about a thousand 
members. You remember M. S. (another H. graduate). She 
is a zealous worker in the cause. We travelled through a great 
part of N. C. last summer to build up the work there. It seem- 
ed that in every place, tTie people were saying, ' come and help 
us.' " The colored in Southampton Co., " seem to behold the 
light of an other day. Old and young are putting aside intox- 
icating liquors. They are beginning, too, to realize the fact 
that the man who has the best chimney to his house is he 
who has no chimney in his mouth." Lives at Ivor Station. 

Educated by Joseph N. Bacon. 
Draper, Rose J. Born in Nashville, Tenn. Taught sixteen months 
in Powhatan Co., and four years in Middlesex Co., Va.; about 



176 TWENTY-TWO YEARS*. WORK 

200 scholars. Has been engaged in Sunday-school and temp- 
erance work, but is too much out of health at present to be so 
employed. Lives in Urbana, Va. 

Educated by Rev. Alex. S. Twombly and W. O. Grover. 

Fisher, Harriet A. V. (Mrs. Proctor). Born in Manchester, Va., 
1863. Taught first in Powhatan Co., Va. Writes; " 1 labor- 
ed here with good success and gaining many friends ; the 
winter through, in severe weather, walking five miles a day." 
For the next five years, taught in one of the public schools of 
Norfolk. Has had about 750 children under her instruction, 
"And now, summing up the whole of my six years's work, I have 
tried with head, heart, and hands, and help from various 
friends, to do all I could for the elevation of my people." 
Was married in 1889, and has not taught since. Lives in 
Norfolk. Educated by S. M. Felton. 

Harris, Georgiana. Born in Norfolk, Va. Taught in Norfolk in 
one of the public schools for three years ; 138 children the 
first year, one-half coming in the morning, the rest in the af- 
ternoon ; 140 children the next year, and 100 in '85. Writing 
of her work, she says : " My hands are full, but I love my 
children." 

Died of consumption, at her home in Norfolk, May 20th, 
1885. 

Educated by Mrs. Wm. Eustis and Ladies' Sanitary Com. 
Soc, through Miss Abby May. 
Harris, Sarah A. Born in Smithville, Va., i860. Has taught in 
Charlotte, Campbell, and Appomattox Go's., eight terms in all ; 
326 pupils. Has engaged in Sunday-school work. Reports 
people " improving." Lives in Ward's Fork Mills, Va. 

Educated by Mrs. Geo. R. Russell, Mrs. Minturn and 
Miss Wendle. 

Hooper, Emma F. Born in Wilmington, N. C, 1863. Has taught 
in Wilmington six years. Has had about 500 " very small pu- 
pils." Has engaged, " to a great extent, in Sunday-school 
work." Reports her people as "improving intellectually 
morally, socially and financially." Lives in Wilmington. 
Educated by Mrs. James R. and Miss A. R. Faulkner. 

*Hopper, Grace J. (Mrs. Creekmur). Deep Creek, Va. Has been 

teaching, but has not reported her work for some years past. 

Married Carey Creekmur, class of '80. Lives in Deep Creek. 

Educated by Mrs. Geo. C. Perkins, Mrs. Robt. G. Shaw. 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 177 

Jackson, Cornelia A. (Mrs. Moore). Born in Savannah, Ga., 1865. 
Taught three terms in the public school of Savannah ; about 
1 50 scholars, primary grade. Is married, has 2 children; "lit- 
tle darlings." Writes : " My present occupation is taking care 
of my home and children. My aim in life is to elevate my 
children and others. I don't own any property as yet, but 
hope to in the near future." Lives in Savannah. 

Educated by Young People's Benevolent Soc, Brookline, 
Mass. 

*JlMERSON, Anna S. (Mrs. ) Milestown, Md. Reported her 

work very faithfully up to the fall of '87. Had then been 
teaching regularly since her graduation. She is known to 
have been married since then, but has not written for several 
years past. Present name and residence unknown. 
Educated by Cong. S. S., Waterbury, Conn., 

Lowe, Louisa (Mrs. Bowe). Born in Southampton Co., Va., in 1862. 
Taught there six years, 650 scholars, 4 of whom have become 
teachers. Has been twice married ; first to Andrew J. Reynolds, 
an under-graduate of Hampton, and, after his death, to Rev. 
Mr. Bowe, a Methodist minister. Has two children. Owns 
real estate, valued at $500. Lives in Woodville, N. C. 

Educated by S. S. Franklin St. Church, East Somerville, 
Mass. 

Smith, Fanny, (Mrs. Washington), Born in Maiden, West Va., 1858. 
Taught one year at Tuskegee, Ala. Was married in 1882 
to Mr. Booker T. Washington, Principal of the Tuskegee 
Normal School, and died in 1884, leaving one child. Mr. W. 
thus writes of her. " Perhaps the way in which Fanny was 
able to impress her life upon others most was in her extreme 
neatness in her housekeeping and general work. Nothing 
was done loosely or carelessly. In this respect, she taught 
our students many valuable lessons. Her heart was set on 
making her home an object lesson for those about her, who 
were so much in need of such help." 
Educated by Mrs. Fred. R. Abbe. 

Shelton, Susan. Born in Boydton, Va. Taught four terms in 
Clarksville, Va. ' ' Large school ; regular attendance of sixty. 
I have come to be a great lover of children. " In '83, she 
writes : " School very, very large. People who have never 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



178 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

sent any children before are sending them this year. I must 
think I am doing some good. " Died of consumption, in 
April, '85. 

Educated by Miss M. A. Longstreth. 
Spratley, Rosa J. Warwick C. H., Va. Died at the School, a few 
weeks after graduating. 

Educated by Mrs. T. K. Gibbs. 
Sykes, Amanda. Born in North West, Va., Sept. 10, i860. Has 
taught steadily since graduating, at the following places: 
Great Bridge, Wallaceton, North West, in Virginia, and two 
summer schools in Currituck, N. C. Of the school in the lat- 
ter place she writes thus : " The Superintendent had always 
employed the most inexperienced teachers, until the summer 
of '84 when the patrons [parents] refused to be so treated. 
They got their pastor to secure a teacher. Their text book 
was the Elementary Speller, but after a few hints they con- 
cluded to get readers and other school books necessary. The 
pupils were the most studious I ever met. Two are now in 
Hampton." Has taught in all about 376 pupils, nine of whom 
have attended higher schools. Three are teachers. In '85, 
she " attended the Collegiate Institute at Petersburg." Writes : 
" I am now living a very busy life, my time being occupied with 
day and Sunday-school duties, attending church, and a regular 
course of study prescribed by the Board of the Virginia Colored 
Teachers' Association." Owns 67 acres of cheap land, partly 
swamp, and three head of cattle. Lives in Wallaceton. 

Educated by Benj. De Forest and Mrs. Mary L. Skinner. 
Thornton, Maria A. Born in Charlotte Co., Va., i860. Has 
taught eight months at Rice's Depot, and six terms in Farm- 
ville, Va. Of the latter school, where she is now teaching, she 
writes ; " My scholars are doing nicely, and I can see the re- 
sult of my six years' labor." Has had more than 300 children 
under her instruction. Has " a nice Sunday-school ; people 
seem to be quite interested in it." Owns a carriage, organ, 
sewing-machine, 75 acres of land and a few hundred dollars. 
Thinks the people " are slowly, but sur'ely improving." 

Educated by A. H. Barney and All Souls' Church Sun- 
day-school, New York city. 
V/allace, Ada J. (Mrs. Brown.) Born in Milledgeville, Ga., 1862. 
Taught at St. Simon's, Ga., one year ; at Tuskegee, Ala., 
three years : about 260 scholars, about fifteen of whom are 
teachers. Married Wm. C. Brown, Class of '83. They have 
two children, and are now living at Macon, Ga. Writes : " My 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 1 79 

aim is to do my duty wherever I can." "Condition of people 
is improving very fast ; good school-houses and good teach- 
ers." 

Educated by Mrs. Thomas Nevvlin. 

Washington, Georgia. Born in Norfolk, Va. Is industrial teach- 
er and assistant in the care of Indian girls in the Hampton 
Normal School. She writes : " My aim is to help, in any way 
I can, both Indian and Negro." Has taught in the Sunday- 
schools of Hampton ever since graduating, and helped in 
temperance work. Gives, as the amount of property she 
owns, " My two hands, head and heart"; capital which, when 
well used, as it is in Georgia's case, pays satisfactory dividends. 
Educated by Mrs. John E. Lodge, Miss Laura F. Stanley. 

Alkord, Thomas J. Shawneetown, Indian Ter. Writes thus of his work 
since graduating : "I have taught among the Pottowatomies 
nine months, and among my own people, the Shawnees, ever 
since '83, with the exception of three months spent in Chiloc- 
co school as Disciplinarian, and ten months I was obliged to 
spend in other work by reason of my unjust dismissal from the 
school last year. I am happy to say, though, that I was rein- 
stated last year and, at present, have a flourishing school of 
over sixty pupils — I have taught, as near as I can get at the 
fact, 230 pupils ; out of this number, two have become teach- 
ers, and about thirty either have been or are now in school in 
the States. United States law has done away with internper- 
ance in this country. We have a good Sunday-school, working 
in conjunction with the Friends' Mission here. My aim in 
life (if worthy the name of aim) is to improve the condition 
of my people in every way, by word and example." 

Alford was the first of his tribe to take up land in sever- 
alty and was of great assistance to Major Porter [U. S. Special 
Agent] in the matter of allotting lands. Since writing the 
above, he has resigned his position in the school, and is now 
with Special Agent Porter's Surveying Corps, acting as head 
of a crew, all of whom are Shawnees. 

Over three hundred allotments have been made to the 
Shawnees. Alford writes, •' They are as much ' land-hungry ' 
now as their white brethren across the line in Oklahoma." 

Educated by Miss Alice Longfellow and a " Friend." 
^Anderson, John C. Lynchburg, Va. Taught in '82-3 at Perrow- 
ville, Bedford Co., Va. Says : " This is only the second time 

•Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



l8o TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

that there has been a free school here since Emancipation.'*' 
Is married and lives in Burkeville, Va. 

Educated by Sunday-school of Cong. Church in Fitch- 
. burg, Mass. 

Ash, William H. Born in Loudoun Co., Va., 1859. Is now a 
member of the Virginia Legislature and aims " to be a suc- 
cessful lawyer." Has taught five years and a half. Has had 
200 scholars, eleven of whom have become teachers. Thinks 
the colored people are gradually improving. Lives in Burke- 
ville, Va. 

. Educated by Penn. Abolition Society and Mrs. Martha 
C. Reed. 

BrandOM, Geo. W. Born in Clarksville, Va., 1862. Has taught from 
five to seven months every year since his graduation, and has 
farmed during vacations. Has had about 550 pupils. Is now 
teaching in his native place. Writes thus : "When I left Hamp- 
ton, it was my intention to go to Oberlin to school. The ill 
health of my father and my sister's need of help in school pre- 
vented my going at the time I desired. Soon, so much of the 
burden of the family fell on me that I was obliged to abandon 
the highly cherished idea of again going to school." In regard 
to the condition of the people, he writes : " There is a stead- 
ily increasing number of colored farmers who own their land 
and stock and who can, with the assistance of Providence^ 
pluck up directly from the mother earth, their daily food un- 
tainted by the foul hand of the cheater, the oppressor of the 
poor and ignorant." Only three liquor shops are open in the 
county ; he says : " I don't think I have seen four drunken 
men during the last eight months. Excitement in religious 
services is diminishing slowly ; there is more of an inclination 
to be and act religious, as well as to confess to be with their 
lips." Has been engaged in Sunday-school work all the time 
and in temperance work most of the time since graduating. 
Married Clara Bowser, a Hampton graduate, of class of '85. 

Educated by Miss Ida Mason and Ladies' Union of 
Second Cong. Church, Waterbury, Conn. 

Brown, Andrew J. Born in Smithville, Va., 1862. Has been 
teaching in South Quay, Va., every year since graduating, and 
one term in N. C. Has had between four and live hundred pu- 
pils, of whom eleven are teachers and two are preachers. Writes 
from South Quay : " My experience here for years has been 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. ISI 

of hard and earnest work to improve the condition of my peo- 
ple. The masses of our people have tasted of knowl- 
edge and found that it is good ; the cry has gone forth that 
men shall not sit longer in ignorance, and the school-house 
has become an institution in this section. Since I have been 
here, nineteen boys and girls have acquired sufficient knowl- 
edge to go off to different high schools ; some to Hampton, 
to Washington, Raleigh, and to Petersburg Institute ; and 
every one has made a good record in school. Most of my 
scholars are Christians and are trying to lead correct lives. 
I organized a S. S. Union in this county a year ago, assisted 
by another teacher. The temperance cause is stronger among 
our people than ever before. My whole school are members 
of the Band of Hope." Says of the people : " They are very 
successful farmers and sell more than half the produce sold in 
the markets here. Colored churches are nicely built. Their 
mode of worship is a great deal more humiliating and intelli- 
gent than it used to be in bygone days." 

Educated by Sunday-school of First Cong. Church, 
Southington, Conn. 

Carter, Stewart C. Born in Nelson Co., Va., 1857. Has taught 
in Augusta Co., ever since graduating : one year in the city of 
Staunton. Has had about 300 pupils, two of whom are teach- 
ing. Is " very extensively " engaged in Sunday-school work. 
Says : " I am an instructor for the S. S. Institute connected 
with the S. S. Convention." Owns real estate valued at $2,000. 
His aim is to continue to teach. Lives in Basic City, Va. 

Educated by Sundaj^-school of First Evangelical Church, 
Clinton, Mass. 

Charity, James P. Born Surry Co., Va., Dec. 4, i860. Is now an 
employment agent in Philadelphia. Aims " To make an hon- 
est living and help towards educating and upbuilding the col- 
ored race." He has not taught since graduating, but has en- 
gaged in Sunday-school work. 

Educated by A. H. Barney. Mrs. H. S. Benson. Mrs. W. 
S. Pierson. 

=*Clarkson, Henry P. Came from Norwood, Va. In '82-3, was teach- 
ing in Metompkin, Va. Writes that, at the beginning of his 
term, his school house was threatened to be burned by some of 
the poor whites. He came in contact daily with the supposed 
leader, and, by dint of courteous treatment, seems to have 
*Dld not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



I02 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

converted him into a friend. Was the first to teach in that 
district. Had a very larger Sunday-school ot ojd and young. 
Educated by W. O. Grover. 

Davis, Benjamin J. Born at Scotland Neck, N. C, 1858. Taught 
four years at Hamilton, N. C. before becoming Principal of 
school at Scotland Neck, where he has been ever since. Num- 
ber of scholars taught, 800; eighteen of whom are teachers. 
Writes thus : " We have a very good building, but not so 
large as one would have it. I have used every effort in my 
power to get aid from the State, but have failed so far ; but, 
through the aid of my friends, we expect to have the State 
Normal School located here after the meeting of the next Leg- 
islature. We need a building for girls, to cost about $3,000 or 
$2,500. We have all the best people of the community with 
us in this grand work. * * * j have an enthusi- 
astic Sunday-school, of which I am the leader. In this com- 
munity, colored people are filling the same positions that the 
white man fills." He owns a house in town and a farm in the 
country ; is married and has two children. 

Educated by S. S. of Second Cong. Church, Waterbury, 
Conn., and P. L. Moen. 

Downing, John D. ( Cherokee tribe.) Born, Indian Territory. Farm- 
er. Has never taught — had a great deal of trouble with his 
eyes. Writes that he owns 175 head of cattle, 20 horses, 50 
hogs — also has wagons. Is married and has two children. 
Expects to continue at farming. Lives at Anadarko, Wichita 
Agency, Ind. Ter. 

Educated by Miss Susan Longstreth. 

Duncan, Oliver S. Born in Donaldsonville, La., 1861. 

• Taught the Donaldson High School for two years ; had 400 
scholars, ten of whom are now teachers. Writes that he is 
now " attending to " (his) " own business," which praiseworthy 
occupation he seems to find profitable, as he adds " I am 
worth, in stock and building and cattle, $5,000." Is married 
and has one child. Lives in Donaldsonville. 

Educated by John W. Field and Miss Mary Bronson. 

Edwards, Edward F. Darlington, S. C. Taught in Manning and 
Summerton, S. C, after graduating. In '83, he writes that he 
has a large school, 85 pupils, and that he finds it " impossible to 
keep to the hours from nine to three," he comes " much near- 
er to the farmer's rule, ' from sun to sun.' " He adds that 
" the neighborhood is almost entirely possessed by colored 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 183 

people. The church and school are the largest in the coun- 
ty, but the school year, at its longest, will be but about three 
•months. The people are not able to support independent 
schools, and the children are bound to grow up in ignorance." 
He died in Oct. 1886. 

Educated by Mrs. C. P, Hemenway. 
Harris, Pierce B. Came from Prosperity, S. C. Taught three 
years after graduating : in Greenville, Tenn.; then in Wythe- 
ville, Va., for a while, returning to Greenville, where he died 
in the fall of '87. He threw himself into his work with great 
earnestness, and did not confine his labors to the school-room. 
He was greatly interested in starting a reading-room and li- 
brary for the young people— and frequently, in his letters, re- 
fers to the great good that had been done through a gift of 
books from some Northern friends. He says : " There is a 
great rush for them on Friday afternoons when I give them 
out." At one time, in consequence of his decided and outspok- 
en views on the temperance question, his school was taken from 
him. In reference to it, he writes: "These people got me from 
the school-room because I believed in pure morality, pure temp- 
erance. The man now teaching believes in Ingersolism and is 
silent on the temperance question." Farther on he says : "Why 
I am anxious for a Reading Room is two-fold. I want to save 
my own boys of the place. This is a large tobacco market ; 
everj-thing is on a go. Factories and warehouses are here ; 
others are being built. A large class of new citizens are com- 
ing in, some, very bad. These bad, mingling with my own, 
make our bad worse. I want to change the habit of these 
factory hands ; I want a place where they can go to spend their 
evenings profitably to themselves and others." 

A lady in New York loaned him the money necessary to 
put up the building, and, since his death, the books have been 
sent to another graduate for use in his school. 

Educated by Frederick Jones and W. H. H. Moore. 
Harrison, Richard H. Born in Petersburg, Va., 1863. Spent two 
years at Wayland Seminary after graduating at Hampton. 
Studied theology. Taught several terms in Gloucester Co. Is 
now teaching and preaching, at Port Haywood, Va. Aims 
"to be somebody, with God's help." 
Educated by Charles L. Sharpless. 
*H0LLEY, William A. Was at Hampton but one year. Since grad- 
uating has taught in Salem, Va. ; also in Pocahontas ; three 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



184 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

years in the latter place. Is now in the Medical Department 
of Howard University. He has also some connection, as 
agent and associate editor, with a newspaper published at Po- 
cahontas. 

Educated by H. Blanchard Dominick. 

House, David L. Born in Dallas Co., Ala., 1845. 

He was born a slave, and was considerably over thirty 
years of age when he came to Hampton. He won the respect 
of his teachers by his persistent efforts to get an education, 
and by his loyalty to duty. Returning to Alabama, his native 
state, he has taught there since his graduation. Has had about 
800 children under his care, ten of whom have become teachers. 
Has been engaged in Sunday-school work all the while. 
Married and had one child, but both wife and child are dead. 
Lives in Camden, Ala. 

Educated by Mrs. John Aitken. 

Jenkins, William. Born in Pickens, S. C, i860. Spent three years 
at Fisk University. Taught nine months at Jordan, S. C, 
twenty-seven months in the Normal School, Tuskegee, Ala.; 
six months in western Tenn., and two in Little River Co., Ark- 
ansas. Is now a clerk in the Surgeon General's office, Wash- 
ington, D. C, having passed a Civil Service examination en- 
titling him to a $1,000 appointment. 
Educated by A. L. Coolidge. 

Jones, Benj. F. Born in Sussex Co., 1859. Taught for three years 
. at the "Butler" (now Whittier) school (Hampton), two and a 
quarter years in Salem, N. J., and six months in 1881. Has 
taught about 600 children. Has just graduated from the Med- 
ical Department of Howard University, Washington. Is now 
practising in the Freedmen's Hospital, Washington. 
Educated by Mr. John Simpkins. 
*Lee, Charles H. Born in Scotland, Va. Taught for a little while 
after graduating — and worked for some time at bricklaying. 
Is now employed in some hotel in New York city. 
Educated by Judge Oliver Prescott. 
Menton, Paul D. Norfolk, Va. Died, while teaching, soon after 
graduating. 
Educated by H. L. Kendall. 

Newby, Lafayette C. Born in Surry Co., Va., Feb., 1858. Writes, 
" I am preaching and teaching. I think these are my duty.'' 
Has taught nine terms; about 350 pupils. Says: "Two 
*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 185 

years ago, I was prompted that my duty would be more wide- 
ly extended and that it behooved me to prepare my mind for 
the ministry. I felt as though I was too old to seek to attend any 
school of theolog)^so, to this end, I took up the study private- 
ly and did as best I could in the work. I am now preaching 
to two very nice congregations ; also teaching. Although my 
standing in the several classes at Hampton was not of any su- 
perior nature, it has always made me think that in study I had 
everything to gain and nothing to be lost. * * I am con- 
tinuing to seek that culture which I heard so much of when 
I was on the Normal School's ground." 

Educated by Charles S. Kendall and Mrs. Geo. C. Perk- 
ins. 

OSHKENENV, MiCHAEL. (Menominee Tribe). Born in Keshena, Wis- 
consin. Taught for two years at the Government school in 
Keshena: about 150 children. Is now lumbering and says: 
" I intend to go into the mercantile business soon." Owns 
160 acres : 80 acres of pine land. Is married. 

Educated by Miss Anna Hooper and Cong. S. S., New 
Milford, Conn. 

Peters, Frank A. Born in South Carolina, i860 or 61. Has taught 
ever since graduating. Five years of the time in Aiken, S. C. 
Has had about 1,000 or 1,100 pupils, about thirty of whom 
are now teachers. Peters has been very actively engaged in 
both Sunday-school and temperance work, and has organized 
a large number of Sunday-schools, several of which have be- 
come churches ; has also organized several temperance socie- 
ties. He writes " I have recently visited fifty-one churches in 
this part of the State (S. C.) and find, without a single excep- 
tion, their great need to be efftcient workers in the pulpit, day 
and Sabbath-schools. Many of the schools which I have or- 
ganized have not done well and have been hindered by poor 
teachers. About 1,000 children who used to spend the 
whole of each Sabbath in fishing and hunting, etc., have been 
organized into flourishing Sunday-schools, several of which 
have become prosperous churches; and hundreds of these souls 
have confessed to know Christ as their Saviour this year. 
There is not a single week that passes without my having two 
or three calls for assistance from one place or another." Aik- 
en is Mr. Peters' home, though Graniteville, S. C, is where he 
has been teaching. 

Educated by Justus C. Strawbridge and Geo. H. Corliss. 



l86 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

*PlDGEON, Marmaduke, Princeton, N. J. Taught for a while in 
Steelton, Pa.; also at Gloucester C. H., Va. Writes from lat- 
ter place, in 1883 : ': The people have got me into Sunday- 
school work, and, (though not a Christian yet) as I am pretty 
well read in scripture, they make me explain." 

No definite information concerning him since that time. 

Educated by J. Ingersoll Bowditch. 

*Redden, Charles A. Davidsonville, Md. Has not been heard 
from since graduating. 

Educated by Charles L. Sharpless. 

Rivers, Joseph, D. D. Born in Lovettsville, Va. Has not taught. 
In '83, was steward in a hotel in Philadelphia, " getting along 
splendidly." In '85, went out to Denver, Col., " to better " 
his " condition," and was " cordially received by both white 
and colored." Has been dealing in real estate for the last 
two years, and is studying law in Judge Dixon's office, Denver, 
Col. 

Educated by Alpheus Hardy. 

Smith, Charles. Lovettsville, Va. Died in 1882, shortly after grad- 
uating. Was engaged in teaching at the time. 
Educated by John M. Forbes. 

Thompson, Allen M. Greenville, S. C. Very little is known of him 
since graduating. He was at a hotel in Jacksonville as waiter 
the year before the yellow fever epidemic, and it is believed 
that he died during that summer. 
Educated by J. W. Davis. 

Thornton, Beverly F. Born in Ware Neck, Gloucester Co., Va. 
Taught six sessions, in Lunenburg and Gloucester Co's. Is 
now a soldier in the loth Cavalry U. S. A., and has been in 
active service against the Indians in Arizona. That his heart 
is not in such work would appear from the following passage 
from a recent letter : " I think, as many more soldiers, young 
and old do, that the Hampton School has done and is doing 
more for the cause of the Indian than the rifle or carbine. 
There are soldiers who have been soldiering for fifteen or 
twenty years, who state that the Hampton School has done 
more for the Indians than anything else could have done ex- 
cept a school." He tells of a talk he had with an old Indian, 
who gave as one reason for having been a fighter, that he 
thought the Indians were greater in number until he was told 
*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 1 87 

better by an Indian who came from Hampton. " I had no 
idea of the great number of people in the United States," 
added the old man. 

Thornton says that, although he is " away out on the west- 
ern frontier, where civilization is practised but a little," he 
has " not forgotten " his " old teachers and their instructions." 
" Of course we have a great deal of scouting to do, but as I 
am rough and hard, I just suit for the business. I do not 
know whether I am doing so much for my people or not, but 
I am going to stand by my country, no matter how great the 
danger." 
Educated by Miss M. A. Wales. 

TOWNES, Edward A. Born in Clarksville, Va., 1861. Is teaching. 
Aims " to become proficient in the work." To this end, he 
took private lessons in several branches, for more than a year 
after graduating. Has taught three years (summer terms) in 
North Carolina ; since '84 in Albemarle Co., Va. and has had 
about 200 scholars. Has been engaged in Sunday-school and 
temperance work. Reports that he is " not yet " married. 
Thinks that a good many of the colored people are "on the 
progressive scale." Lives in Glendower, Va. 
Educated by S. B. Capen. 

Wa.shington, James B. Born in Maiden, West Va., 1862. Has 
taught six terms; about 180 children. Writes: "I think 
Hampton has no superior in the land. Its facilities are so 
that every poor boy that chooses right instead of wrong can 
be assisted, and can make or train himself to be a shining 
light before the illiterate of the nations." Owns about seven 
acres of land, suitable for garden purposes. Is married and 
has one child. Lives at Beckwith, West Va. 
Educated by Mrs. J. A. Dickerman. 

*Wharton, Peter E. Drummondtown, Va. Taught several years 
in Clarksville, Va. In '84, reported that he had been teach- 
ing for three terms. During the summer, he had cultivated 
corn and tobacco, and was " proud of (his) crop." Was teach- 
ing in '86, with 65 pupils. No report since then. 

Educated by Miss Alice Longfellow and Wm. Endicott. 

White, Braxton A. Windsor Station, Va. Reported in '88, that 
he had taught nine terms since graduating, but was not then 
teaching, had applied for two schools but failed to get either. 

Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



I OS TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

Would like to study more, if he could find some place where 
he could both work and study. Report of his death has lately 
reached us. He was a very earnest, faithful man, 
Educated by Mrs. G. H. Shaw, 

Wilson, Allen. Abbeyville, S. C. Taught near Manning, S. C. 
the first year after graduating. In a letter written at the close 
of that year, he reports 40 scholars and says that he has or- 
ganized a reading club. He also reports the triumph of the 
temperance cause in that section, and says : " Rum can now 
be had only for medical puposes and I hope the doctors will 
not prescribe it so freely as heretofore. He died of consump- 
tion in 1884. A good scholar and a faithful, conscientious 
young man. 

Educated by Cong. S. S., Brookfield, Mass. 



MEMBERS OF THE SENIOR CLASS WHO DID NOT GRADUATE. 

Robinson, Matilda W. Born in Norfolk, Va., 1863. A member of 
the Senior Class, but obliged to leave before the close of 
the term on account of ill health. Has not taught but has 
been engaged in Sunday-school and temperance work. Has 
a comfortable, pleasant home at Mill Creek, Va. Writes^ 
" Though I don't teach school, I find there is lots of work I 
can do." Has been employed for several years in the laundry 
of the Hygeia Hotel. 

Educated by Mrs. W. H. Metcalf. 

*Beamer, Manley M. Newport, Va. Was in the Senior Class, but 
left school before the close of the term. Has not reported 
but was heard of recently as teaching at New Castle, Del. 

Educated by J. N. Denison. 

[Lieut. Geo. LeRoy Brown, U. S. A., formerly Command- 
ant at Hampton Institute, and now detailed on similar duty 
at Delaware College, Newark, Del., says in a letter to General 
Armstrong, (Jan. '91.). 

" I meet Manley M. Beamer occasionally. He is doing a 
good work among his people ; lives an honest, useful life, 
creditable to himself and his Hampton training." Ed.] 



MIDDLE CLASS OF '82. 

Tabb, Nannie L. Born in Elizabeth City Co., Va., 1861. Has 
taught private school in the town of Hampton, four years. 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 1 89 

Has had sixty scholars. Owns about $500 worth of real estate. 
" Aims " to fit herself for a teacher. Lives in Hampton, Va. * 
Educated by Mrs. Quincey A. Shaw. 

Hawkins, John Russell. Born in Warrenton, N. C. 1862. En- 
tered Hampton as a work-student in Oct. 1881, without mon- 
ey enough to buy books. Went in to the Night class and was 
given work in the office. " Nov. ist, 1881, my teacher recom- 
mended that I be allowed to go in the day school. After be- 
ing examined was put in the 'A' Section, Middle Class of '82. 
By working extra hours and two days in the week, I kept up 
with my school bills and had a balance in the treasury at the 
close of the term. During the summer of '82 I went home, 
did not return to Hampton, but was elected Principal of the 
public school in Warrenton. I held this position till 1884 
when I resigned to accept a position as Railway Postal clerk. 
In 1886, I went to Kittrell to help build up the work with 
which I am now connected as Business Manager and Treas- 
urer." (Since writing the above, Mr. Hawkins has been made 
Principal of the Kittrell School.) 

Educated by Pennsylvania Abolition Society. 

Gary, Priscilla. Born in Wilmington, N. C, 1861. Has taught 
six or seven terms in North Carolina ; about 185 scholars: 
writes : " I have helped to improve my home. I found my 
home much neglected, I think for my benefit ; and I set my- 
self to return thanks as best I could. I have assisted in repair- 
ing and finishing the house, sent my sister to music-school 
two terms and given her an instrument. Now I am trying to 
build a small house on the lot, to rent. I am not able to do as 
much as some, yet I am trying to thank my parents and 
friends, the best way I can, for what they have done — if it is 
only by making home bright. I have assisted in Sunday- 
school work until, last term, I thought it best to give it up 
My only work for the temperance cause since I left school, has 
been to refuse wine and other such things that have been of- 
fered me : in one or two cases, I was laughed at for it and 
called a fool." 

Lives in Wilmington, N. C. 

Educated by Eliot Church Sunday-school, Newton, Mass. 

Lemon, James C. Born in Gloucester Co., Va., 1852. " I have taught 
six terms : about 218 scholars, I have sent three to Hampton. 
I have a good Sunday-school. I organized this school in Feb. 
'84, with not so much as a Bible or hymn book or paper of 



igo TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

any kind. I am glad to say that I have put a Bible in every 
family, (42); 125 books in library, 75 hymn books in the com- 
munity ; lesson papers, $40. worth. I have on roll 92 ; average 
about 50 every Sunday. My Sunday-school has done good 
work. White and black will tell you the same. I am glad 
to say that Miss M. C. of New York, has been a great friend 
of mine." Owns $500, land, house, cattle, cart and a boat. Is 
married. 

Lives in Sassafras, Va. 

Educated by Fourth Cong. S. S. Hartford, Conn. 



CLASS OF 1883 

Anderson, Sarah Hannah. Born at Clear Spring, Md., 1865. 

She taught at Great Bridge, Va., one year ; Tunkstown 
and Hagerstown, Md., one year each. She taught about one 
hundred and ninety-four pupils. 

Is at present, " taking care of two small children," and is 
" trying" to do her duty. Says, " It is my aim in life to do 
something for my race, and for Hampton. With regard to 
my race ; around my own home, they are considerably cul- 
tivated. They own their own homes, and work to keep up 
their schools and churches ; but where I now live they are far 
behind. You meet very few who can read and write, while 
the children are running through the streets learning things to 
drag them down rather than build them up." 

Lives at Clear Spring, Md. 

Educated by Miss Anne Walen. 
BiLLUPS, Mary L. (Mrs. Ruff). Born at Mathews C. H., Va., 1863. 

" I left Hampton to go and join the many who had al- 
ready engaged in fighting ignorance, superstition and preju- 
dice, among my people. I began my first year's work in 
Gloucester Co., with seventeen children; and, at the close, 
my school numbered sixty-three. The children came regular- 
ly, and were anxious to learn. The parents were kind and 
obliging, and anxious for the progress of their children, I 
strove very hard to make my teaching a success ; but, on ac- 
count of failing health, I was obliged to return home at the 
close of my first term. Since that year, I have continued to 
teach in Mathews, with the exception of the year I was mar- 
ried, '85. The methods and principles taught in my school 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 19! 

have be'fen greatly approved by the people and superintend- 
ent. I have taught two hundred and twenty-one ; five are 
teachers and four have gone to Hampton, and " Petersburg 
Normal Institute." Through the benevolence of Mrs. Henry 
Rose, my pupils are enjoying the benefit of a full set of wall 
maps, which I find almost indispensable. I have been engaged 
in Sunday school work nearly ever since I left Hampton. I am 
married and have two boys. We own ten acres of land, a 
house of two stories, i6 x 24, horse, cows, etc. The majority 
of my people, in these two counties, are in quite a good con- 
dition ; the greater part owning little homes, horses, etc. One 
great trouble is that they are just as eager to spend their 
money for trifles, after working hard to make it, as if they 
amounted to something. The condition of the people has 
been bettered since the passage of the local option law. 
Mathews, with all its precincts, is ' dry.' " 

" May the beloved men and women of the North who 
have manifested such a deep interest in this dark and be- 
nighted race, and who have been our nearest and only neigh- 
bors, (except Christ) may their lives be prolonged on earth 
with every comfort and blessing, and, when earth will no lon- 
ger afford them a home, may they be received in heaven, and 
be proclaimed by Christ as his jewels and there receive their 
sure reward." Lives at Mathews C. H., Va. 

Educated by Miss Ellen Emerson and Mrs. Henry Rose. 
DiCKERSON, Anna J. Born in Lexington Co., S. C, 1862. 

" I have taught in the Schofield Normal and Industrial 
School, at Aiken, S. C, ever since I graduated. There have 
been twelve hundred and fifty pupils ; ten have gone out as 
teachers, two have graduated. I am teacher and secretary of 
the Immanuel Presbyterian Sunday school, and president of 
the Ladies' Missionary Society. I have personal property and 
real estate worth $500. The progress of the colored people 
is remarkable in this community, mentally, financially and 
morally." 

'Educated by S. P. Robbins and C. S. Rickwood. 
DiGGS, Anna. Born at Mill Creek, Va. Died 1883. 

Educated by Rev. A. S. Twombly and R. H. Parker. 
Herbert, Martha A. C. Born near Fort Monroe, Va., 1866. 

" I have taught every term since graduating ; first at "The 
Butler ;" and four terms a private school at Scotland, Va. I 
have taught two hundred and twenty-five children, fifteen of 
whom are teachers. I am engaged in both Sunday school and 



192 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

temperance work. I have caused many to sign the pledge, 
and am secretary of a temperance society. My present occu- 
pations are those of school teacher and seamstress, and I 
aim to do all the good I can for the advancement of my race 
to a higher standing. The colored people are improving great- 
ly ; quite a large number of houses have been built this year, 
of which colored people are owners," Lives in Phoebus, Va. 

Educated by Mrs. H. M. Spaulding. 
Merchant, Mary C. (Mrs. Barnett.) Born in Lynchburg, Va., 1863. 

" I taught at Flat Creek the first three years after gradu- 
ating ; afterwards at Montreal, Nelson Co., Va. I always had 
a good attendance for the country ; from fifty to sixty a day. 
None have become teachers. I used to walk five miles a day. 
Some of my pupils were larger than I, and some of them 
were very poor. I am engaged in Sunday school and tem- 
perance work. Am married and own a small lot and house ; 
and I have one little girl. I am teaching. My aim is to serve 
God and try and help, by his aid, to upbuild my race. Some of 
the people are in a prosperous condition, while others are 
right far behind the times, yet." Lives in Lynchburg, Va. 

Educated by Mrs. C. A. Bartol. 
Page, Martha E. Born in Hampton, Va., 1865. 

" I have been teaching five years ; at White Marsh, Glou- 
cester C. H., and one year at Hemenway farm (belonging to 
Hampton Institute.) I have taught about two hundred and 
thirty-two scholars ; one is teaching. I have always taken 
special interest in Sunday school work. My aim is to work 
for the elevation of my race. The colored people are pro- 
gressing, they are acumulating property and educating their 
children." Lives in Hampton, Va. 

Educated by Mrs. G. H. Shaw. 
Rice, Janie. (Mrs. Wm.McKinney.) Born in Maiden, WestVa. 1861. 

" Since leaving my Alma Mater, I have labored earnest- 
ly to ' make the most of everything.' I have enjoyed the 
work, and feel proud to be an instrument in leading my op- 
pressed and ignorant people from darkness into light. I have 
been loved and respected in all the places I have taught ; 
Cammelton, Campbell's Creek and Winifreda; all in Kanawha 
Co., West Va. At one time I walked three miles each way to 
and from my school. I have taught seventy-five : none teach- 
ers, but several are preparing to be. I am married and have 
a boy two years old. I have an interest in a house and lot- 
I am now teaching an eight months term at $42. per month. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 1 93 

My husband teaches in the same district. The outlook is 
hopeful in this part of the country. One of the best dress- 
makers in the city is a colored woman, patronized by all, and 
acknowledged to be ' first-class.' Henry Payne ( a Hamp- 
ton graduate of '71 ) is a first-class carpenter; there is also a 
colored architect here. Intemperance is very prevalent how- 
ever. A branch of the W. C. T. U. has been organized, of 
which I am president. My aim is to do all the good I can, in 
all the ways I can, and at all times I can." 

Lives in Winifreda, West Va. 

Educated by Wm. O. Grover. 

*Spears, Jennie. Born in Memphis, Tenn., 1864. She began to 
teach in Ozeana, Va.; had seventy seven on roll. The chil- 
dren were all used to " whipping," when she began ; if a 
child could not spell a word he would look at her and then 
begin to cry, or tremble, as if he thought she " were going to 
kill him." She got them out of all those ways. She organ- 
ized a little temperance society, and *most of the children 
signed the pledge. Since '85, she has been teaching in the 
public school in Washington, D. C. 
Educated by W. S. Houghton. 

Turk, Mary. Born in Abingdon, Va., 1866. 

" When I was a little over fifteen years old, I went to 
Hampton, entered the Middle class, and, after two years of 
hard study, I graduated. Since that time, I have been teach- 
ing at my home. I have certainly tried to do my duty to- 
ward my people, and they seem to appreciate my efforts to 
help them. I have taught about one hundred and fifty chil- 
dren, I have the primary grade ; none are teachers. There 
is a great desire for education among the people of this sec- 
tion ; anything that they believe will raise them to a higher 
standard, interests them, and they aim for that which they 
believe to be right. Of course there are exceptions to this 
statement, A great number own their homes ; some of 
them very good homes. I have myself nearly paid for a 
home, but I will not call it mine till it is paid for. It gives 
me pleasure to know that I have made my mother comfort- 
able in her old age." Lives in Abingdon, Va. 
Educated by Nathan Butler. 

* Williams, Adeline M. Born in Norfolk, Va., 1864. Her first 
school was at Newsome Depot ; one that had been taught by 

*Did not reply to last circular letter of inquiry. 



194 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

H. F. Sparks of 't]. She "had good attendance and well 
governed children." Old and young attended her Sunday 
school. Since '84, she has been teaching in the public school 
in Norfolk. 

Educated by Mrs. J. A. Dickerman. 

Blair, George E. Born near Appomattox, Va., 1855. 

" I have been teaching every year since graduating ; at 
Locustville, Va.; the same school. The school terms are six 
or seven months. My enrolment is never less than seventy. 
I have taught one hundred and fifty-eight ; three are teachers. 
I am engaged in Sunday school work, but hope to do more 
yet. I own a small lot of land, and am working hard to get 
more. I am teaching and farming. The colored people are 
getting along very well." 

Educated by Sunday School of North Congregational 
church, Bridgeport, Ct., and Samuel Carr. 

BOVKIN, Arthur. Born at Swan's Point, Surry Co., Va., 1858. 

Entered Richmond Institute and studied theology to 
prepare himself for work in Liberia. He was engaged in 
mission work in Richmond; went to the almshouse every 
week, and had Sunday school in the court house. Had 
trouble with his eyes, and was obliged t® stop studying. He 
returned to this School in '84, and was Drill-master and as- 
sistant Commandant, till the fall of '89. He is engaged now 
in Sunday school work in the First colored Baptist church in 
Hampton. Owns a house and lands, boats, oyster beds, hors- 
es, etc. Says, " The people are improving, and have done 
very well since the war." Is married and lives in Hampton, 
Educated by Mrs. Walter Baker and " David Livingstone 
Scholarship." 

Brown, William C. Born in Bedford Co., Va. 1857. 

" I graduated from Hampton, May '83 ; during the re- 
maining summer months of that year, I remained at the 
School and worked at carpentry under Mr. J. H. McDowell. 
In September I went to Knoxville, Tenn., to teach carpentry 
in the Austin Training School, where I taught a year and a 
half. Since leaving Knoxville, I have been in the Tuskegee 
Normal School, Ala. During this time I have taught about 
five hundred students. If any are teaching I don't know, but 
some are earning their living by it. I am married [ to Ada 
Wallace, class of '82 ] and have one child, a fine one too. The 
years that I have been out have been full, and free from idle- 
ness, which fullness is due to the influences of Hampton. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. I95 

The condition of the colored people in Alabama and adjoin- 
ing states is poor, but they are slowly and surely improving." 

Since writing the above, he has moved to Macon, Ga., 
where he is working at his carpenter's trade. 

Educated by Eliot Church, Newton, Mass., H. E. Cobb, 
arid Hon. Wm. E. Dodge. 

Chandler, Solomon. Born m North Carolina, 1863. 

" I taught two terms in Gloucester Co., Va.; had a small 
school, but found plenty to do. I had a large Sunday-school 
of both old and young. The teachers of the county met 
every month to discuss matters. 

I am now book keeping." Lives in Hampton, Va. 

Educated by C. J. Starr. 

CuzzENS, George L. Born in Charleston, West Va., 1861. 

" I have attended Howard University one year, and stud- 
ied arithmetic, algebra, Latin, Greek and Roman history, 
grammar, rhetoric and music. I have taught during four 
winters ; one in Fayette Co., and three in Augusta Co., Va. 
Have taught about two hundred. I always engage in Sunday 
school work, wherever I teach. I am married [ to Lorena 
Johnson, class of '85] and have one child. I expect to teach 
for awhile, and then go into business. I expect to invest in 
real estate very soon. Where I have been, the average con- 
dition of the people is good, and they are improving." Lives 
in Anacostia, D. C. 

Educated by Robert Treat Paine. 

Derrett, Oliver J. Born near Madison C. H., Va., 1858. 

" I have not attended any school- or college since leaving 
Hampton, but I have studied Latin, Greek, algebra and other 
branches under private teachers. I have made teaching my 
business ever since leaving school. One year at Lacy Springs, 
Va.; the remainder of the time I have been teaching the pub- 
lic school at Staunton, Va. Eight of my two hundred and 
twenty-one pupils have become teachers. I have had under 
my control about eight hundred and forty-five scholars. I 
have always engaged in Sunday school work, and, for the last 
three years, I have been superintendent of the Augusta St., 
M. E. church Sunday-school here. I own a house and lot, 
valued at S900. The people are doing as well as could be ex- 
pected, under their many disadvantages, but on the whole 
they are on the line of progress." Lives in Staunton, Va. 
Educated by B. H. Bartol. 



196 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

Dobbins, Greene A. Born at Lunenburg C. H., Va., 1863. He 
taught at Liberty, Va. Died 1885. 
Educated by A. H. Rice. 

Ferguson, Henry C. Born in Franl^lin Co., Va. 1859. 

" I taught about five years at the Tuskegee Normal 
School, Ala. I had charge of the farm, brick yard and car- 
penter shop. I thought I should have little trouble in teach- 
ing farming, as most of the young men had been on farms, 
but I found they knew very little. I have been teaching Sun- 
day-school for fifteen years. I own land in Alabama valued 
at $1,500. I am now teaching Agriculture, etc., at the State 
Normal School at Hempstead, Texas, where there are about 
one hundred students. They all expect to teach. I think 
that, on the whole, the people are improving ; the improve- 
ment is of a solid kind." 

Educated by Benjamin Coates. 

Jackson, Charles H. 
Died Sept, 1883. 

Educated by Mrs. M. L. Putnam. 

Jackson, Samuel F. Born at Waterboro, S. C, 1861. 

" I have taught the same school since '83, in Nottaway 
Co., Va. I have taught about three hundred and fifty ; none 
as yet are teachers. I am engaged in both Sunday-school and 
temperance work. The Sunday-school is one of the best in 
the county. I have not been so successful in temperance. I 
am now teaching and practising law, and g.im to be a profi- 
cient lawyer. The condition of the people is moderate, but 
they are steadily improving." 

Read law and we hear was recently admitted to the bar. 

Educated by A. Mclntyre. 

Laws, Wm. D. Born in Baltimore, Md., 1856. 

" There is nothing particularly interesting or wonderful 
connected with my work since leaving Hampton. I com- 
menced teaching in October, and have taught every year 
since ; two schools of five months each, in Northumberland 
Co., Va. (I taught four sessions before becoming a student 
at Hampton.) I have taught between six and seven hundred 
children. Four have become teachers, and others are prepar- 
ing. My schools are generally very large, numbering over 
one hundred pupils. The county superintendent examined 
the children on one of his visits to the school, and said I had 



. OF- HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 197 

a right to be encouraged, as the children compared favorably 
with any of the children in the schools under his jurisdiction. 
I am married [to Millie Griggs, a Hampton student] and have 
three children. Am teaching and farming. I have not fully 
paid for my farm yet. Am studying medicine with a view of 
becoming a doctor, and hope to enter some medical college; 
The condition of the people is better than it was five years 
ago. There is a marked improvement all the time." Lives 
at Heathsville, Northumberland Co., Va. 
Educated by Alpheus Hardy. 

MURIE, James R. Born at the Pawnee Agency, Indian Terr., 1862. 

When he first came to Hampton he worked on the farm ; 
afterwards was in the Printing office. He says : " I went 
home in the spring of '8^, and soon found work in the trad- 
er's store, clerking. When the Agency Boarding school 
opened, I was appointed teacher at $25 per month. I left a 
good job at the store, as I was getting $45. per month, but I 
wanted to show General Armstrong that I was putting my ed- 
ucation into good use by teaching my people. The children 
I had, were from six to seven years old, and right out of the 
camps. In the fall of '84, I resigned as teacher and took 
twenty-one of the largest children to Haskell Institute, Kan. 
I acted as drill master and disciplinarian at Haskell with a 
salary of $15. per month. In June I went to my home after 
some children. I secured three young girls ; one was about 
to be married to an old man, but I got her with the aid of the 
agent. This young girl is now a grown young lady, and still 
going to school at Haskell, and will return some day, as a 
help to her people. I have a farm on the Arkansas River 
bottom, with twelve acres in cultivation. I also have my logs 
laid up for a house, and, as soon as the portable saw mill is 
running, I will have boards sawed for sheathing and rafters. 
I have fourteen bundles of shingles, and, as soon as my house 
is completed, I shall move out there to live. I am not in the 
government service, and therefore do not get any salary, but I 
take care of my citizen's clothing. I intend to always wear the 
white man's clothing, and to keep my hair short. I am mar- 
ried and we have one little boy, who is now six months old. 
We call him Fred Wallace Murie. We have three head of 
ponies, forty head of cattle, and three hogs. I am helping 
my people in every way I can, whether it is an Indian man 
with his machine, or an Indian woman with her sewing ma- 



190 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

chine, or telling my people the stories of Christ, for I want 
them to put their superstitious ideas aside, and believe in the 
white man's Great Spirit. I am working for the Indian peo- 
ple, and for the ' Father above the skies.' '' 

Educated by Mrs. E.W.Kinsley and Mrs. Annie S. Hooper. 

*Paynter, Charles H. From Kempsville, Va. 

He has been teaching at Kempsville. Opened school 
with fourteen, and soon had fifty-three on roll. He began 
Sunday school work after his return home, and started a tem- 
perance society, " but without much success." Said he was 
going to do all he could " to pull down the kingdom of those 
two great monsters, rum and tobacco." 

Lives in Norfolk, Va. 

Educated by John De Forest. 

Pendleton. Thomas B. Born at Miller's Tavern, Va., 1862. 

" I have not yet pursued any further course of study. I 
have, during four years of teaching, had two hundred pupils.- 
My first school was at Miller's. It was the same school I at- 
attended in '78, and some of my pupils were my schoolmates 
then. My other school was at Pungoteague. None of my 
scholars have become teachers yet. I am connected with a large 
Sunday-school. My property is in cash ; no real estate. My 
present occupation is teaching among my people, whom I 
find ver}^ progressive. I am thinking of studying medicine." 

Lives at Miller's P. O., Va. 

Educated by Charles C, Goodwin and Amos P. Tapley. 

Small, Edward. Born in Savannah, Ga., 1857. 

" Since graduating, I have attended no other school or 
college, but have taught in Gloucester Co., Va , three years, 
and one year in Baltimore Co , Md. I opened school m Glou- 
cester with twenty-five, and before the end of three months, 
there were seventy-five. It was hard work to keep so many 
busy and in good order. The next year, I was granted an as- 
sistant. The school was so crowded that the children were 
almost piled one above another. We must have an addition, 
The county was not able to build it, so I called the parents 
of the children in. By hard work and begging, we raised the 
money, $175, and succeeded in building it. Teaching is hard 
work and expensive, when one has to pay out his earnings^ 
for necessary things in the school room. Many of the chil- 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. I99 

dren seemed not to have any father or mother, but Hved with 
some poor, helpless old woman, and were almost destitute of 
clothing. Through the kindness of friends. Miss Cleaveland 
sent material for clothes. I taught about two hundred and 
twenty-five children, of whom three are teaching. I am mar- 
ried] to Miss Ophelias. Jackson of Baltimore] and own $600. 
worth of real estate. At present, I am not teaching, but am 
a railroad employe. I consider the general condition of the 
people improving." 

Died in 1890. 

Educated by Mrs. G. H. Shaw. 

Souther, Henry H. Born in Spartansburg, S. C, i860. 

" Since graduating, I have done five terms of teaching in 
Virginia and South Carolina ; about five hundred children 
having come under my care. Ever since leaving Hampton, I 
have been engaged in Sunday school work. I farm in sum- 
mer and teach during the winter. The people about me are 
in a thriving condition ; all owning their homes, some of which 
are very good ones. I own five acres of land and a good 
house, valued at $600. I have a very fine peach orchard and 
vineyard on my place. I am married but have no children." 

Lives in Blenheim, Va. 

Educated by John Cummings. 

Stepney, Nelson. Born in Calvert Co , Md. Died of consump- 
tion, March, '84. 

Educated by W. L. Skidmore. 

Walker, Thomas C. Born in Gloucester Co., Va. 1861 . 

" I have attended no school since leaving Hampton, but 
have studied law in a private office at Gloucester, C. H. I 
have taught in the same school at Gloucester, since '83. My 
present school term opened Oct. i with an enrolment of sixty; 
present number, eighty, varying in age from five to six- 
teen years, only a few of whom, ( the younger ones ) cannot 
write their names. Most of them are able to write letters 
which can be read and understood easily. Of the success of 
my school, I hope the future will speak louder than I can. 
However, I may speak of some of the boys and girls who 
have been my pupils, who are doing well. Some are teaching, 
and several are in the Middle and Junior classes at Hampton, 
and a great many are out in the world, struggling to secure 
property and improve their race. It is encouraging to com- 
pare the condition of our people twenty years ago with their 



200 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

present condition. Finding at that day, only a few of the 
registered voters who could write their names, now we 
seldom see a newly registered one who cannot write his name 
and understand, to some extent, the duties of citizenship. 
Our people are improving in their religious and moral 
condition. We have a good many very good preachers, who 
act in concert with the teachers : and I am pleased to say 
that there has not been a colored person put in prison in this 
county, for stealing, in three years. The temperance senti- 
ment has grown so, there are communities in this county 
which do not sell any whiskey, because there is no demand 
for it on the part of the people. The people need more light 
as well as right ; with these, we have no doubt of elevating 
the colored people to that proud station of life we have so 
long hoped to be elevated to. I own sixty-four acres of land, 
two house lots at the county seat, a horse and buggy, cows, etc., 
and a law library valued at $150, I married Annie A. Wil- 
liams of Boston, one of the Hampton students of '83." 

Is practising law with excellent success, employed by both 
whites and blacks, and highly respected. Is president of a 
land company organized in the fall of '90 and doing well. 

Educated by Rev. James H. Means. 

White, Abram B. Born in Halifax Co., Va., 1861. 

" I have attended no school or college since graduating, 
but have been teaching since '83, in Halifax Co. I have 
taught about two hundred and eighty different pupils, one of 
whom is teaching. I am married, and own twenty acres of 
land, and a horse. My present occupation is teaching, and 
my aim is to more thoroughly prepare myself and then make 
teaching a profession. I cannot say that the people are in a 
good condition, though there is some effort made to pur- 
chase land and secure homes. There are some few who own 
very valuable farms, and some who are quite prosperous in 
business, but these do not compare in number with those 
who are without any property at all.-" 

Lives in Roanoke, Va. 

Educated by ''The Morgan children." 



MEMBERS OF THE SENIOR CLASS WHO DID MOT GRADUATE. 

Gray, Samuel. From Norfolk, Va. Died 1885. 

Educated by Sunday-school of Universalist Church, Low- 
ell, Mass. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 20I 

Kennedy, George W. Born at Union, Va., 1859. 

" I have taught ever since I left Hampton ; two years at 
Jack's Mills ; the rest of the time at Camp Creek. About 
two hundred have been under my care ; six of them have be- 
come teachers. Sunday-school and temperance are things I 
have to be very quiet about, and use my influence with the 
children. I am married and have four children. I own fif- 
teen acres of land valued at $400, a cow and other property. 
I am teaching. My aim is agriculture and to be a merchant." 

Lives in Little River, Va. 

Educated by Pennsylvania Abolition Society. 

*Minter, McLeod. From Thaxton Switch, Va. Has been teaching 
and preaching. He studied theology at Richmond Institute, 
and taught in Isle of Wight Co. 
Educated by Roland Mather. 

^Oliver, Griffin. From Nottaway C. H.,Va. Has taught at Burke- 
ville, and at Nottaway C. H., Va. He married Meta Bragg, 
a Hampton student. Lives at Nottaway C. H., Va. 
Educated by John M. Forbes. 

*POLLARD, Caleb. From Petersburg, Va. He has been teaching 
ever since he left Hampton, at Sussex, Ford's Depot and 
West Point, Va. Lives in West Point, Va. 
Educated by Mrs. Walter Baker. 
*W00DHURST, Abram. From Norfolk, Va. 
Educated by Wellington Smith. 



EX-STUDENTS : MIDDLE CLASS ; 1883. 

Quince, Lizzie. Born in Wilmington, N. C, 1864. 

" I have not attended any other school, but I have been 
taking private lessons. I have taught four terms in Bruns- 
wick Co., N. C, and am now teaching at Bowers Hill, near 
Norfolk, Va , with Rev. John W. Kirby, of class of '80. I have 
taught two hundred children in all, and am still teaching, but 
I hope to go to school again. The condition of some of the 
people is fair, while others are very poor." 
Educated by Mrs. C. A. Johnson. 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 



EX-STUDENTS: junior CLASS; 1883. 

Sheppard, Wm. H. Born in Waynesboro', Va., 1865. 

" I left Hampton in May '83, and went to the Theolog- 
ical Seminary inTuscaloosa, Ala., where I studied theology, 
homiletics, moral and mental philosophy, and other things. 
I have not taught any day school. I am a Presbyterian 
minister. I have a Sunday-school, which is a part of my 
church, where temperance is taught always. I am trying to 
do a good work for the Master, and in every action my mo- 
tive is to build some one up, do some good, be in the world 
for a purpose, and not leave my mission unfulfilled." 

Now a missionary at Stanley Pool, Africa. 

Educated by Congregational S. S., Fitchburg, Mass. 



CLASS OF \8S^. 



Ball, Hattie, (Mrs. Ford). Born in Fluvanna Co., Va., 1865. 

" I taught three sessions, of five and six months, in Albe- 
marle Co., Va. I tried to get one or two more months, for 
the sake of the children, who have to wait so long for school 
to begin ; but the School Board rendered very poor aid to the 
colored people where I taught. The school-house was very 
poor and uncomfortable, they did not even supply the coun- 
try schools with fuel, and I have often gone off into the woods 
with some of the small boys, to get wood to keep the children 
from sufifering. I even purchased books myself for some who 
were not able to get them. In some parts of the county, it 
is not so bad. I had about sixty pupils in my school, and, by 
hard work, three have become teachers, perhaps more. I am 
now teaching a Sunday-school class in one of the Baptist 
churches in Pittsburg, Pa., and always take an active part in 
temperance. I am married, and am housekeeping at present. 
I expect to do book-keeping. We own a farm of forty-three 
acres, near Pittsburg, Pa., my present home. The colored 
people, in places where they have had any chance, are doing 
very nicely, I feel that, with the aid that dear old Hampton, 
and other institutions like her, have given, the colored race 
will in some future time assume the position due them." 
Educated by S. S. of Cong. Church, Bridgeport, Ct. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 2©3 

Baytop, Lizzie. Born in Gloucester Co., Va., 1865. 

"I commenced teaching at the Bethel school in Glouces- 
ter County, in October, '84. Mr. W. B. Weaver, [ex-student 
of Hampton, Middle class of '75] was principal, and Mrs. 
Weaver was first assistant. We had one hundred and seventy- 
five pupils. Bethel church was near by, where we attended 
church and Sunday-school. The latter was attended by old 
and young ; Mr. Weaver was superintendent. Things went 
on this way for two years, when I was sent to another school 
in the county, called the Dragon School. Here was plenty 
of work to be done. The people were less advanced ; most 
of them were renting, and living in uncomfortable houses 
The church was far away. They were trying to have a Sun- 
day-school, and I worked for it, to the best of my ability. In 
the course of two years, it became quite prosperous. It was 
largely attended by the old people. When it was too cold 
for the children to come, poorly clad as they were, I would 
have a class made up mostly of gray haired men. I used to 
visit the people ; I tried to impress upon them the necessity 
of having homes. I don't know as my talk did any good, but, 
during my stay there, many purchased land, and commenced 
building respectable frame houses. Some had finished their 
houses when I left. The tall and extensive woods which once 
grew on the Dragon are gradually giving way to well culti- 
vated fields, and frame houses are taking the places of log 
cabins. For these people, I can say they ' are coming.' Now 
I am at Bethel again. I have taught, in the two schools, one 
hundred and twenty pupils. I have saved $75." Lives at 
Ark P. O., Gloucester Co., Va. 

Educated by Gideon Fountain. 

BONNEY, Fannie. Born in Princess Anne Co., 1863. 

" I have not attended any other school. I have had a 
great many dark days during these four years. I taught in 
Drewrysville, Va., one term of five months, and had sixty 
scholars. Owing to poor health, and the very long walks to 
and from school, I did not return for a second term, though 
I liked the place and the people very much. In the fall of '85, 
I applied for a school nearer home, in Princess Anne Co- 
Teaching school, and keeping school are two different things. 
I wanted to teach school. The children had been subject to 
a teacher who had allowed them to do as they chose, and I 
wanted them to do to suit me. No one can imagine the trou- 



204 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

ble I had. It took the first term of six months to thoroughly 
establish some kind of order ; but the second year, my prog- 
ress was astonishing. 

This year, I have another school, which is very pleasant. 
They have had good teachers, mostly Hampton graduates and 
under-graduates, and the work is not so hard as heretofore, 
though it is no easy work to teach at any rate. I expect to 
have a Christmas tree this year, as I have had the past two 
years. I had from one friend some pretty cards, while the 
Lend-a-Hand Club of Flushing sent me a nice map. 

I have done good work with the papers sent me by Miss 
Tileston. I use them for reading lessons on Fridays, and the 
little ones are often kept quiet and a whipping saved, by hav- 
ing pictures to keep them occupied. 

1 am administratrix, and an heir in my father's estate. I 
don't know how much it is. The people vary — everywhere 
I have taught ; some few are doing well ; their condition de- 
pends upon circumstances." Lives in Norfolk, Va. 

Educated by Mrs. Walter Baker. 

Butt, Laura T. Born in Wallaceton, Va., 1867. 

"I have taught in Gates County, N. C, four summer terms, 
and in Norfolk Co., Va. four winter terms. When I began in 
North Carolina, I was somewhat intimidated by seeing so 
many young men and women coming to school. I was told 
by the superintendent that I was too young to teach, but he 
would give me a two months' term as a test. As there had 
been no school for more than two years, the scholars were 
anxious to attend. Among those forty-nine pupils, there 
were about twelve who could write. I asked the parents to 
give their children slates, and when I closed all could write 
legibly ; even the youngest could copy from the board. I in- 
troduced the ' word and object method,' with considerable 
opposition at first, but, when the parents found that the chil- 
dren learned to read and write so rapidly, they thought it 
preferable. Most of the people in Gates Co. own good farms. 

They are religiously inclined, and they have any number 
of preachers. Many of the preachers are attending school 
during the winter. In Norfolk Co., but few of the people 
own land ; those who have land to sell, generally sell it in 
such large tracts, the colored people cannot pay for it. I did 
not intend to teach more than two years after graduating, but 
I like the work so well I shall continue while I can accom- 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 205 

plish any good among my people. I have taught about one 
hundred and ninety-eight pupils ; only one has taught, 
others are preparing. I am engaged in Sunday-school and 
temperance work. I own a lot in the suburbs of Portsmouth." 
Educated by S. M. Felton and S. S. Cong. Church, Bridge- 
port, Conn, 

DiCKERSON, Mary E. Born in Baltimore, Md., 1866. 

" The Ruler of all things has seen fit not to endow me with 
that greatest of all blessings — health; therefore, I have not 
taught since leaving school. But do not think I've been idle; 
I have found plenty of work round and about to do; even 
more than I am properly able to do. I have my home duties, 
and my trade, dressmaking. When I leave home, I find a 
wide field of wickedness and intemparance bearing their thous- 
ands down to graves of drunkenness. I find children half 
clad, knowing nothing of Sunday-school, nothing of Christ in 
their hearts. I do not sit on the stool of do-nothing because 
I cannot be a school teacher. So, while many of Hampton's 
children are teaching spelling, reading, writing, 'word method' 
and so on, I am in another field, doing what I can to bring 
them in from the field of sin." Lives in Baltimore. 
Educated by Mrs. I. Washburn. 

Drummond, Amaza J. (Mrs. Brown.) Born in Lexington, Va., 1867. 
" I taught in Staunton, Va., nine months, and Winton. 
N. C. thirteen months. I have had about one hundred pupils. 
Four of them are now teaching. I am married to Rev. S. 
C. Brown, and have one child. I am teaching, and my aim 
is to do all the good I can. We own a house and lot, house- 
hold furniture, etc. The colored people are improving mor- 
ally, intellectually, and otherwise." Lives in Winton, N. C- 
Educated by Miss Mary Lewis and Miss Alice Byington. 

* Easley, Lucretia. Born at Halifax C. H., Va., 1864. 

She was- seriously ill at one time. She has taught at 
Halifax C. H., with 88 on roll, and an average attendance of 
74. Lives at Halifax C. H. 

Educated by Miss Annie Anderson. 

Hamilton, Bettie, (Mrs. Smith.) Born in Mecklenburg Co., Va. 
1864. 

" In '82, my father sent me to Hampton Institute. En- 
tering the Middle class, I completed the course in two years. 

♦Did not ansv. dr last circular letter of inquiry. 



2o6 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

A kind Pennsylvania lady paid my tuition both terms, and, 
although I have been denied the pleasure of seeing her and 
thanking her as I wish, I never think of her kindness but 
with the deepest gratitude. In the fall, after graduating, I ac- 
cepted a school in my native county. After filling out the 
term, which was only five months, I contracted to teach in 
North Carolina, but on account of ill health I was obliged to 
give it up, after teaching only two months. I taught no more 
till the fall of '87, when I accepted the position as teacher of 
the school which I now hold. About one hundred and 
ninety pupils have come under my charge ; only one has be- 
come a teacher. I have always taught in Sunday-school till 
this year. I give my pupils Bible lessons during the week. I 
am married, and have one child. I have accumulated but 
little property ; it consists chiefly of cattle and household 
furniture. There are a few intelligent colored persons in this 
vicinity but, as a class, they have small idea of what is meant 
by real civilization. Still I think they have moved on consid- 
erably within the last few years, judging from what 1 have 
heard of their past, and comparing it with the present. It is 
now only the dawn with us, but I hope yet to see the sun 
of intelligence rise upon my people, and shine in all his splen- 
dor upon them as he has upon the Anglo Saxon race. 

To General Armstrong, we owe a life-long debt of grati- 
tude ; his labors for our people cannot be rewarded in this 
world ; but after this life, there is a happier one for him, and 
'tis there a glorious reward awaits him. Long may he be 
spared as a God-sent benefactor to our colored people." 
Lives at Lunenburg C. H., Va. 

Educated by Miss Mary Coates. 

Inge, Sarah A. Born in Danville, Va., 1865. 

" I am still engaged in teaching at home (in Danville). I 
have been in the same school ever since I graduated, and am as 
much interested in the work as ever. The longer I teach, the 
better I like it, although the teacher's life is not the easiest, as 
many of us have found ; we have our difficulties. I have 
taught about three hundred. The children come very regu- 
larly during the winter months, but, in the spring, the large 
ones leave, to go to work. Our school is quite full. We have 
nine teachers, including the principal, four of whom are 
Hampton graduates. Many of the colored people are property 
holders, and seem very much interested in the education of 
their children ; while others, as soon as their children are old 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. ■ 207 

enough to do good work in school, take them out and put 
them to work in the tobacco factories, of which there are a 
great many in Danville. 1 own a house-lot and a piano- 
Educated by Mr. and Mrs. William E. Bright. 

Lee, Ida Virginia, (Mrs. Woodlin.) Born in Philadelphia, Pa., 1859. 

" I have not been to any other school, but am now taking 
the Chautauqua Course. After leaving Hampton, I went to 
Tuskegee, Ala. — Mr. Washington's school — and taught three 
years. Afterwards I taught a year at Springfield, Tenn, where 
Sallie Collins, class of '82, used to teach. This was one of the 
leading whiskey manufacturing districts, and there was a great 
deal of intemperance ; but, while I was there, there was a 
movement in favor of prohibition and many Negroes who 
were habitual drinkers voted for it. One of them tearfully 
said to me, ' If whiskey were out of the way, I could be a 
man and live like folks,' and he voted for prohibition. The 
next year, I taught in Greensborough, Md., where I had an 
enrolment of seventy-seven, and a fine Sunday-school of six- 
ty-four scholars. I cannot tell how many I have taught in all. 
The colored people where I have been are poor, and, in many 
cases, improvident, but are beginning to improve." In '89, 
she was married to Martin Woodlin, class of '86. They live in 
Philadelphia. 

Educated by E. R. Mayo and Mrs. Henry Rose. 

Mahoney, Clara E. (Mrs. Seldon). Born in Milestone, Md., 1865. 

" My first teaching was in Springfield, Tenn., with Sadie 
Collins, (class of '82), in the Mission School. Since then I 
have taught in my native county, having taught the same 
school three terms. Last term, I changed my place of labor 
because the doctor said the place did not agree with me ; but 
the Superintendent would not allow me to leave the county. 
I have a new school building, having seven glass windows 
and a door. The window shutters and the door are painted 
brown. I have a set of scholars whose ages range from seven to 
seventeen, and the most advanced were unable to write their 
names, read decently in the First Reader, or count a hundred 
without blundering, when we began, but I have great hopes 
of them. School work is progressing. " I have taught about 
two hundred ; two are teaching. As to the colored people, 
I begin to discover signs of thrift. They are progressing 
slowly." Lives in Kinsale, Va. 

Educated by Miss Sarah Lewis and Mrs. Mary B. Herring. 



2o8 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

* Mayo, Effie H. Born in Raleigh, N. C, 1864. 

She wrote in Sept., '84, that she was teaching in Salem, 
Va., and liked it, "but it was hard work." Her present where- 
abouts is unknown. 

Educated by H. P. Kidder. 

Porter, Janie A. (Mrs Harris Barrett). Born in Athens, Ga., 1865. 
" After leaving school, I taught in a town in the southwest- 
ern part of Georgia. This town, during slavery, had been di- 
vided up into great cotton plantations, and it is said that slaves 
were sent there for punishment, and treated very cruelly. The 
colored people of Georgia still dreaded this portion of it, and 
for that reason they had never had any good teachers, so had 
made little advancement educationally; but some of them own- 
ed pleasant homes, and land upon which they raised their cot- 
ton. Others were very poor, as well as very ignorant. I had a 
good school and enjoyed my work both in Sunday and in day 
school. I taught there two terms, and then I was asked to come 
to Hampton to teach. I knew I was needed more in Georgia, 
but I could not' resist going back to the scenes of my pleasant 
school life. I taught two years in Hampton. I had classes 
in the Night School, and during the day I taught at the 'But- 
ler.' I also taught a winter at Shellbanks, and, during the 
summer vacation, I had Indian classes. I then went home, 
expecting to spend a year with my parents. After resting 
three months, I was asked to teach in the Haines Industrial 
School at Augusta, Ga. The Principal thought the experience 
I had had at Hampton, and the industrial training I had re- 
ceived, would be of great service, and I did introduce some of 
Hampton's methods and customs. I can't tell how many I 
have taught ; I should think about six hundred ; four have 
become teachers. I have always had a class in Sunday-school. 
I had a broad field for temperance work in southwestern 
Georgia, and instituted a Temperance Society. In the fall of 
'89, I married Mr. Harris Barrett, class of '85, and now have 
the pleasure of knowing that our little cottage is going up in 
sight of the dear old Hampton School grounds, where some 
of my happiest days were spent." 

[The " cottage " is now — '91 — a lovely little home, in which 
is a " well-spring of pleasure." Ed.] 

Educated by Miss Alice Longfellow. 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 209 

Saunders, Lizzie Mabel (Mrs. Norton). Born in Norfolk, Va., 1865- 

" I have taught at Staunton, Va., ever since I graduated 
from Hampton. I have taught about six hundred children ; 
my work has been in the primary department. Yes, I teach 
in Sundav-school, and aim to be a guiding star to my race 
The general condition of the people is good. They are im- 
proving rapidly." She married Robert F. M. Norton, of '81. 
They live in Staunton. 

Educated by Mrs. G. H. Shaw. 
Scott, Ella N. (Mrs. Sparks). Born in Southampton Co. Va., 1864. 

"I have taught in this county (Southampton) ever since 
I graduated. After closing my school here, I taught two 
sessions in North Carolina. I enjoy the work very much ; 
there is always a pleasure in teaching, when it is done with a 
willingness of heart. Since I first began to teach, I have 
taught five hundred. Four of that number are attending 
higher schools, and one is a teacher. I have taught Sunday- 
school most of my time, and temperance. A Temperance 
Society has been formed in my day school, and most of the 
scholars belong to it, though some will not join, because, if 
they do, they cannot drink cider. 

I have worked hard to make my home as comfortable as 
possible. I have bought a piece of land, thirty acres, and had 
a frame house built, with two stories, four rooms, two halls, 
and ten windows. This and other things I have paid for my- 
self. The colored people of this section are making quite a 
good living, owning teams and stock. The great occupation 
is peanut growing." 

Has married Horace Sparks, class of '"]"], and they live in 
Washington, D. C. 

Educated by S. L. Severance and John F. Slater Fund. 

* Smith, Julia L. Was born in Ontario, Canada, 1861. She taught 
at Bower's Hill, near Norfolk, Va., a five months' school, and 
then went to Tanner's Cross Roads, and had a full school. In 
the Autumn of '88, she was sent to Africa by the Episcopal 
Board of Missions, being a member of St. George's church 
and Sunday-school in New York city. She had the African 
fever and was very ill, after arriving. She is now at Cape 
Palmas Orphan Asylum, West Harper, Liberia. 
Educated by Mrs. Thomas Cole. 

Tucker, Mary A. Born in Hampton, Va., 1868. 

" I have been teaching five terms, three of which I spent 

* Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



2IO TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

in Farmville, a little town on the Appomattox River, of near- 
ly four thousand inhabitants. The majority of the people are 
colored ; one-half work in tobacco factories, the other half at 
trades, etc. They have three churches ; two Baptist, one 
Methodist. Farmville has its enemy in the liquor traffic ; 
yet a society of Good Templars has served to weaken its in- 
fluence a little. When Miss Lucy J. Boulding, (class of '8i,) 
opened school here, two hundred eager faces smiled good 
morning ; at the end of two weeks we had nearly four hun- 
dred. We, Miss Boulding, W. P. Napper, of '85, R.J. Evans, 
of '84, and I, found the harvest was too plenteous for the 
reapers. 

Miss Boulding applied for another teacher, but was de- 
nied. After teaching in Farmville three years, I left, feeling 
that, in a measure, our efforts had been crowned with success; 
though a teacher can never be wholly contented with her 
work. The following summer, I was appointed to teach at 
the Whittier School at Hampton. My patrons, [parents send- 
ing pupils] lived in Slabtown, Oakland and Mill Creek. Dur- 
ing the winter, I .visited many of them, and met with cordial 
reception. Some of the homes are not such places as emit 
intellectual and spiritual light, but all strove to make things 
appear tidy and peaceful to the teacher. I have taught three 
hundred and forty. My pupils were all young. I am engaged 
in Sunday-school work, and am Secretary of the Woman's 
Auxiliary of the Y. M. C. A. We are trying to make that a 
benefit in every respect." Lives in the town of Hampton. 

Educated by Mrs. George R. Russell. 

* Blow, William P. Born at Assamoosick, Va., 1854. He is a farm- 

er, and is teaching a day and night school in Portsmouth, Va., 
his home. 

Educated by Mrs. Robert G. Shaw. 

* Brown, Lewis M. Born at Rice's Depot, Va., 1864. His first 

school was at Rice's Depot, where he began with very small 
children. He had a good school house, and a very nice Sun- 
day-school. In '87, he was in the same county, far back in 
the country, with seventy-five on roll. He is an engineer by 
trade. Lives at Rice's Depot. 

Educated by Judge Oliver Prescott and Miles Washburn. 

Carter, John C. Born in Lynchburg, Va , 1863. 

" I attended Indiana Normal School six months, and took 

*Uid not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTfTUTE. 211 

lessons in penmanship. I graduated from Hampton in '84, 
and, except one year, have been teaching ever since. My 
experience with the colored people has been somewhat limited 
for I have been confined to one school, and have had but little 
time to associate in the different circles. But I can say this 
much for those with whom I have associated ; there is a vast 
difference in the colored man of to-day, and the colored man 
of four years ago, in my neighborhood. I have taught about 
two hundred pupils since graduating, and about twenty are 
teaching. Teaching is very good, but I think that our young 
men should put it down for awhile and aspire to somethino- 
higher, and let our young women have it. I, for one, having had 
sufficient experience, am willing to lay it by, and aspire to 
something else more appropriate. I am married, and aim to 
be an attorney at law." Died 1889. 
Educated by John F. Slater Fund. 

Clements, Claudius A, Born at Freetown, Sierra Leone, Africa, 
1865. Brought to Hampton in '81, by his teacher, Mr. Ackrel 
White, graduate of '76, who had been a missionary in Africa. 
Claudms could speak English brokenly, and was able to enter 
our Junior class. He learned the tinner's trade while here. 

" After graduating, I returned to my native land. I taught 
two years and three months at Freetown, Africa, and now I 
am Agent at Wilberforce. Hampton has done wonders for me; 
I do not think any of her children have been more thankful 
than I. At all examinations (Govt.) here, with boys who are 
noted as luminaries, they have not ' washed ' me much. At 
the last examinations there were thirty-four Masters. I was 
second in order of merit. Hampton gives a start, and you 
are to polish it. And I must believe that it was Hampton 
that helped to procure me my present station. I am appoint- 
ed to take charge of the church and school. When I was 
at Hampton, I hated work ; but now I cannot bear to sit still 
even on a holiday ; my zeal for work and good is very strong. 
It would be a shame and a disgrace to me, after all Hampton 
has done for me, to be back home, and go on in my old ways. 
I have taught one hundred and forty children ; only two 
have become teachers. I am engaged in Sunday-school. In 
Freetown, they attend well, biit at Wilberforce, they are 
'green,' and parents and children hardly know the value of 
Sunday-school." 

" America and Africa — what a world of difference be- 
tween the two places ! Both end with the four last letters 



212 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

alike, but a mighty contrast exists. In America, education, 
religion and civilization abound ; but, in Africa, darkness, 
intellectual darkness, broods over her millions. May God 
hasten the time when intellectual light shall be sent to Afri- 
ca, and other unchristianized settlements ; that peace and 
piety, religion and justice, may be established amongst us 
throughout all generations." In June, '88, he wrote, he was 
" betrothed to a very lovely Christian native girl, her intelli- 
gence and education need commending, and are praisewor- 
thy for girls in this part of the world." In the summer of '89, 
she died, leaving twin daughters ; one of the babies died 
later. He is now (Dec, '90,) teaching in the " Rufus Clarke 
and Wife's Theological School," in Sierra Leone. 

Educated by "Little Pilgrim Missionary Society." 

DuNGEE, John Riley. Born at West Point, Va., i860. 

" Immediately upon leaving Hampton, I began to pre- 
pare myself to take up the study of law. On account of my 
father's death, which occurred soon after my graduation, I 
was unable to begin my studies as early as I intended. In 
the autumn of '84, through the efforts of Miss Hyde, I secured 
a position in the public school of Woodstown, N. J. I taught 
there two terms of ten months each, and occupied the inter- 
vening vacation in assisting in the Indian classes and Night 
School at Hampton. I have had more than two hundred 
pupils in my charge ; none, within my knowledge, have be- 
come teachers. In Sept., '86, I entered the Law Department 
of Howard University, from which I graduated in May, '88. 
Then I returned to my home, after an almost unbroken ab- 
sence of seven years. As regards the condition of the people, 
I think the prospect is as hopeful as may be reasonably ex- 
pected. Many own profitable farms and creditable dwellings. 
In morals, I am informed there is a decided improvement ; but 
they certainly do not manifest a proper interest in education. 
This and kindred evils, it shall be my effort to amend. My 
aim is to use my profession for the uplifting of my race." 
Lives in Cohoke, Va. 

Educated by M. H. Simpson. 

Edwards, George W. Born in Chesterfield Co., Va., 1857. "I have 
not attended any other school. I taught four terms in 
Deep Creek District, Norfolk Co., where there were one hun- 
dred and fifty children, of whom none have become teachers, 
as yet. I have a nice Sunday-school ; we use the International 
Quarterly, and have papers semi-monthly. I am married, and 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 213 

have one child ; my present occupation is farming. My aim 
is to acquire weahh. My real estate is valued at $600, ex- 
cluding chattel property. The colored people are self-sup- 
porting, they are rapidly improving in acquiring property and 
education." Lives at Deep Creek, Va. 
Educated by Howard Potter. 

Evans, Robert J. Bom in Farmville, Va., 1858. "After leaving 
Hampton, I spent the summer following my graduation at 
a summer resort on the Jersey shore, as waiter, to earn im- 
mediate means for replenishing my wardrobe, that had be- 
come rather scanty and shabby during my close living at the 
school. The fall of the same year I passed a successful ex- 
amination, and was appointed with three others, to teach in 
the Farmville School, with Miss Lucy J. Boulding (class of 
'81), as principal. I taught here two years. 

The next year, I taught for the first time an ungraded 
school of seventy-four pupils, without an assistant. Among 
the beginners, with whom I used the word method, I was 
surprised to see the results. The third year, I was recalled 
to the graded school at Farmville, William P. Napper, class 
of '85, principal. This year, I am principal of the same school, 
with four assistants. I have enrolled three hundred pupils, 
with an average attendance of two hundred and seventy-five 
for the first month. I have had four hundred and twenty- 
four pupils under my charge. Five now are teachers and 
thirteen are in higher schools — Hampton, Richmond and 
Petersburg Institutes. I am Superintendent of the Sunday- 
school, with two hundred pupils. We are using the Inter- 
national Lessons, bought by collecting of the children pennies 
on Sunday mornings. I am clerk of the church, and treas- 
urer of the Temperance Society. I turn my hands to many 
little objects for making a livelihood, besides teaching ; viz., 
trading, and gardening. I take very little stock in political 
matters, only giving advice and information when called up- 
on. I own, in conjunction with my father, about $1,600 worth 
of property. My aim is to make a practical business man. 
and a living. The colored people are improving and thrifty ; 
many owning their homes." 

Educated by E. Pierson Beebe. 

Ferguson, Thomas M. Born at Charlottesville, Va., 1866. 

" I studied chemistry, geometry and book-keeping three 
months, at Tuskegee, Ala. I cannot feel that I have accom- 
plished very much, though I have been hard at work since 



214 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

Oct., '84, when I was fortunate enough to get a position as 
clerk in the Tuskegee Normal School. I find the work hard, 
but I enjoy it. I try to take advantage of the opportunities 
offered here for improvement. I have taught two classes in 
writing. I have had about sixty students ; none have become 
teachers yet." 

Educated by Mrs. Augustus Hemenway and Mrs. Fred. 
R. Abbe. 

Gregory, Jeremiah Prophet. Born in King and Queen Co., Va. 
1863. 

" I have attended Bethany College one year, and Temple 
College one year, in Philadelphia. I taught at my home, in 
Gloucester Co., two terms of six months each, allotted by the 
county, and two extra months each year of pay school, owing 
to the interest worked up among the people. My school 
numbered one hundred and thirty ; none of them are teachers^ 
six have gone to Hampton. I am Superintendent of Zion 
Baptist Church in Philadelphia, an^ am in charge of all the 
finances of the church. My present occupation is janitor and 
attending college at night. My aim is to preach the Gospel- 
The contrast between the condition of the colored people of 
Philadelphia, and those of Tidewater, Virginia, is very great." 
Educated by Frederick Marquand and Mrs, M. A. Blair. 

Holcombe, William Henderson. Born in Farmville, Va., 1863. 
" I have taught four terms in Locket's District, in my county. 
Have taught about one hundred and twenty-five pupils. I 
have been engaged in Sunday-school also. Both day and 
Sunday-school would be more regularly attended, if the chil- 
dren were properly clothed. My aim is to do all I can for my 
people. In some places their condition is good, but in others, 
poor, and with little improvement." Lives in Farmville, Va. 
Educated by William Atherton. 

Holland, Willis Bird. Born in Isle of Wight Co., Va., 1862. 

" I obtained my middle name by tending fields when I 
was a boy, keeping away the birds that would pick up the 
gram. I went to the common school at my home, when a 
boy, and, since graduating from Hampton, in '84, have taught 
the same school. I have also taught a summer school at 
Rich's Square, N. C. In all, there were about two hundred 
and seventy children. None are teaching, but some are at 
Institutes preparing to be teachers. Most of the time I have 
been superintendent of the Sunday-school, where both parents 
and children come. Temperance work goes on in both Sun- 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 215 

day and day school, I am married, I have no children. For 
property, 1 own five acres of land, household furniture, etc. 
My object in the future is to be a competent teacher and a 
minister of the Gospel. The circumstances of the colored 
people vary, as in every other place. Since their freedom 
they have been slowly progressing; some have homes, both 
neat and comfortable ; others have comparatively no homes. 
Many have a fair education and put it to good advantage." 
Lives in Franklin, Va. 

Educated by Rowland Hazard. 
* Morton, Richard B. From Smithville, Va. 

Educated by Atwater Treat. 
Pierce, Lee Royal. Born in Prince Edward Co., Va. 

" I have been teaching since '84, in the same school, in 
my native county. I cannot tell just how many I have taught. 
My school has averaged over fifty each year. I have tried 
hard to make teaching a success. Teaching is my present 
occupation, and my aim is to be useful. I do not wish to say 
what property I have. The colored people are in very poor 
circumstances, though they are improving." 

Educated by William P. Goodwin and Martin Brimmer, 

Reid, Winfield Scott. Born in Gatesville, N. C, 1859. 

" I taught in Gates and Pasquotank Go's., N. C., four 
years. There were about five hundred scholars in all, ten of 
whom have taught in the public school. After spending four 
years at the desk, as teacher, trying to impart instruction. to 
the youth of my native state, and race, I became dissatisfied 
and decided to try some other field for success. For some 
months, I have been employed in the Wagner Palace Car 
Company of New York. In this Company, several of the 
Hampton students have secured employment, not because 
they prefer this kind of work to teaching, but for the simple 
fact that they can realize more money. With the colored 
man, it is not a matter of preference, but a matter of dollars. 
For my part, I would rather, ten to one, have stayed in the 
South, with my own people, where I could have given my 
entire time to teaching them in the public schools, and in 
other capacities where I could reach them in larger numbers, 
but my circumstances were such I was unable to do so. I 
hope some time to return home, and engage in teaching. My 
aim in life is to be a merchant. " 

Educated by S. S. of Cong. Church, Clinton, Mass. 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



2l6 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

Stewart, Edward Delano. Born in Farmville, Va. 

"I taught two scholastic years in Prince Edward Co.. 
Va. I think 1 taught about eighty pupils. One of them is 
probably, a teacher now. I have been for two years at the 
Mystic Valley Institute, Connecticut, where I have studied 
mathematics, Latin, Greek, French, German, and other aca- 
demic studies. We have a Temperance Society connected 
with the school, and I take an active part in that and in Sun- 
day-school work. I own five acres of land. I am at present 
a student. My aim in life is to elevate my race. The con- 
dition of the colored people is hopeful. They are accumu- 
lating property, and educating their children." 

Educated by East Cong. S. S. of Ware, Mass. 

* TowNES, Edward R. Born in Mecklenburg Co., Va., 1861. 

He taught one term in Gloucester. He also taught in 
Clarksville, Va., his home. 

Educated by W. S. Houghton and Mrs. George Curtis. 

* Tucker, Buel Wilcox. Born at Sherbro' Island, West Coast of 

Africa, 1862. He came to Hampton in '81, at the same time 
as Claudius Clements ; brought over by Mr. Ackrel Vv'hite, of 
'76, who had taught them at the Mendi Mission. He was 
apprentice in our Printing Office and remained at Hampton 
the year after graduating, continuing at his trade. Afterwards 
went to Boston, and was employed in the American House. 
Educated by Cong. S. S., North Adams, Mass. 

Tynes, Joseph B. Born at Smithville, Va, 1856. "I have taught 
every year, at different schools in the county near Smithville. 
I think I have taught about two hundred and eighty pupils. 
I know of none as teachers. Our Sunday-school is fair, but 
temperance work is poor here. I am married. I am engaged 
in the ministry and school teaching, and am trying to help 
others. The colored people in the main are financially em- 
barrassed, but here and there are signs of improvement." 

After graduation, took one year in our Pastors' Class for 
Bible Study. Now (91) an A. M. E. minister, preaching and 
teaching in Winchester : doing good work. 

Educated by Atlantic Ave. Cong. S. S. of Brooklyn, N. Y. 

White, George W. Born at Mathews C. H., Va., 1863. 

" Having graduated in '84, I secured a school the suc- 
ceeding fall in Gloucester C. H., where I taught with interest 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 217 

for three school years ; apparently with satisfaction to the 
trustees, parents and pupils. I enrolled one hundred and 
thirty-five scholars. Five are aspiring to teach. I was also 
engaged in Sunday-school and temperance work. I left in 
'87, when school closed, and went to Boston. I need not tell 
whv I came nor why I stayed. You will undoubtedly say I 
must make a sacrifice. This I have done in teaching. There 
may be a day when the young men and women will be guar- 
anteed a living and a little more in the Southern schools. As 
yet, it has not come. I am at present engaged on the Palace 
Cars. In many ways my education at Hampton has helped 
me, since the running of cars calls for considerable knowl- 
edge — mathematics, reading, writing, etc., and on the whole, 
it is about the same amount of work as teaching, with con- 
siderably more income. The colored people in some instances 
are doing well. They should be compared with the Pilgrims 
rather than with people of the present age. I have an inter- 
est in real estate in Virginia, and have an account with the 
Savings Bank. I shall always be proud of the unpaid-for 
blessings I received at Hampton. May she do good to ten 
thousand more." 

In '89, he married Annie Hunter, class of '86. They live 
in Boston. 

Educated by " Murray Fund." 

Young, Daniel J. Born in Sparta, Va., 1864. 

He wrote to Miss Cleaveland, in October, '84, that he was 
the only Hampton graduate that had ever taught in Caroline 
Co., Va. He had only a log cabin, belonging to " a widowed 
lady who had emigrated to the cit}^" for a school-house, but 
hoped to have a new one after awhile. Died, 1885. 

Educated by " Pennsylvania Abolition Society." 



MEMBERS OF THE CLASS WHo DID NOT GRADUATE. 

* Connor, Jacob S. From Dublin Depot, Va. He worked in the 
Engineer Department, while at the School. He went to 
Philadelphia from here, and has not been heard from since 
leaving. 

Educated by Lafayette Ave. S. S., Brooklyn, N. Y. 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



2l8 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 

* Jackson, William S. From Onancock, Va. He left on account 

of trouble with his eyes, and for awhile was attendant to an in- 
valid gentleman. In '85, he had a position in an office in 
Baltimore. At one time he wished to be a missionary. 
Educated by Joseph Carpenter and William Endicott. 

McGiLBRY, William Taylor. " I was born at Fort Cobb, Indian 
Territory, 1863, but spent the most of my time at Fort Ar- 
buckle ; thence went to Wewoka, where my father was em- 
ployed as public blacksmith by the Seminole Government. 
Later, he was employed in the same capacity by the Creek 
Indians, at Wetumka, where my people live at present. 
[ Freedmen of Indian Terrritory. ] I did not graduate from 
Hampton. I left on the 15th of May, 1884, a member of the 
Senior class. I have not attended any other Institution, nor 
taught since I left. The most I can say is that I have not 
been idle a single day. Though I have not taught any — for 
I have always felt that I was never intended for a teacher — 
I am always ready to do anything in my reach for the bene- 
fit of my race ; and, though I am not engaged in Sunday- 
school or temperance work, I contribute to both in many 
ways. My present occupation is gardening. I have charge 
of a gentleman's place in Flushing, L. I. I expect to engage 
in stock raising and agriculture." 

Educated by Mrs. T. G. Sellew, 
Worth AM, Plummer W. Born in Warren Co., Va., i860. 

" I have not attended any other school or college. I have 
been teaching ever since 1884, at Warrenton, N. C. I am 
principal of the public school, and have had about five hun- 
dred students under my charge, seven of whom have become 
teachers. I was Superintendent of the Sunday-school when 
I left for Hampton, and, on my return, I resumed the same 
duties, and held the position till I was appointed pastor of 
the church ; we have a live Sunday-school. I am married, 
and have two children. I am pastor of the A. M. E. Church, 
and principal of the High School. I have about twenty-five 
acres of land. The condition of the colored people is quite 
favorable. 

Educated by Cong. Sunday-school of Natick, Mass. 

* Wyche, Benjamin F. From Petersburg, Va. We have not received 

any report of him. 

Educated by Dillwyn Parish and Eliot Church S. S. of 
Newton, Mass. 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 



EX-SJUDEHT : MIDDLE CLASB OF 1884. 



Kernan, Sophia, (Mrs. Martin). Born in Lebanon, Va^ 1865. 

"I entered Hampton Institute, Sept., '81. I worked in 
the Industrial Room under Miss Galpin, and sewed on the 
boys' uniforms under Mr. Hamilton, during the day, and at- 
tended school in the evening, striving to make the Middle 
class for the coming year, which I accomplished. While 
laboring, under the above circumstances, I considered that 
the darkest period of my life, but age and experience have 
shown me that my work term at Hampton laid for me a solid 
foundation upon which to build the next two years. I en- 
tered the Middle class, but, owing to a long sickness, I lost 
considerable time, and was compelled to repeat my Middle 
studies, and at the close of the term was read as a member of 
the next graduating class. During my repeating year, I re- 
ceived aid from a kind lady friend, of Salem, Mass., Miss 
Sarah Smith, and I shall ever feel grateful to her, and hold 
her name dear in memory's casket. I went to teach that fall, in 
Gloucester Co., as an assistant to Mr. Thomas C.Walker (of 83). 
I think my pupils averaged forty daily, and I learn that two of 
those are now teaching. I am pleased to say that I have long 
since changed my stage of living from single to married life 
I have been married more than three years, and am delighted 
with the change. My husband's property is valued at about 
$3,000. Our home is in Ohio, [Carlisle] and I am much 
attached to the people and the surroundings in general. I 
, have one regret, and that is the lack of society of my own 
race. My husband and myself constitute the entire colored 
population for two miles around. I attend the Presbyterian 
church, of which my husband has been a member for some 
time. As to the colored people of the West, I do not find 
the m,ajority of them so far advanced as I expected, consider- 
ing the advantages they have had compared with the colored 
people of the South. Of course I meet a few who, I think, 
are equal to any people in refinement and culture, but, as a 
whole, I see great room for improvement." 
Educated by Mrs. E. N. Holbrook. 



TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 



CLASS OF 1885. 

Anderson, Annie Ridout. Born at Belview, Bedford Co. Va., 1867- 

" For two winters I was employed in the Home for Col- 
ored Children at Chattanooga, Tenn. It was started by Mrs. 
A. S. Steele of Massachusetts, who went there as missionary to 
the colored people. The last two winters, I have been teach- 
ing in Abingdon, Va. We have a large school. There are 
four teachers ; three of us are Hamptonians. Our superin- 
tendent visits us and always leaves the school house with an 
encouraging word for the teacher. We have a dilapidated log 
house to teach in, but next year they hope to have a new 
building. There have been about eighty children taught by 
me. I also teach in Sunday school. I am very anxious to 
learn the dressmaking trade. Then, if I teach in winter, I 
can sew in summer. I think I have been of some use to my 
people, and I sincerely thank Hampton and the kind Northern 
friends who have aided me at school. The colored people 
are improving ; they make use of every opportunity." 

[ Now ('91) teaching in Houston, Texas. — Ed.] 

Educated by C. S. Smith. Mrs. Theodosia M. Dexter and 
Mrs. Henry Rose. 
Barrette, Louisa E. ( Mrs. Payne). Born in Danville, Va., 1863. 

She taught at New Hope, near Danville, five months in 
'83 ; there were about seventy-five scholars, of whom one is 
teaching. She was married in Dec. '85, and has a little boy. 
She is occupied in dressmaking, also in transferring photo- 
graphs. She is a great invalid and has to walk with crutches. 
Says : " My aim is to do all the good I can, in all the ways 
I can, to all the people I can." They own a house and lot 
valued at $1,000. "The people are poor but gradually im- 
prove in accumulating property and education." 

Lives in Danville, Va. 

Educated by John F. Slater Fund. 
Bedenbaugh, Alice A. Born at Prosperity, S. C, 1864. 

" I left Hampton in [une '85, feeling quite proud to have 
the honor of being called a graduate. I had scarely been 
home two weeks before I had to begin teaching. I taught a 
pay school for two months and then began in the public, 
school and taught till May. I taught two years at my home 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 221 

Prosperity, in two schools, and had about eighty pupils on 
roll in each school. There are several who could take my 
place when I was away, and everything went on quite nicely, 
the younger ones giving due respect. I had the first Bible 
Class in Sunday school, and gave all the help I could, and we 
had May parties and entertainments to awaken an interest. 
The people were mostly 'renters' and 'croppers' [renting land 
and giving a lien on their crops for it ] and found it hard to 
live ; it takes all they have to pay their debts ; their crops 
were cotton, corn, grain and vegetables. Their houses were 
very poor, but, in most cases, clean, with a little flower bed 
in the yard. My health began to fail and I had to leave. I 
came to Danville, where I passed my examination, and am 
teaching my second term. I have taught about three hun- 
dred scholars. Some of the people here are quite well to do. 
They have cattle and fine fruit orchards on which they pride 
themselves. The crops are tobacco, corn and grain. I am 
boarding on a large farm, where they raise all they need, ex- 
cept coffee and sugar. The people don't prosper, because 
they don't lay up for ' hard times'." 

Home in Prosperity S. C. 

Educated by J. W. Baker, Congregational S. S., Windsor, 
Ct., Miss Anne Wain, and the John F. Slater Fund. 

Bowser, Clara T. (Mrs. Brandom ). Born in Richmond, Va., 1865. 

" In the winter of '85, I taught at Montgomery Switch, 
near Abingdon, Va., where my home was. In '86 I assisted in 
Mr. I3random's school at Palmer's Springs, and in '87, I was 
one of the four teachers at Christiansburg, Va. I taught 
about two hundred and fifty children." In '88, she was mar- 
ried to George W. Brandom, class of '82. " Now I am leading 
a very different life. It is cleaning, sewing, washing,, ironing^ 
saving, planning, smiling, fretting and cooking. Some of all 
these I have had to do at my mother's home, with her help, 
but now I am mistress and I greatly enjoy it." 

Lives in Boydton, Va. 

Educated by Miss Georgia Barker Gibbs and Miss A. E 
Cleaveland, 

Bruner. Louisa C. Born in Indian Territory, 1862. 

" I graduated in '85, and have been teaching ever since. 
I taught the first year near my home at Thomas Town, Ind. 
Ter.; since then I have been at Noble, Tenn. At the first 
school I had sixty-three ; at the second nearly as many. I 



222 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

have a full Sunday school, all the children of the day school 
come and others; the parents come also and take an ^ active 
part. I am not married ; I think I can do more if I am sin- 
gle and have no home cares. I own a couple of ponies and 
fourteen head of cattle and the rest in cash. I want'to be a 
missionary with God's help. The general condition of the 
colored people in the way of living is very promising. Edu- 
cation has been neglected so long, it makes them very slow in 
getting on." Her parents were of the freedmen of Indian Ter. 

Lives in Wewoka, Ind. Ter. 

Educated by the Misses Burnside. 
Butt, Laura Frances. Born in Portsmouth, Va., 1859. 

" I left school in June '85, and went to my home in Ger- 
mantown, Penn. In August I went to Portsmouth, Va., to 
be examined for a school by Mr. Barker, but didn't. pass. I 
was sent for to go back to Germantown, Pa., to take charge 
of two children, in a family where my mother lived as cook. I 
taught the oldest one to read and write, by the word and sen- 
tence method. I have joined the Methodist church here, and 
have a class of young men in the Sunday school. I find 
there is plenty of work here ; more than I can do. My pres- 
ent occupation is child's nurse. I have laid by $40. in the 
savings fund and own ten shares in a building association. 
The colored people are improving financially, but the young 
girls are not doing well, their standard is low." 

Educated by Mr. and Mrs. J. Huntington Wolcott. 
Chance, Delilah L. (Mrs. Douglas.) Born in New Berne. N.C.,i86o. 

" I have taught at my home, in New Berne, ever since 
'85. I began first with a private school and fourteen scholars, 
and afterwards had charge of the public school. I have 
taught about one hundred and fifty scholars, ten of whom are 
teaching. I teach Sunday school in one of the Methodist 
churches here. I have a fine class of little children, about 
twenty in number, and I find much pleasure in teaching them 
the word of God. I am married and have one child. My 
present occupation is housekeeping ; I expect to teach again 
after awhile. We own two houses and lots valued at $1,500. 
the colored people are improving rapidly ; most of them have 
good homes of their own ; others are trying to get them. 
They don't have such long school terms as in Virginia, but 
during the time they do have school, their children go." 

Lives in New Berne. 

Educated by Mr. and Mrs. John Simpkins. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 223 

Dawson, Annie R. (Arickaree Tribe). Born in the Indian village at 
Fort Berthold Agency, N. Dakota, 1868. 

She came to Hampton, a delicate little girl scarcely ten 
years old, in November, '78, brought by Capt. Pratt in the 
first party of Indian students from Dakota. Her father had 
died in her infancy. Her mother, a very intelligent woman 
who could speak English and had a remarkably neat house, 
brought her only child to Mrs. Pratt and besought that, young 
as she was, she might be taken where she would be brought 
up in better and safer surroundings than in the Indian village. 
Later she came again, entreating that she might be taken too, 
and they came together. Mary, the mother, was useful as in- 
terpreter for the party from Berthold. She was a beautiful 
seamstress already, and learned to use the sewing machine, 
and went into some of the classes. After a year and a half, 
she felt a longing to return to the old mother she had left, but 
wished Annie to remain, having assured herself of her wel- 
fare here, and desiring only her best interest, with all a moth- 
er's unselfish devotion. The next winter, just before Christ- 
mas, while the little Annie was busy crocheting her mother 
a shawl, a letter came saying Mary had died, and she wished 
her child might stay in the East with the kind friends. 

Annie went steadily through the Indian classes ( she 
knew but a few English words when she came ) ; then 
through the Normal School course, graduating when she was 
seventeen. 

She then taught in our Indian department fifteen months 
and had a Sunday-school class of the youngest Indian boys. 

In the fall of '86, she entered the State Normal School 

at Framingham, Mass., taking the usual course of studies, and 

graduated there in '90. Returning to her Hampton home, 

she spent the summer here, teaching an Indian class, and 

■ assisting m the care of the girls. 

She is now ('91) a happy, successful and valued teacher 
in the Indian " Normal Training School," under Rev. Alfred 
B. Riggs, at Santee, Nebraska, 

Educated by Mrs. William S. Brown. 
Evans, Nellie L. Born in Gloucester, Co., Va., 1866. 

She has taught in the same school at her home in Ware 
Neck, Gloucester Co.; first, as assistant to Beverly Thornton, 
class of '82, and is now principal of the school. She has 
taught about one hundred and twenty small pupils ; she also 
has a "live little Sunday school class". She says : " I have 



224 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

used my means in making home happy for father and moth- 
er. My present occupation is teaching. My aim is to be- 
come a successful teacher. Most of the people here have 
houses and are improving them." 

Educated by Mrs. Fenno Tudor and Mrs. George 
Faulkner. 

Harrison, Jane A. Born in Washington, D. C, 1866. 

" I have been to no other school. I am teaching the 
school at ' Slabtown,' a suburb of Hampton, in the school 
house given [ and maintained ] by Mr. Jackson S. Schultz, 
which is a branch of the Whittier school. I have taught as 
high as fifty-nine children. I also teach in Sunday school. 
1 haven't any property. My aim is to do what I can to im- 
prove my race. The colored people are improving very 
much indeed." 

Educated by Miss Elizabeth Lewis. 

Johnson, Lorena Maude, (Mrs. Cuzzens). Born in New York 
1866. 

She taught two winters in Augusta, Ga., and had about 
one hundred scholars. Two of them are teachers. She has 
also taught in Sunday school. She married George L. Cuz- 
zens, class of '83, and has one child. She is housekeeping 
now ; her property is " in household goods." 

Lives in Anacostia, D. C. 

Educated by Mrs. Myron Winslow for " a Boston lady." 

Jones, Alice E. (Mrs. Bailey). Born in Spraguetown, N. Y., 1863. 

'• Since my graduation in '85, I have been engaged in 
teaching. The first two months, I taught in the Night-school 
of my Alma Mater. Then, commencing in the fall of the 
same year, I taught for eight months at Bowers Hill near 
Norfolk, Va. The following fall I came to Tuskegee, Ala. 
My first two years here I was engaged mostly in the industrial 
work, teaching only one class a day ; now I devote all my time 
to teaching. In addition to teaching in the day, I have charge 
of the Night-school, which has an average attendance of 
seventy-five students. I thoroughly enjoy my work here, and 
hope to be better fitted each year to carry it on more suc- 
cessfully. 

The colored people here are improving financially. When 
the school was first organized, only one or two colored fami- 
lies owned homes. To-day we can point with pride to many 
little homesteads scattered throughout Tuskegee and its sub- 
urbs. In proportion as the colored people receive the bene- 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 225 

fits of education, I find they realize the need of securing 
homes which shall be their own." 

[ She married in 1890, and lives^in Boston where her hus- 
band is a mail carrier. — Ed.] 

Educated by Miss E. W. Davenport. 

Kellum, Mattie S. Born at Eastville, Va., 1863. 

" I have been teaching ever since^I left Hampton in '85. 
I began in the fall at Heathsville, Northumberland Co., Va,, 
and taught seven months. I had quite a large school, but 
the people there were very little interested in education ; 
many of them did not send their children to school. I found 
very few living in their own homes. Intemperance seemed 
to be the worst vice. I tried very hard to establish a tem- 
perance society, but the people did not attend, so I held 
meetings once a month in my school. I promised to return 
m the fall, but the funds were so limited the county would 
not give a school. I went to Snow Hill, New Jersey, as as- 
sistant. The people there were in very good circumstances ; 
almost every family living in its own house, and the children 
coming to school every day. When school closed, I returned 
to Northumberland Co., and opened a summer school, given 
by a lady in Sherwood, N. Y. I had a large school all the 
summer, made up chiefly of small children. In the fall I 
went to my own home, and opened a school at Cape Charles, 
the first school ever held in the town. My pupils were all 
beginners. I have taught about one hundred and thirty chil- 
dren ; only two are teaching. My aim is to improve my 
race, morall)' and intellectually." 

Lives in Eastville, Va. 

Educated by R. D. Lilley and West Church, Boston. 

King, Jemima Cleopatra. (Mrs. Ivy). Born in North Carolina. 1858. 
. "I graduated in '85, and spent the summer in the North. 
In September I went to Cumberland Co., Va.. to teach. The 
school I had, with the exception of a few months, had al- 
ways been taught by what the Southern people call ' poor 
whites,' and these had all been men. When I first went, all 
the people said I would never be able to manage the children. 
I did though, and was rewarded by having the county super- 
intendent tell me, that he did not see how it was possible for 
me to keep such order as I always had when he came in. At 
the end of two years, I sent one of my pupils to Hampton, 
where she is now, and I hope she will teach next year. My 



226 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

Other school was in Gloucester Co. I had a thriving Sunday- 
school, and temperance society.. I shall ever be grateful to 
Hampton and her friends for the aid I have received at the 
Institute." 

In the summer of '89, she married Mr. James Ivy, and 
their home is in Maiden, Mass. 

Educated by Miss H. W. Kendall and R. Fulton Cutting. 

MaCKIE, Annie E. (Mrs. Cotton.) Born in Norfolk Va., 1867. 

" I have not attended any school since I left Hampton. 
I taught in Norfolk Co., seven months ; five in Smithfield, 
and seven in Kempsville, Va. I have taught about three hun- 
dred scholars, but none have become teachers. I also taught 
in Sunday-school. I am married and have one child. My 
present occupation is housekeeping, and my aim is to be a 
good woman and to make home happy. My property is in 
house furnishing goods. The general condition of the col- 
ored people is good and affairs look very promising." 

Lives in Norfolk, Va. 

Educated by Mrs. George Roberts and Son. 

Peake, Sarah F. Born in Hampton, Va., 1868. 

" I have taught at the ' Butler ' and its successor the 
' Whittier,' near Hampton, of which Miss. E. Hyde is Prin- 
cipal. I have the second year's work, and like it more than I 
can tell. I taught six weeks at Shellbanks (the School's farm) 
the summer of '88, and I also taught in the Night School of 
the Hampton Institute, but had to resign that part of my 
work on account of ill health. Making a rough guess, I 
should say I had taught about one hundred scholars, possibly 
more. I have a class of small boys in the First Baptist Sun- 
day school, they are bright, eager little fellows. Until very 
recently, I have been unable to do very much for temperance, 
except preach it to the little ones under my care at the Whit- 
tier. I propose now introducing it into my Sunday school 
work. It has been my privilege to address the boys of the Y^ 
M. C. A. on the subject, and I mean to denounce intemper- 
ance at every opportunity. My property consists of house- 
hold furniture. My aim is to be true and faithful in the dis- 
charge of my duties." 

[ She was class salutatorian. Now — '91 — is teaching in 
the Tuskegee Normal School, Ala. — Ed.] 

Educated by Missionary Society, Northampton, Mass. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 227 

RULO, Zallie R. (Mrs. Campbell). Born in 1865, somewhere in Neb. 

Her father was a white man, and when he died, her 
mother took her back to the reservation where she belonged, 
Ponca Agency, Neb. 

She had had some advantages, and cameto Hampton in'81. 
After graduation, she had charge of the Indian girls' laundry 
at the school for five months and then returned to Yankton 
Agency, S. D. Her record was not good until, in '88 and '89, 
she took a position as teacher in the Mission School at Rose- 
bud Agency and did well there. After a variable record, she 
married— in '90 — a half-blood by the name of Campbell, and 
they are now— '91 — living in Minneapolis. 

Educated by S. S. of Cent. Presb. Church, Summit, N. J. 

Smith, Leonora Gertrude. Born in Norfolk, Va.. 1865. 

" I entered Hampton Institute in '82 and graduated in 
'85. Since then I have taught in three diflerent counties. 
My first school was in Powhatan Co. On the morning of 
opening, there were only five scholars, but they came in gradu- 
ally till I had quite a full school. I taught by the methods I 
had learned at Hampton and found no difficulty in so doing, 
as there had been teachers there from Hampton, and it was 
not new or strange to them. I had an advanced class, who 
could read, write and figure quite well, but hadn't much idea 
of grammar. They came so irregularly, and the term was so 
short — only live months — it was impossible for them to learn 
much. The parents seemed anxious for their children to learn, 
but said they were obliged to keep them at home to help work. 
The next session I taught in Nansemond Co. Here the num- 
ber continued small till after Christmas, as the children were 
kept at home to pick peas and cotton. Desirous of getting a 
• school nearer my home, which is in Norfolk, and hearing there 
was a vacant school in Princess Anne Co., I applied for that 
and was successful, and am teaching there my second term. 
1 have sixty-two names enrolled. When I began, there was 
no school house, and I taught in a room rented for the pur- 
pose. When the children were all there, there wasn't room 
for the classes to stand. I am proud to say we have now a 
new school house, with plenty of room, and we are very com- 
fortable. Where I have been, my people, as a general thing, 
are doing quite well. I thank Hampton and all her friends 
for the assistance wtiich has enabled us to go out from 
there prepared to enlighten our people.'' 
Educated by Chas. L. Mead. 



228 TWENTY TWO YEARS' WORK 

St. Cyr. Julia. ( Winnebago Tribe. ) Born at Winnebago Agency,. 
Nebraska, 1867. 

Her first experience in teaching was at her home at Win- 
nebago Agency as assistant. She said : " I am very busy 
and I like it. I have twenty-nine girls and over thirty boys. 
I am in earnest and trying to do my best with these Indians, 
although It is very hard at times." She taught for nine 
months at Sac and Fox, Indian Territory. She owns eighty 
acres of land and cattle. Her record has on the whole been 
unsatisfactory, though at times she has done well. 

Lives at Winnebago Agency, Neb. 

Educated by Mrs. Dean iage. 

Willis, Sarah Frances. Born in Chesterfield Co., Va., 1865. 

" I have taught in Northumberland and Chesterfield 
Co's., Va., and at Newport News. I have taught about three 
hundred children ; not any are teachers yet. I generally en- 
gage in Sunday school work. The pupils are always anxious 
to be taught. I own about twelve acres. I am teaching. 

Lives in Ettricks, Va. 

Educated by Mrs. Frank S. Witherbee, and the Misses 
Newlin. 

Baker, Thomas Nelson. Born in Northampton Co., Va., i860. 

" I have attended school at Mt. Hermon, Mass., taking 
the preparatory studies for college (classical course). Before 
entering the school, in May, '86, I taught a seven months 
school at Wallaceton, Va., when I had about sixty on roll. 
I am engaged in Sunday school work, am a teacher of men 
and women (whites). My aim is the ministry." At Mt. 
Hermon, he was drill master. 

[ Now taking a collegiate course in the " School of Lib- 
eral Arts," Boston University, through the kindness of 
a friend — his aim still the ministry ; — and views his good for- 
tune as a wonderful answer to his "two prayers for an educa- 
tion " made in childhood and youth.] 

Educated by Mrs. Augustus Hemenway, and Rev. John 
H. Denison. 

Barrett, Harris. Born at Henderson, Ky., 1865. 

He assisted in our Treasurer's office at the time he grad- 
uated, and went to Massachusetts with Gen. Marshall that 
summer, to assist him in many ways at Kendal Green. General 
Marshall says of his third Hampton student clerk ; " Harris 
Barrett is another faithful, industrious, trustworthy clerk. 



„i 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 229 

who has proved his capacity in every station in which he has 
been placed, whether as clerk in the office, assistant on my 
farm at Kendal Green, or as master of the revels at Christ- 
mas and other festive occasions. His penmanship is fault- 
less, and his accounts are a model of elegance and correct- 
ness. His influence, like that of Banks, (76), and Daggs, (78), 
has always been exerted on the side of good order and Chris- 
tian living, and, though these young men have not had much 
opportunity of becoming teachers, their services being in re- 
quisition for other important duties, I know of no three young 
men who have exerted a wider or better influence upon their 
race, than my three loved and valued friends. Banks, Daggs 
and Barrett." * * * j^g married Janie A. Porter, 
class of '84, and they live in their own pleasant home in the 
town of Hampton; Mr. Barrett being cashier in our Treas- 
urer's office. 

He is treasurer of a co-operative Building and Loan As- 
sociation, which he was influential in starting for the colored 
people of the town, and it is doing much for them. 

Educated by Mrs. T. K. Gibbs. 

BOLIN, Alphonso Smith. Born in Lexington, Va. 1864. 

He has taught m Rockbridge and Giles counties, about 
one hundred and ten children. His occupation at present is 
teaching, but his desire is to practice medicine. He says < 
" The people seem to be accumulating property and im- 
proving generally." Lives in Lexington, Va. 

Educated by J. T. Leavitt and E. R. Mayo. 

Burrows, Frederick M. Born in Philadelphia, Pa., 1864. 

" I taught at Franktown, Northampton Co., Va., six 
months, and at Deep Creek, Norfolk Co., two terms, eight 
and seven months each. I taught not less than three hun- 
dred and fifty, probably more. Six are teaching, to my knowl- 
edge. I have taught in Sunday-school, and the two years at 
Deep C^reek, I also played the organ. I have attended the 
Northwestern University at Chicago, 111., two years, and 
studied law. I own a few acres of land, which I inherited. 
Am now practising law. As to the condition of the people, 
I cannot answer that question until fraud and intimidation 
cease to be practised at Southern elections. That must be 
stopped before we can tell how we are progressing." Lives in 
Eastville, Va. 

Educated by Mrs. C. A. Johnson and "Jno. F. Slater Fund." 



230 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WOi'K 

DUNGEE, Alfred C. Born at Cohoke, Va., 1862. 

" I have attended, for the last two years, the Medical De- 
partment of Howard University at Washington. I have taught 
two school terms at Cohoke, Va.; also, during the summer of 
'85, I taught in the Night School at Hampton. There were 
about two hundred scholars ; none that I know of have be- 
come teachers. I am studying to be a physician. The peo- 
ple are improving, but slowly. He is now living in Mont- 
gomery, Ala., assistant of Dr. Dorsette (of '78) in his drugstore. 

Educated by Samuel Little and Davenport S. S., New 
Haven, Ct. 

* Gaines, Edmund S. Born in Goochland Co., Va., 1861. 

His last known address was Richmond, Va., but he has 
made no report of himself. 

Educated by Prof. Fairman Rogers. 

* Harris, Thaddeus E. Born at Abingdon, Va., 1865. 

He was in the Senior class of '84, leaving before the 
close of the term. He came back and graduated with the 
class of '85. In the winter of '84-85, he taught in Abingdon. 
His sister Alice, (class of 'T]), was principal of the school. In 
'86, he was teaching in the same school, 165 pupils ; he had 
40 in his department. Had formed a Literary Society. Home 
in Abingdon, Va. 

Educated by James A. Wright. 

Hemmings, Ernest L. " I was born near Toga, Buckingham Co., 
Va., 1863. I was raised as a boy on the farm, but I entered 
Hampton in '81, and graduated in '85. That summer I had 
to ' hustle.' My first two winters out, I taught at Bloxom, in 
Accomac Co., Va., at which place I taught about seventy 
children, and had a flourishing Sunday-school connected 
with missionary work. 

I am now teaching at Metompkin, Va. My school terms 
only last six months, and each summer I have to ' hustle.' I 
have taught in all about one hundred and ninety pupils. In 
Accomac County, the demand for teachers is great, but the 
demand for good teachers is greater. The people of the East- 
ern shore are gradually improving ; they are mostly farmers, 
but carriages and horses are easier for them to buy than houses 
and land. In May, '88, I married Sarah E. Freeman, class of 
'76, and have made my home in Atlantic City, N. J., where I 
have bought a house and lot. Keeping a polish on the in- 
*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



vJF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 231 

struction I have received at Hampton, my aim in life is to 
make the very best Hving I can, in the best place I can, in the 
best way I can. My wife is teaching here near by me." 

Educated by Mrs. Ellery Hills and H. E. Cobb. 
KiRBY, William Harrison. Born at Hampton, Va., 1868. 

"I graduated in '85, and taught at the " Butler," and in 
the^Night School at Hampton, two years. I have taught one 
hundred and fifty — omitting those taught in the Night School. 
I then entered the Pharmaceutical Department of Howard 
University and graduated in '89. My aim is to practice phar- 
macy. The colored people are improving." 

Lives in Waco, Texas. 

Educated by Mrs. T. D. Wheeler and "Concord friends." 

Langon, Thomas Payne. Born in Fluvanna Co., Va., i860. 

" Since my graduation, I have taught thirty months in 
Woodstown, N. J., and a school term at Wathena, Kansas, i 
have taught one hundred and sixty-three ; none have become 
teachers. I am not permanently engaged in Sunday-school 
work, though I visit at times and teach. I am now teaching. 
My aim is to become a practical business man. The condi- 
tion of the colored people in Kansas is good and progressive." 

In Oct., '90, he wrote : " This is my sixth year in teach- 
ing; the third in Wathena, Kansas. The trustees built us a 
new brick school house, last Christmas; only one room, but it 
is the best school house in the county. The first year I was 
here, we gave a concert and bought a map of Kansas and the 
United States, a chart and a globe. The principal gave us a 
map of the county, so we are very well fixed. Now I am 
anxious to see the stars and stripes wave over our building, 
and I hope my next letter will tell the success of my effort. 
You know Kansas is one of the most loyal of states, and the 
children must learn to reverence this loyalty. We have on 
roll, forty-two, the attendance is good. Our school months 
have been increased and my salary raised." [Now, '91, edit- 
ing a paper—" The Radical" in St. Joseph, Mo. Ed.] 

Educated by S. S. of Congregational Church, Windsor, 
Ct., and Memorial Church, New York. 

Miles, Thomas. Born at Pomona, Kansas, then Sac and Fox Agen- 
cy, 1 861. 

He came to Hampton in '82. After graduating, he went 
to a college preparatory school in Meriden, N. H., and thence 
to the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 



232 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

Philadelphia. He taught awhile, some of our Indian classes, 
in the summer of '84, and has taught seven months at Sac 
and Fox Agency, Ind. Ten, where there were about fifty chil- 
dren in the school ; they were all young. He says : " I am en- 
gaged in Sunday-school work, trying to give them a general idea 
of Bible, and Christ's life and mission. I have nev;er intended 
to teach, but my aim in life is to become a doctor. In this 
capacity I feel that I would be of more service to my people. 
I am encouraged and proud that the education of the Indian 
is only a matter of time. 1 hope that the good people who 
are working for this cause will not get weary in well doing, 
for the harvest will surely come, if they faint not. My tribe 
own property in common; that is, land and the ' National 
Fund.' The fund of over $2,000,000, m the National Treas- 
ury, I think greatly retards the progress of the tribe, and, to a 
certain extent, I have advocated its immediate division. I 
believe a better era for the Indian is coming. I am disgusted 
with some of the people who have been sent out here to edu- 
cate the Indians; in some ways the savage can educate them." 
He married in '89, in Philadelphia, and returned to Sac and 
Fox Agency, where he is nov.^ teaching. 

Educated by S. S. of Second Congregational Church, 
Putnam, Ct. 

Napper, Walter P. Born at Natural Bridge, Va., 1865. 

" I am attending Howard University Medical School. 1 
have taught in Farmville, Va., three terms ; first, as assistant^ 
and afterwards as principal of the school. I have taught 
about three hundred and sixty. Ten have been teaching. In 
Farmville, I taught in the A. M. E. Sunday-school. I am 
not married, and have no property. My present occupation 
is a student. My aim is to practice medicine. The condi- 
tion of the people is encouraging and still improving." 

Educated by Franklin st. S. S., E. Somerville, Mass., and 
William Endicott, Jr. 

*R0BBINS, John H. Born in Eastville, Va., 1866. He has been 
teaching in Eastville. 

Educated by Rev. James H. Means. 

Robinson, Robert W. Born in Glendower, Albemarle Co., Va., 1863. 

" I have taught at Damon, two years, and at HowardsviUe, 

two years ; both in Albemarle Co. My first school had been 

under white teachers. I had pupils who had been to school 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 233 

ten years who could hardly enter the Junior class at Hamp- 
ton. My second school has been taught by Hampton gradu- 
ates for two years, and the scholars are much more advanced. 
I have taught about two hundred and fifty, and one has be- 
come a teacher. I own 25 acres of land, with buildings, val- 
ued at $8oQ. My occupation is teaching ; my aim is to be a 
lawyer. Some of the people are in a prosperous condition, 
and improving — others are very poor." 
Educated by Elizur Smith. 

Rogers, Robert Carter. Born in Macon, Ga., 1865. 

" My first experience in teaching began in '85, about 
three months after coming home. My father died, and I, 
being the only child in the family, went immediately to teach- 
ing in Florida, in the little town of Hawthorn. I opened 
school with fifteen pupils, and they increased to thirty. My 
school house being very open, and without a heater, the chil- 
dren had to go out doors to get warm at a fire outside in front 
of the door. I was sick most of the time, owing to the low- 
ness of the country. The people were anxious for me to go 
back, but I declined, and the next year I remained in Macon 
as messenger for the Southwestern Division of Central R. R. 
office. In the spring I went before the Board of Education 
and passed, I was told, the finest examination ever was known 
to be passed by a colored person. I taught that fall in Union- 
ville, Ga., three miles from home in a suburban village of 
Macon. I had ninety-five pupils, out of which twenty-five 
have become teachers in different counties in this state. Dur- 
ing my evening hours, as I am very fond of music, I taught a 
Brass Band of thirteen members, three of whom have be- 
come efficient members of other bands. In our church, I have 
been clerk of the church, and superintendent of the Sunday- 
school and have gathered a band of twenty-five members 
which has met twice a week to recite temperance pieces, and 
pieces from different authors. I am working at my trade 
(shoemaking) this year lor a change. My highest ambition is to 
go at my original trade (machinist) and have a ' Rogers Iron 
Works,' or ' Locomotive Works ' in Georgia, to show these 
people here what we can do. Since leaving school, I have 
acquired $500 worth of land, besides helping my mother who 
has been quite sick for a year. Our people are improving, 
but there is plenty lacking to make us what we ought to be. 
In the city they are acquiring property, and we have some 



234 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

merchants managing their own business, dry goods and gro- 
ceries, and competing with the whites. Our young men don't 
have enough business enterprise and most of them are wait- 
ers or cooks. I think I can be a leader in the way of building 
up business, as a backbone to their material growth, so as to 
make what they want in the way of factories and industries 
of all description, and not until then can we become an in- 
dependent people." 

[Now, '91, a member of the band of the 25th Infantry, U. 
S. A., stationed at Fort Missoula, Montana. Ed.] 

Educated by Richard D. Wood and William Hyde. 
Smith, Albert B. Born in Walterborough, S. C, 1865. 

" He was in the Senior class of '84, and was obliged to 
leave school before the class was graduated on account of ill 
health. In the fall he had the school at Deep Creek, Va., 
with one hundred and two on roll, and had an assistant. He 
returned in the spring to graduate with this class. Died the 
following winter — 1885. 

Educated by All Soul's Church, New York. 

* Sparks, Thomas C. Born in Mathews Co., 1864. He had taught 
five months in Mathews Co., when last heard from. 
Educated by Philip L. Moen. 

Tate, Robert F. Born in Museville, Pittsylvania Co., Va., 1861. 

" I have been regularly teaching every year since my 
graduation in '85. I like the work, and have worked hard 
for the advancement and upbuilding of my people. I have 
been fortunate since I have been in the field, to get among 
good moral people. I taught five months at Callends, eight 
at Chatham, where I found a friend and well wisher in Mrs. 
Hunt, a sister of Mrs. Orra Langhorne, and three terms at 
Dry Fork. Va. I am now engaged in Sunday-school at Dry 
Fork, and also in the one at Chatham, where I go whenever 
I have the opportunity, I have taught one hundred and 
eight-five, eight of whom have become teachers. My occu- 
pation is teaching, and my aim is the teaching of my people 
in the best manner I am able, and to make as comfortable a 
living as possible. The colored people are very poor, and are 
gaining wealth very slowly indeed, but morally and mentally 
they are improving sharply." Lives in Chatham, Va. 

Educated by John F. Slater Fund and Miss Elizabeth 
Lewis. 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 235 

Van Harler, Charles Edward. Born at Trenton Junction, N. 
J., i860. 

" I left Hampton in June '85 and spent the summer run- 
ning on the parlor- cars between Cape May and Camden. In 
September of the same year, I entered my first teachers' ex- 
amination at Sahsbury, Md., and obtained a first grade of 
second class certificate, which entitled me to a teacher's cer- 
tificate for three years. I began teaching at Sharptown, Md., 
and taught there for two years. The school ran seven months 
and a half, with an enrolment of forty-eight. In May, '87, I 
said farewell to my scholars, and spent the summer as usual 
on the parlor cars. In November I took the school at Sea- 
ford, Del. . This school was much larger than the one at 
Sharptown, and also much better for a teacher who intended 
to follow the profession. Like most of the schools in Dela- 
ware, it only kept open six months. In August '88, I was elect- 
ed to take charge of the Mount Zion School in Salem Co., N. 
J., and have been teaching there since the first Monday in 
September. This is the school which has been taught by 
John R. Dungee ('84) and Thomas P. Langon ('85). I have 
taught one hundred and twenty-five children. I don't think 
any of them have taught. The people of Sharptown, Md. 
are slowly rising in education and wealth. The church was 
in good condition, with a good Sunday school. Most of the 
people of Seaford own their homes ; they have two churches 
which are clear or nearly clear, of debt. The people round my 
present school are slowly climbing the ladder to prosperity." 

Lives in Woodstown, N. J. 

Educated by Mrs. Amasa Stone. 
Weaver, William Gustavus. Born in Snow Hill, West Va., 1864. 
" I have not attended any other school. I taught three terms 
at my birth place, and one term at Fire Creek, W. Va. I have 
taught about one hundred and ten children ; none are teach- 
ing as they are all small. I am now in a little coal mining 
village where all the people are Baptists. I am Methodist, 
but I take an active part in the Sunday school. I was mar- 
ried in '88. My occupation is teaching, and my aim is to do 
my one man's share towards elevating my people. The 
colored people are prosperous, but their condition is not so 
good as when the 'yoke' was heaviest ; still they are not be- 
hind all." 

Lives at Stone Cliff, W. Va. 

Educated by J.. W. Field. 



236 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

Williams, Isaiah I). Born in Marion, S. C, i860. 

" I taught at Savage, six months ; Ariel, three months ; 
Oakton, eight months; Campbell's Bridge, three months; Bos- 
tic, two months ; all in Marion Co , S. C. The number taught 
is three hundred and sixty ; one has become a teacher. I 
teach in Sunday school ; the pupils are very interesting, but 
they have not sufficient books and teachers to make a suc- 
cess. Mr. E. H. Williams and I own 160 acres of land, val- 
ued at $480, with buildmgs, etc., worth $250. I am now 
working for the Colored Farmers' Alliance. My aim is farm- 
ing and merchandise. The condition of the people is favor- 
able, considering their circumstances. They are improving 
in rnany respects." 

Lives in Oakton, S. C. 

Educated by W. H. Maxwell, M. D. 



EX-SJUDENTS : MIDDLE CL/\SS ; 1885. 

Nicholson, Fanny. Born in Portsmouth, Va., 1865. 

" I did not graduate, but was sent out in '85, ' to teach a 
year,' and then return and finish ; but since that time I have 
found my work of such a pleasant nature that I have not cared 
to stop it. I have been teaching at my home, Portsmouth, Va,, 
in the public school, smce September, 85. My first two years 
I taught the second primary grade ; the third year I was pro- 
moted to the first intermediate, and I still continue to teach 
that department. With us, the mass of children are found in 
the primary grades. I have taught three hundred and sixty- 
nine. I have been engaged in Sunday-school work ever since 
I have been at home, and doing all in my power to promote 
the welfare of our blessed Redeemer's Kingdom. For two 
years I was assistant superintendent of the North st. A. M. 
E. Sunday school, but for the past two years I have only been 
teaching. Not one Sunday have I been absent or tardy, un- 
less I have been out of the city or confined to my bed by 
sickness ; and that has not been a dozen times. I would rath- 
er not say any thing about the general condition of my people 
around here ; you know there are always two sides. I am 
glad to say a large portion of my race is making good prog- 
ress, and having success in everything they undertake; they 
are getting pleasant homes and trying to educate their chil- 
dren, helping to build up their churches and living generally 



OF HAAJPTON INSTITUTE. *■ 237 

well. While the mass, I am sorry to say, have not awakened 
from the sleep of ignorance, and do not know it is yet day, 
and the time for all men to work." 

Educated by Mrs. George I. Fiske and Miss Ella R. 
Waite and Friends. 
Jones, Robert A. Born in Gloucester Co., Va., 1864. 

" I am an under-graduate. I taught in Loudoun Co., 
two terms, and am now^ teaching in Prince William Co., the 
next adjoining county. My number taught is one hundred 
and fifteen ; there are not any of them teaching. Chances 
for education have been dull in these parts. I am en- 
gaged in Sunday-school work, but I cannot do much for tem- 
perance. People here are ignorant of the things which would 
build them up to a higher condition. Intemperance is so 
high iust now that I cannot reach the cord of strong drinks 
to pull her down. I have been fighting against intemperance 
ever since I left Hampton. Some of the teachers before me 
were intemperate. I shall have to fight quite a while before 
I can gain the victory. In Loudoun where I first taught, I 
had a Sunday school to build up and intemperance to pull 
down. Here I have a very good Sunday school and a good 
sized library. My present occupation is teaching; my aim in 
life is to blot out ignorance. I own a house and land and 
hogs. Please judge the general condition of the people your- 
self. They are chiefly farmers; their places are inconvenient 
to the stations on the railroads; they have a long way to 
haul their produce, — often twenty-eight or thirty-eight miles 
— with large families, and high taxes to pay on their little 
property." 

Educated by Mr. and Mrs. James Whitall, and Arthur M. 
Dodge. 
Wise. Henry A. Born in York Co., Va., 1862. 

" After leaving Hampton in '85, I returned home and be- 
gan to carry on farming. I worked in this way for two years, 
and, I am sorry to say, I was no better off at the end of those 
two years than I was at the beginning. I had made a failure, 
and had done nothing yet in the way of teaching those who sur- 
rounded me. Feeling that I had not discharged my duty to 
those I could help, I resolved to take up school teaching for 
my work. I started out for a school and was successful in 
getting one in a new neighborhood where they had never had 
a school before, in Surry County. This neighborhood had 
recently been settled by people from different counties. I 



238 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

have had the pleasure of teaching there [two Jterms, and ex- 
pect to teach the same school the coming term. I had twen- 
ty-seven scholars. My experience has been short, yet 1 have 
learned a great deal about school teaching, and what the peo- 
ple are in need of generally. There are numbers of good 
colored people all through the South who would do and love 
the right, if they only knew what it was ; who would be bet- 
ter citizens and better able to help themselves if they had the 
proper teaching and training. One of their greatest needs is 
of good earnest workers placed among them. I feel that I 
have done a little something for the good of the people 
among whom I have been working; because I know that my 
efforts have been earnest and made in the right direction, and 
where efforts are earnest, I believe there will be some good 
results. I am a Sunday school teacher and doing all in my 
power to help the temperance cause. I own ten acres of 
land ; am now teaching school and working at my trade." 
Educated by John I. Blair Jr. 



At the end of 1885, it was decided to send out our colored students 
for one year of actual field work as teachers, between their Middle and 
Senior years. It had long been observed that those forced by circum- 
stances to such a course, in order to pay their way through school, 
gained far more than they lost. The manifold benefits of the experi-' 
ence, doubling the value of the Senior year to the student matured 
and developed in mind and purpose, have established the custom, 
which we would gladly extend to our Indian students, were there the 
same possibility of securing for them positions as teachers of their 
people. 

The Middle Class of '85, being the first to go out en masse, the 
Senior class of '86 was of course very small ; made up of those for 
whom force of circumstances had already secured the year out, and 
the three Indian Seniors. 

Succeeding classes were for awhile somewhat smaller than had 
been usual, but those who returned were of the best material, and 
there have returned from year to year an increasing proportion. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 



239 



CLASS OF 1886. 

A SMALL CLASS FOR REASONS GIVeN ON PRECEDING PAGE- 

Coles, Julia E. D. Born in Danville, Va., 1866. 

" I graduated in '86. In September, I went to Newport, 
R. I., to learn dressmaking. I only stayed four months, as 
my friend died. In April I was appointed as substitute teach- 
er, in one of the public schools in Danville. In July, I at- 
tended Peabody Institute in Lynchburg, and, in October, was 
given the school at Sandy River. At Christmas, thanks to 
Miss Cleaveland, I received a nice box of books, cards and 
other presents for my school, from a Sunday-school class in 
Connecticut. The parents and children were much pleased 
and returned thanks to the lady and her class. The next 
October, I received an appointment to teach at Dyer's Store 
in Henry Co., Va. I taught there a month and a week. The 
house was so open I could not teach in it during the winter, 
so I gave it up. I came to Halifax Co., and have been teach- 
ing eight days. I began with twelve and now have thirty. I 
have nothing of which to complain. My school house is good 
and close, with a good stove, two writing desks, very good 
benches, and a pretty fair blackboard. It is lighted with three 
glass wmdows and is much better than the average lot of 
school^houses in the country. I am very convenient to my 
school, having to walk less than a mile, and I get my mail al- 
most every day. In every way I feel that I am much better 
off than some of my brothers and sisters. I have been en- 
gaged in Sunday-school work ever since I left school. When 
I am at home, I am teacher in the Loyal Baptist Sunday- 
school to which I have belonged ever since I was five years 
old. When I am in the country, I generally act as superin- 
tendent and teacher. In some of the places where I have 
taught, the people are ' Primitive,' or ' Ironside ' Baptist, 
and they have nothing to do with any other denomination in 
religious affairs, and are particularly hard on ' Missionary " 
Baptists, and, as I am of that faith, it is very hard to do re- 
ligous work among such. 

Temperance work I find an utter failure. It is hardly 
possiblejto get up a club, and, after they are started, they soon 



240 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

break down. I do not mean to convey the idea that the peo- 
ple are drunkards, but they like to take, a social glass now 
and then. They say that wine is harmless, it is only the juice 
of berries. They say that they never get drunk and there is 
no harm in what they do. So you see how it would be about 
signing the pledge. In most of the places where I have 
taught, I have found the people very well situated; most of 
them own a small tract of land with a good house on it, and 
a horse and wagon, or a yoke of oxen and a cart, a cow, and 

two or three hogs. This is not the case with all. In 

things were in a worse condition than any other place. 
The people are very poor, living in houses no better than 
sheds, with poorest kind of food, besides being the most ig- 
norant people I ever was among. This is true of the whites 
as well as of the colored, tho* now and then you meet a family 
living on the remains of what was once a very fine estate. I 
have taught three hundred and fifty children. My aim is to 
do all the good I can in elevating my race." 
Educated by the Misses Ireson. 

Hunter, Annie B. (Mrs. George White). Born in Raleigh, N. C, 
1864. 

" The summer of '86, I secured a position in a family in 
Philadelphia, and early the next spring I went to the Berk- 
shire Hills of Massachusetts. In the summer of '87, through 
the recommendation of one of Hampton's friends, I received 
a letter from Prof. Johnson of the Brooklyn Howard Orphan 
Asylum, asking me to go there. I began my work as assist- 
ant in the autumn, and I found as much as head, heart and 
hand could master. There were 150 children in the home, 
from the ages of three to sixteen; 96 of them attended school, 
the rest were too young to enter. I had the primary grades, 
and this means I claimed all the little ones, as well as some 
of the larger. Directly under my charge in the school room 
were forty. With all these ' wide awakes ' and ' chatter boxes ' 
to keep busy, as well as my other classes, there was little 
time left for other things. I assist in Sunday-school, but am 
not engaged in temperance work." 

The year before graduating, she taught at Ivor Station, 
Va. She has taught about one hundred and ninety children. 
Is now married to George W. White, class of '84, They live 
in Boston. 

Educated by Miss Alice Byington. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 241 

La Flesche, (Mrs.) Lucy. Born at Omaha Reserve, Neb. 

She and her husband came to Hampton in '82. As 
she was the daughter of a chief, her husband, Noah, took the 
name of La Flesche, instead of Lucy's changing her name. 
She spent one year in the Indian' School, and then took the 
Normal course. She has now a pretty home, which Noah 
built on the Omaha Reserve with help of the Home Building 
and Loan branch of the Woman's National Indian Association. 
It is a model of comfort, neatness and thrift, and an object 
lesson to her neighbors, both red and white. 

Educated by Frank Wood, Girls' Classical School, North- 
ampton, Mass. and First Cong. S. S., Ouincy, Mass. 

La Flesche, Susan. Born on Omaha Reserve, Neb. 

She came to Hampton in '84. She was Salutatorian of 
the class, and received the Demorest Prize for passing the 
best examination in the Junior studies. 

After graduating, she entered the Woman's Medical 
College, in Philadelphia, received her diploma, and was one 
of the six successful candidates for a position in the Woman's 
Hospital, Philadelphia, where she spent a summer, and then 
assumed her duties as physician at the Government Board- 
ing School at the Omaha Agency, Neb., where she is now do- 
ing noble work for her people, both in her profession and in 
general influence. 

Educated by the Missionary Soc, of Smith College and 
J. W. Davis. 

RiDDiCK, Sarah E. (Mrs. Louis H. Portlock). Born at Norfolk, Va., 
1863. 

She stayed out and taught two years in Southampton 
Co. (before she entered her Senior year). Since graduating 
she has been teaching in Norfolk, two years in a parish 
school, and now in the public school. She has taught two 
hundred and five scholars ; none are old enough to teach. 
She is also engaged in Sunday-school'and temperance work . 
In the Sunday-school there are seventy-five, and there are 
thirty-five members of the Temperance Society. She owns a 
home and land. She says : " The people are trying to ele- 
vate themselves and get homes." Lives in Norfolk, Va. 
Educated by H. P. Kidder and E. Pierson Beebe. 

Stevens, Margaret I. Born in Southampton County, Va., 1863. 

" I left Hampton full of the thought of going out into 
the world to help lift up my down trodden race to a better 
standing, mentally and morally. I felt like a child leaving 



242 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

home for the first time to take a position in the world, ex- 
pecting to meet many trials and temptations. So far I have 
sailea quite peacefully over Time's ocean. I have been busily 
engaged in teaching, every school term since I left Hampton, 
at the Oberry School in Franklin district. The school takes- 
its name from the Methodist Church to which I belong. The 
school term is only five months, but the Trustees have been 
very kind and given me an extra month every term. "^ * 
I have taught one hundred and twenty scholars, and one has 
"become a teacher. I have organized a Temperance Society 
called " The Teetotal Champion Club." This society has done 
a great deal of good in purifying the hearts and homes of my 
people. We have 170 members and it is wonderful to see how 
well they keep their pledge. During the last summer, 1 taught 
sewing school, and organized a sisters' prayer meeting, which 
met every Wednesday afternoon. I have no property. My 
aim is to make the world better for my having lived in it. 
The people about here have made but slow progress in the 
last four years, although some are anxious to come up and 
be respected as a race." 

Educated by Henry Stanley and Mrs. P. M. Bryson. 

Dawkins, Pinkney W. Born in Newberry Co., N. C. 

" In June, '86, I went to South Carolina and immediately 
engaged in teaching. I remained there till May, '87. Then 
Miss Hyde asked me to go to Salem, New Jersey, and placed 
me in correspondence with the city superintendent. Now I 
am here with a better school building, a fine board of trustees, 
and worse children than I have ever had to deal with. I have 
taught more than three hundred children. I am also engaged 
in Sunday school work. I am married (to Emma Fentress, 
an ex-student) and have one child. I mean to make teaching 
my profession. According to the Negro population of this 
city, and considering their advantages, they need more teach- 
ing than the Negroes in any Southern locality that I have 
visited. They do not appreciate education as they ought, 
and you can hardly get them to attend anything for their ad- 
vancement ; not because many of them are ignorant, but be- 
cause they are too obstinate and don't like to be led. There 
is much to be done, and we need your prayers." " There is 
slow improvement in accumulating property, there seems to 
be nearly a stand-still in intellect, and a retrogression in 
morals." 

Educated by John Cummings. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 243 

Greaves, Joseph Wm. Born at Hilton Head, S. C, 1867. He taught 
five months in Suffolk, Va. Died Feb. 1887. 

Educated by Mr. and Mrs. C. T. Hubbard and Arthur 
Murray Dodge. 
* Harris, Henry. Born in Mathews Co., Va., 1865. 

He taught one year in Norfolk Co. He is, at present 
writing, a student at the Newton Theological Seminary, Mass.. 
and also acting pastor of the 12th colored Baptist Church in 
Boston, "working hard, studying and preaching." He wrote 
a friend, "The field is white to harvest. No city offers bright- 
er possibilities to the young men of our race than Boston, 
but the one sad fact is, these possibilities are often allowed to 
slip. I have plied all the energy of my being to save our 
young men. This we must do or all is hopeless." 

Educated by Mrs. W. S. Pierson and E. R. Mayo. 
Hodges, Willis Fortress. Born in Virginia, 1864. 

He has taught ten months in Pittsylvania County, and 
seven in Gloucester County. He started a Sunday-school. 
He had about two hundred pupils ; three of them have be- 
come teachers. He is now writing in a lawyer's office, and 
studying to become a lawyer. Lives in Gloucester C. H. 

Educated by VV. L. Skidmore and John F. Slater Fund. 
LOCKERY, Thomas H. Born in Paris, Va., 1862. 

He taught in Chantilly, Va. one term, and the " Newman 
School," Herndon, Va., three terms. He says : " I selected 
the rural districts for my work, which you know are generally 
shunned by good workers, because there is much more work 
to be done in the back grounds than in cities. I have not 
made much improvement in the way of property myself, 
but the people have. I know of but two families, in a circuit 
of three miles, but what own the property on which they live. 
They are all in a prosperous condition. There is but very 
little intemperance, especially among the families, and very 
little among the younger classes. It is more a matter of time 
than of condition, to make the young colored generation what 
it should be. I have taught about one hundred and twenty- 
five children ; none are teachers, and I have a progressive 
Sunday-school. My aim is to improve my race in any way I 
can, and then myself. Lives in Herndon, Va. 

Educated by Theodore Lyman and Slater Fund. 
-*■ PicoTTE, Jr. Charles T. Born at Yankton Agency, Dakota Ter. 1863. 

His father was the Agency interpreter and sent his son 

*Did not reply to last circular letter of inquiry. 



244 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

East to school in 1879. He was at different times in our In- 
dian, Night and Normal Schools, and, after graduating in' 86, 
returned and took a post-graduate year in 1887. He taught 
a year in St. Paul's School, Yankton Agency, and then went 
to Omaha Agency, where he married Marguerite La Flesche 
of '87, and took charge of her father's family and estate, leaving 
his own in charge of his own father. His character and business 
capacity have been very highly spoken of by those in posi- 
tions to know. 

Educated by Miss Edith Ferguson. 

Taliaferro, Frank Leslie. Born in Lynchburg, Va., 1865. 

He taught at Goodes, Bedford Co., Va., in the fall after 
graduating, and had fifty-four on roll ; the average age was 
ten years. Died 1888. 

Educated by S. S. of First Cong. Church, Southing- 
ton, Ct. 

* WoODLiN, Martin. Born in Gloucester Co. N. J., 1864. 

He has been in the employ of Wanamaker & Co., Phila- 
delphia, ever since he graduated. He married Ida V. Lee, 
class of '84. 

Educated by Mrs. Amasa Stone. 



ex-stUdeNt; junior class of '86. 

Foster, Angeline Mrs. (wife of Randolph Foster, Middler of '79.) 
" I was born in the city of Lynchburg, Va., but I don't 
know the date, and have no one from whom I can get it. I 
entered the Training School of the Woman's Hospital, Phila- 
delphia, June, '86. The term was two years, but I did not 
stay the term out ; being so much needed at home, I asked to 
be excused, and it was granted. While I did not finish, I 
have a pretty thorough knowledge of all the work, as I had 
been all the rounds except the surgical and had had some of 
that. I took in all I could while there and tried never to be 
told one thing twice. The physicians here, in Palatka, Fla. 
give me the praise of knowing my place in a sick room, and 
understanding my business. Two weeks after I came home, 
I was with a patient three weeks and three days and received 
$51.50. I was with one six weeks and three days and received 
$78, and, after the family returned to New York, they sent me 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 245 

a watch, for my care of a sick lady. I feel I have almost be- 
come like a cat. The General so often said he wanted all the 
students when they left Hampton to "land on their feet." I 
am engaged in the Sunday-school work in the Bethel A. M. 
E. Church, and also in missionary work. My aim in life is to 
elevate and better the condition of my people. Hampton is 
the only school I ever went to," 

We have heard from others, high praise of Mrs. Foster 
as a trained nurse. 

Educated by B. C. Hardwick. 



CLASS OF 1887. 

Allison, Esther. Born in Wythe Co., Va., 1868. Died September, 
1887. 

Educated by Sunday School of First Presbyterian Church. 
Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Barnaby, Josephine. (Mrs. Von Felden) ( Omaha tribe). Born at 
Omaha Agency, Neb., 1865. 

After graduating, she attended the New Haven, Ct., 
Training School for Nurses ; then went — in '89— to assist Miss 
Collins in her mission work at Grand River ( Cong. ) station, 
Standing Rock reservation, N. Dakota. She wrote from there : 
"Since graduating, I have been preparing myself for general 
work among the Indians. Teaching these people means more 
than teaching them to read ; it is teaching the mothers how 
to wash, bake bread, sew, wash the floor and keep themselves 
clean ; and, above all, that God cares for them and is their 
friend. I am with Miss Mary C. Collins, a very dear, lovely 
lady. I find my practice in the New Haven Hospital very 
beneficial in my work here. My occupation is missionary to 
the Dakotas : my aim is to try to bring my people to see the 
light of Jesus Christ, which the white people have done for 
me while at Hampton." 

An epidemic breaking out among the Indians of Stand- 
ing Rock, she entered the Mission Hospital at the Agency, as 
nurse, and was for some time not only the only nurse there 
with insufficient assistance for the roughest work, but, the 
Agency Physician being removed, had to take his responsi- 
bility as well as her own, for the overflowing hospital. Brok- 
en down by the overwork, after a serious resulting illness she 
went to her own home in Omaha Agency, to rest. Her 
mother and younger sisters and brothers claimed her care. 



246 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

and the people of her tribe begged her to stay and work 
among them. The question was decided soon by her betroth- 
al, and marriage to Mr. Von Felden, a white farmer in com- 
fortable circumstances, living near the agency. 

Educated by "Mrs. B. W. Putnam's School and 
Friends " and S. S. of North Cong. Church, St. Johnsbury, Vt. 

Berry, Carrie V. Born at Port Penn., Del., 1863. 

" Since I left Hampton I have not attended any other 
school or college, but I have been trying to improve myself 
by home study. I am a member of the New Jersey Reading 
Circle, and I take three educational papers. I am trying to 
be a true teacher, and a wide teacher, and an intellectual 
thinker. I graduated in '87. Since that time I have been en- 
gaged in teaching and missionarying among my people. The 
first year I taught at Drawbridge, Va. I started a Sunday 
school while there, and used the lesson papers Miss Tileston 
sent me. I am now teaching at ,Yorktown, N. J. I have a 
large school, but an unruly set of scholars, and I think the 
main cause is that the parents fail to do their duty, so it be- 
hooves a teacher to do that which the parents should have 
done. I am doing all I can for the elevation of my race and 
the cause of humanity. I have started a sewing school for 
my girls, and the boys are very anxious to attend. 1 told 
them that, as soon as I could, I would take them in. When- 
ever I can get a kind friend to give something towards it, I 
do. The girls take great delight in learning to sew, and when 
they finish a garment I give it to them. I am really trying to 
make true men and women for my country, for I know her 
future depends upon the children of to-day, I have taught 
about fifty different children, My aim in life is to be a true, 
noble. Christian worker among my people. There exists 
much poverty and ignorance among them ; still I can see im- 
provement. Hampton has done much for the Negro all over 
the world ; for her students have come from different parts of 
the world, and are doing good work since they left. The 
monument of Hampton and her beloved Principal is already 
erected, not in marble or stone, but in the lives and charac- 
ters of her sons and daughters. I cannot find words to ex- 
press ray feelings towards Harapton and its beloved Princi- 
pal, for the good he has done and is still doing, and long may 
he live to do good for us and all mankind. I am proud to be 
a daughter of Hampton." 

Educated by Ladies of First Church (Unitarian), Boston. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 247 

Bird, Eliza. Born in Abingdon, Va., 1866. 

" I have been teaching every year at Gloucester C. H. I 
have taught at different times two hundred and four children, 
and I teach in Sunday school every Sunday morning. My in- 
tention is to go to school again and better fit myself for a 
teacher. The people are a laboring class. In this neighbor- 
hood they own their own homes and ten or twelve acres of 
land." 

Educated by William Alexander Smith and John F. Sla- 
ter Fund. 

Black, Lavinia. Born at Beaufort, S. C, 1862." 

" I have been teaching at the Whitney School at Port 
Royal, S. C; have taught nearly two hundred children ; none 
have become teacher's, as they are too young. We have a 
Sunday school to which many grown folks come and all seem 
to be much interested. My aim is to become an elocutionist 
and to gain general knowledge. With regard to the people ; 
in the country, most of them seem to be retrograding, but 
in the cities they seem to be fast improving." 
Educated by Rufus S. Frost. 

Broadus, Melissa E. Born in Rockmgham Co., Va., i860. 

" I have been teaching at Willow Grove, Md., since I 
graduated. I hoped to teach near my home, and had a school 
promised, but I was the only graduate from Hampton, and 
the people said they wanted a man. One hundred and forty 
children have been taught by me. I am also engaged in Sun- 
day school work. The people are slowly improving." 

Educated by Congregational Church, Orange Valley, N. 
J. and Mrs. C. P. Huntington. 

Brown, Ellen. Born in Bedford Co., Va., 1867. 

" I have not attended any other school. I taught five 
months in Bedford Co., Va., and am now teaching at Tuske- 
gee, Ala. In Bedford Co., I had fifty children; at Tuskegee I 
teach one hundred and eighty. I also teach in our Sunday 
school here. My aim is to be a successful teacher." 

Educated by Fourth Church Sunday School, Hartford, 
Conn, and " Workers' and Winners' Society" of Cleve- 
land, O. 

Brown, Sarah. Born in Winchester Va., 1868. 

" I taught two years before going to Hampton, at Win- 
chester. My school was of the primary grade, and I had an 
enrolment of about one hundred. I have taught about one 



248 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

hundred and fifty. Since graduating I have attended the 
Washington High School. My studies the first year were 
history, geometry (six books), physics, algebra, Latin, (exer- 
cises and Caesar) ; second year, English literature, German, 
political economy, Latin, (Virgil, three books). I wish I had 
done some work of which I- could give an account, rather 
than of myself. However, I consider myself only in prepara- 
tion for my work and hope I soon shall be able to recount 
work done." 

Home in Winchester, Va. 

Educated by Mrs. Henry Rose. 

*Carter, Matilda (Mrs. Lloyd Marshall). Born at Newbern, N. C, 
1862. 

The winter of 'Sy-'SS she taught at Draper's Valley, Va., 
where she found the colored people "very far behind." Du- 
ring summer vacations, she went North to Auburndale^ 
Mass. Is married and living at Newton, Mass. 
Educated by Mrs. E. B. Monroe. 

Combs, Mrs. Augusta L. Born atTuskegee, Ala., 1865. 

She was married before entering Hampton, and had 
taught in the county schools of Georgia, viz ; four years in 
Clarke Co., one in Jones, two in Oglethrope, and two months 
in Oconee. Since graduating she has been teaching in the 
public schools of Athens, Ga. She says : "Looking over my 
records I find I have taught about six hundred children. To 
my knowledge ten are teachers. The thing needed here 
in Georgia is more hand training, with that of the intellect. 
I shall ever look back to the day that saw me enter Virginia 
Hall, as the beginning of a new life for me. I can truthfully 
say, that I was taught the digiiity of labor. In the South, 
servants are looked upon with contempt by the better class, 
as they are at the North. They think it is an everlasting dis- 
grace to hire to some one. They believe in learning trades, 
but not at a school like Hampton. I've been striving to 
break down prejudice against Hampton in that respect. My 
husband and I expect to teach for a number of years yet. He 
has been principal, for two years, of the city schools of Athens,. 
Ga. I am an assistant. We own a house and lot, furniture, 
etc., valued at $800. The colored people are improving rap- 
idly here in morals and in intelligence. I find the more the 
brain is educated the less there is of bad morals." 
Educated by Miss Bessie Rockefeller. 

Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 249 

Cooper, Carrie. Born in Sampson Co., N. C, i860. 

" I have taught three short terms in Stantonsburg, N. C, 
where I had one hundred and twenty-five pupils. As the 
people are not able to clothe their children sufficiently for the 
winter, there is no school this winter. I commenced teach- 
ing another school in Wilson Co., in December, and expect to 
teach two months, the time allowed for a term in this coun- 
ty. To get to Hampton, during the spring and summer va- 
cation, I cultivated a piece of ground that I planted out in 
vegetables : in the fall I picked cotton ; I borrowed money to 
carry me through school, which I have paid, and I left there 
in debt. I have paid that also. I owe a little on my house 
and lot which I hope to pay soon. Another burden on my 
hands, while at Hampton, was a sick sister and three children ; 
one, a consumptive. I had to furnish a house and help feed 
them. I found my sister in bed when I came home ; the com- 
sumptive child is dead. I have paid all the doctor's bill that 
has been paid. My fare here is rough, but I groan and endure 
it. Work is hard to get out here. There are many teachers 
here that cannot enter the Junior class, hardly could enter 
the Night School of Hampton. While teaching at Stantons- 
burg, I taught Sabbath school and talked to the young peo- 
ple about temperance ; but I organized no society, I only lec- 
tured. My aim is to do all I can for the elevation of my 
race. The people are improving religiously, morally and tem- 
porally." 

Lives in Wilson, N. C. 

Educated by Rev. J. H. Denison. 

Cox, Lennie B. Born in Newbern, Va , 1865. 

" I taught in Pulaski Co. ten months ind at Shellbanks 
[Hemenway Farm of Hampton Institute] eight months. In 
these two places, I had one hundred and seven pupils. Now 
I am teaching at Pocahontas in south-western Va. I have 
one hundred and twenty on roll, with average attendance of 
nmety. We have one very large room with plenty of win- 
dows and a black-board across one end of the school-room. 
The children are very bright, and seem anxious, most of chem, 
to learn. The school board is composed of four colored men, 
who are worthy of their position (Mr. W. A. Hilton, class of '81, 
is one of them). The school fund is raised by a monthly 
taxation of the miners. Pocahontas is a rough place, yet 
better than it is sometimes represented. One who likes 
mountain scenery would be delighted with it. It is a money- 



250 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

making place, but much of the money made is used to satis- 
fy evil appetites. Again, there are some very nice people here, 
people who are trying to build themselves up. Now let me 
add thanks to dear Hampton for past benefits. May God's 
blessings ever be upon her, and may she still go on diffusing 
light to all who seek it." 

Educated by Ladies of First (Unitarian) Church, Boston. 
Ferguson, Emma L. Born in Virginia, 1864. 

She has taught in Fayette and Kanawha Go's., West Va., 
and has one hundred and five scholars. She is also teaching 
in Sunday school, and was at one time president of a branch 
of the colored W. G. T. U. Her "aim in life is to be a thor- 
ough teacher." " The colored people are progressing." 

Lives in Gharleston, West Va. 

Educated by Mrs. John Aitken. 
Ferguson, Laura Lee. Born at Fredericksburg, Va., 1859. 

" I left Hampton in June '87, intending to work in some 
family near my home, Darby, Pa., or in Philadelphia, but I 
was ill and could not do anything till November; then I went 
to Sussex Go., Del. My school was large and I worked very 
hard. 1 taught Sunday school, which pleased the people i 
they said I was the second teacher that they had ever had 
who was interested in that work. Last summer I did house- 
work in West Philadelphia, and in October I opened a school 
in Nelson Go. I have no black-board, no maps, no globe ; in 
fact nothing but a rusty stove, rickety old benches and a table 
made by Abram Lynch, a middler of '86, who died during his 
term here. I like teaching very much ; the only thing that 
troubles me is that I am not able to do for the people what I 
would like. I am busy all the time trying to improve." 

Educated by Mrs. G. A. Johnson. 

Grason, Emma L. Born in Baltimore, Md., 1868. 

" I have been to no other school. After spending five 
terms at dear old Hampton, I left her walls in June, '87, for 
my life's work. I was called to take a school in Essex Go., 
Va., but my health failed and I staid but two months. I went 
home to brace up and get strong, but, as I could not return 
that term, I concluded to try dressmaking, at which I was 
very successful, until the fall, when I wrote to Prof. Ghap- 
lain of Easton, Md., for a school. Being successful, I began 
my work in Talbot Go., and enjoy it very much. At the first 
school I had seventy-four ; here I have twenty-eighton roll. I 
am engaged in Sunday school work at Easton. There is not 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 25 1 

a day that I don't think of Hampton and the training I re- 
ceived while a student there, and I can never thank my teach- 
ers enough for their care and kindness." 

Educated by James White and S. M. Felton. 

Green, Agnes. V. (Mrs. Randolph). Born in Jerusalem, Va., 1865. 

" I taught one term at Franklin, and one at Delaware's. 
. Since my graduation 1 have taught at Joynesville. My school 
is large. During the winter, when the children are not busy, I 
have one hundred children on roll, and as yet I have been 
unable to get an assistant, but with the help of my older pu- 
pils, I have managed to get along, and have done the best I 
could under the circumstances. This year I have organized, 
in my school, a little temperance band. There were fifteen to 
join. By reading and talking to them of the wicked influ- 
ence of alcohol, our band grew larger, and I was encouraged 
to carry the society into church and Sunday school. We 
have now nearly one hundred members. I also teach in the 
Sunday school, where not only young, but older persons have 
joined our classes. I have taught about two hundred and 
thirty children. This seems to have always been a neglected 
corner of our countic The people are poor, illiterate, and be- 
hind the times ; but very few of them own land or property of 
their own. They seem to work hard, but brandy is made in the 
neighborhood and the people have used it too lavishly to 
make much improvement in life. I am glad to say there is a 
very friendly feeling between the whites and the colored peo- 
ple here. I hope to enter school again. I feel a need to 
know more, to teach even in out of the way places. I do 
want to be useful to my people. I feel anxious about them, 
£ind as I am to spend my life in this work, I want to do well, 
or I should not deserve the name of a Hampton graduate. I 
love my dear old school, and all the work for good that I can 
do is due to her and to her wise founder and leader. His 
work has been blessed and will be throughout all ages. We 
never can repay him, but I know the Good Master will." 

She married James L. Randolph of this class. 

Educated by Mrs. George Wood and Mrs. Amasa Stone. 

*GwiNN, Bessie C. Born in Savannah, Ga., 1850. 

She taught the term of '86, before graduating. 
Educated by Geo. C. Lord and Chas. Dean, ( Executors ) 
and Miss Helen Porter. 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



252 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

*La Flesche, Marguerite. (Mrs. Chas. Picotte). Born on the Oma- 
ha Reservation, Neb., 1865. 

Attended the Mission School at home, then went to a 
white school in Elizabeth, N. J., through friends of her sister 
•' Bright Eyes." Returning home, she taught there a year, 
but found she lacked industrial training and came to Hamp- 
ton in '84, entering the Junior class. 

After teaching a year at the Government Boarding school 
at the Omaha Agency, she married Chas. Picotte, class of 
'86. Her father, a very prominent and progressive man in 
the tribe, had died suddenly, leaving a large family and allot- 
ments belonging to its different members. The young couple 
found their work to be at the old home, and have since been 
living quietly there. Mrs. Picotte has been active in every 
good work for her people, a member of the Law and Order 
Society, the Light Bearers (a society of Hampton and other 
returned students), and has done much toward interesting 
Eastern friends and in encouraging education and civilization 
among her own race. In the church and council she has for 
many years been their chief interpreter. 
Educated by J. W. Davis. 

MassenGILL, Martha V. Born in Knoxville, Tenn., 1866. 

" When I fir-st started out as a teacher, everything looked 
dark and gloomy. I hated the idea of going out into the 
world alone. I wished I had some one to lead the way so as 
to make things easy for me. I wanted some one to find work 
for me to do and come and take me to it. But this was not 
done. I have had to seek and find for myself all the way 
along up to the present time, and it has made a woman of me. 
The fall of '85, before I graduated, I taught at Kentuck. In 
the fall of '87, I taught at Mt. Cross, six months. The peo- 
ple in this place had never been interested enough to have a 
Sunday-school. I went to work and organized one and had 
all the children who came to the day school. Finally I found 
my children were crowded out ; the older people had taken 
their places. I should have gone to Mt. Cross again, but I 
was sufifering with rheumatism and could not return, and I 
am in Knoxville. I tried to sit down and rest awhile, but my 
conscience would not let me. It kept telling me there was 
work for me to do. I went out into the city and met two 
little boys about eight years old, who had neither father nor 
mother. The poor little fellows ht^d been sleeping in sawed 
boxes, wagon sheds or under steps. I thought it must be my 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 253 

work to take care of these poor children. I took them home, 
and shared my food and clothmg with them until I could get 
a place for them. Two other little boys heard they were at 
my house, and they came to be cared for too. I had not 
room for four, so I hired a house with four rooms. 1 had 
nothing to put into it for the children to sleep on, and noth- 
ing for them to eat, but I trusted God for his goodness, and 
he provided a way. I started out next day on a begging tour, 
and in less than a week I had three bedsteads, four bedticks, 
five chairs, three pictures, a peck of grits, a peck of sweet po- 
tatoes, a ham, a cupboard and a cooking stove. Don't you 
think this was a good beginning? I hadn't any money ex- 
cept enough to pay house rent. I teach children in the day 
whose parents are able to pay for them, and I teach a class of 
young men at night. This pays my house rent, and partly 
feeds the children in what I call my Orphan Home. I was 
laughed at for beginning on such a small scale, but I am not 
discouraged. It looks like a mustard seed in the wilderness, 
but it may be something by and by. My whole heart is de- 
voted to the work, and I believe God will help me out. Jf I 
let this work drop I feel that He will never let me succeed in 
any other. I am begging money to build an Orphanage. It 
seems hard to build anything of this kind for the colored 
children, but I intend to try to accomplish this one thing." 
Educated by Ladies of First (Unitarian) Church, Boston. 

MiNKiNS, Jane. Born in Hampton, Va., 1868. 

" I worked out the summer after I left school, and, in 
October, opened school at my home, two miles from the town 
of Hampton. My school closed in March, and from that time 
till June, I taught pay school. I did general housework dur- 
ing the summer, and in October opened school again. I have 
taught one hundred and fifty children ; none are teachers, but 
one of my night scholars is at the Normal School this term. 
He is to learn the carpenter's trade and go to Night School. 
I teach Sunday-school at my school house. In the fall and 
spring, we have a full school, but in winter we don't have 
many. We used to have temperance meetings on Sunday af- 
ternoon, but the children did not come very well, so I have 
temperance meetings in my school once a month and am get- 
ting along very well in that way. I own about $300 worth in 
land. My aim in life is to elevate those with whom I have to 
deal. May God help me, and all others who have gained an 



254 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

education at Hampton, that we may help all those who need 
our help." 

Educated by Mrs. Mary E. H. Curtis, Miss Emeline Haw- 
ley and Arthur Murray Dodge. 

Parker, Fannie L. (Mrs. Daniels) Born in Aiken, S. C, 1868. 

" I do not remember either parent. I lived with my 
grandmother until her death. I was then only eight years 
old. A Northern lady who came to Aiken soon after the war, 
adopted me. When I was fifteen I went North and remained 
nearly two years at the home of my friend's sister in Phila- 
delphia. A gentleman in that city offered to pay half of my 
expenses at Hampton on condition that I would teach after 
graduating and pay him. This offer I accepted and have 
nearly canceled the debt. I entered the Middle class of '84, 
and was promoted to the Senior class ; and with the rest of 
my classmates was obliged to teach a year before graduating. 
I was fortunate to get a position to teach at the Butler, [now 
Whittier] under the very excellent training of Miss E. Hyde. 
In the fall of '87, I returned to Aiken, and was given a posi- 
tion in the Schofield Normal and Industrial School. I am 
heartily in love with my work, and shall make teaching my 
life work, and, as each succeeding year passes, I shall try to 
make the last always better, and full of more results than the 
one preceding it. Last summer, I taught in Barnwell Co., 
S. C, and was then most forcibly struck with the idea that 
my people can get, and do want, an education. The public 
school term is only three months, so the people had the 
school go on four months longer. I did not think when I 
was at Hampton that a teacher's life would be so varied. 
Among my own people, the teacher's position is next equal 
to that of a minister ; and I do not wonder, for the home 
training is not what it should be. While teaching in the 
country it was my duty to give the people talks on education; 
especially urging them to educate their daughters, as they are 
to be the mothers of the coming generation. ' Men are what 
their mothers make them,' is my favorite expression. We are 
trying to do some good work at Aiken. We are trying to imi- 
tate Hampton in the thoroughness and quality of our work. 
We have three teachers who are graduates of dear old Hamp- 
ton, and her good influence is spreading, and her sons and 
daughters are striving to carry the light which they have re- 
ceived to those who have not been so favored. God grant 
that light may penetrate into the dark places of the earth 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 255 

wherever linger ignorance and superstition." She married, 
Nov. 1890, Mr. Daniels, a Claflin University graduate, who 
had been a teacher in the Schofield school and has now a po- 
sition in one of the Departments in Washington, where they 
live. 

Educated by E. B. Monroe. 

Simmons, Alice J. (Mrs. Gonsolvo Williams). Born in Greenville, S. 
C, 1864. 

" I have not attended any other school. I have been teach- 
ing the same school in Newbury Co. S. C, since graduating. 
It is a large school. I have had one hundred and fourteen 
on roll, with average attendance of eighty. I truly enjoy the 
work, and find it full of hope and pleasure ; and, though not 
very well paid in dollars and cents, I am amply rewarded by 
gratitude and confidence. I have taught not less than three 
hundred children, and 1 teach a Sunday-school class of young 
men in the A. M. E. Church. The people are learning per- 
severance and self reliance ; they are doing fairly well, and 
are improving every year." 

Educated by Miss Mary Anna Longstreth and " The 
Front's Neck scholarship." 

Smith, Susie W, (Mrs. John I. Fountain). Born in Hampton, Va., 1868. 

" Since graduating, I have not been able to attend any 
other school or college, although it has been one of my great- 
est desires. I do not feel that I have enough learning to get 
along well and to do what I see so necessary to be done. I 
taught three months in Norfolk Co., before graduating ; the 
school numbered about sixty. Since graduating, I have this 
school since I first started teaching, and I feel that I am 
making quite a success : and still I see every day of my life 
so much more that should be done toward the upbuildmg of 
my race. I am praying that God will help me. I have taught 
one hundred and fifty-four scholars. I have a temperance 
meeting once a week in my school and the children are be- 
coming very much devoted to it. I also teach in Sunday- 
school. My aim in life is to prove to the world that what I 
profess to be is true. I am anxious to see my people improve 
as well as myself. The colored people are advancing very 
rapidly. They are gaining in education and property. Lives 
in Fhoebus, Va. 

Educated by Rev. J. H. Denison and S. S., Fourth Cong. 
Church of Hartford, Ct. 



256 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

Battice, Walter, Indian name Paw-i-wa-thas-kuk. Born at Sac 
and Fox Agency, Kansas, 1865 — ^and was moved with his tribe 
(Sac and Fox) to Indian Territory several years later. 

Left the life of a cow-boy to come to Hampton in 1882. 
He entered the Indian school, spent a year in Massachusetts 
and returned to enter the Junior class. 

After graduation, he entered the State Normal School at 
Bridgewater, Mass., where he graduated in 1889, and returned 
home to take the place of principal teacher in the Sac and 
Fox Govt, school. While there, he started a Sunday-school, 
with Hampton students largely for teachers, and was made 
Secretary of the Nation by his people. It was during his term 
of service that the Indians agreed to take allotments and 
sell the reinainder of their land for white settlement. 

In '89, he gave up his school to Thomas Miles, expecting 
to return East and take a course in law, but, sickness prevent- 
ing, he later opened a store at the Agency, still retaining his 
position as Secretary of the Nation. He has married the 
daughter of the Head Chief — a young woman of good repute, 
who has always attended the schools there. 

Educated by Mrs. Mary Hemenway and Miss Alice 
Longfellow. 

Black, Isaac J. Born in Charles City Co., Va., 1861. 

He taught in his own county — Charles City, after he was 
graduated, and had fifty-five on roll, and during vacation did 
whatever work offered, to " make a living." Died in 1889. 

Educated by Pennsylvania Abolition Society. 

Brown, Jacob. Born in Campbell, Va., 1864. 

" After I graduated in '87, I spent the term of '88 in the 
Pastors' Class at Hampton. At the close of school I went 
North, where I spent my vacation. In October I came to 
Spout Spring, Va., where I am teaching a full school, num- 
bering sixty-five pupils, and preaching at a church close to 
my school house. The people are improving considerably." 

Educated by Mrs. George Curtis and John F. Slater Fund. 

Desverney, Edward E. Born in Savannah, Ga., 1868. 

" I taught at Hemenway Farm eight months, and also at 
Free State, two or three miles from the farm. I taught forty- 
two pupils. I spent the summer after leaving Hampton, at 
work in Atlantic City, N. J., till September, when I left for 
home, Savannah. I secured a situation as clerk in a Cotton 
Exporter's office, in which capacity I am still retained. My 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 257 

aim is to make a thoroughly competent business man of my- 
self. The people are in a prosperous condition, especially in 
the country, where they are much better off than city people, 
owning mostly their own farms and homes." 

Educated by Mrs. Augustus Hemenway and W. B. Lent. 
Evans, John H. Born in Farmville, Va., 1856. 

He is a resident graduate in the employ of the School. He 
owns a house and lot, and some personal property. He says: 
" My aim is to do what I can for myself and my people, 
though I have done but little." 

Educated by Mrs. Walter Baker. 
Foster, Roland H. Born at Kelton, S. C, 1864. 

" I have taught at Kelton, S. C, and the ' Ebenezer 
School,' both in the same district. There were about one 
hundred scholars, and three have become teachers. I am 
District Superintendent of Sunday-schools and have forty 
schools in charge, with two thousand scholars, more or less. 
I own one acre of land with a machine on it. I have been 
attending Leonard Medical College, connected with Shaw 
University, studying natural philosophy, chemistry, anatomy, 
physiology, materia medica, surgery and practice of medicine ; 
and I teach during vacation. My aim is to be a physician. 
The condition of the colored people is very good, and in my 
opinion they are improving." 

Educated by Clarence D. Newell and L Remson Lane, 
and First Presbyterian Church of Rochester, N. Y. 
* Frame, George L. Born at Staunton, Va., 1868. 

He taught four months after graduating, at Shellbanks, 
the School's " Hemenway Farm." 

Educated by Gen. A. W. Riley. 
Gordon, James Lewis. Born at Buckingham C. H., Va. 

" Ever since I left Hampton, my principal work has been 
teaching. First, I taught in Buckingham Co. My last term 
was in Campbell Co. I have had one hundred and twenty 
under my care, and have had a very successful Sunday-school. 
The colored people, in all the places where I have been en- 
gaged in teaching, seem to be in a rising condition. They 
can be lifted to a higher standard only by school teaching 
and missionary work. Let us work, and let us have schools 
everywhere we go, and everywhere we stay. My aim is to 
help the colored people by teaching. I own a home and fif- 
ty acres of land." Educated by Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Wolcott. 
*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



258 TWENTY TWO YEARS' WORK 

Jarvis, James. Born in Hampton, Va., 1866. 

Was valedictorian of the class. Wrote in reply to our 
circular : 

" As to my success as a teacher and in other business 
tending to advance myself and my people, 1 have but a broken 
chain of progress to present. In '85, being one of the Mid- 
dlers sent out during that year to teach before graduating, I 
steered my course toward Gloucester Co., Va. After passing 
a satisfactoiy examination, I was assigned to take charge of a 
school numbering about forty, near the boundary line between 
Gloucester and Middlesex Go's The people had enjoyed the 
privilege of a free school for only two years previous to the 
time I took the charge ; therefore they were very illiterate. 
Not more than four of my pupils could write their names ; they 
did not even know the name of the state they lived in. 

The older people cared very little about schools. So my aim 
was to teach them their use,and that it was also necessary to have 
a school on Sundays, called Sunday-school. Being very re- 
ligious, they all approved of that. I purchased for them books 
necessary for the purpose, and commenced the work, and 
when I left, they were able to take care of the work them- 
selves, I have heard since that they were progressing splen- 
didly, and have more than fifty regular attendants. When I 
left, in April, '85, twenty-seven of my scholars could write 
letters, and read letters. The most of them could do addi- 
tion, subtraction and multiplication. My aim was to teach 
them to read, write and spell, and numbering, and the school 
was complimented by the Superintendent for their success. 
When school closed, instead of going North to look for work, 
as many of our people do, I stayed at home and secured an 
agency for a book called " The Life and Times of Frederick 
Douglass," and other books. Before vacation was over, with 
the money I had accumulated, I opened a small store in 
Hampton with Solomon Chandler, (class of '83). This was 
what I wished for and liked. Then I was very ill and was 
compelled to give up business. I took charge of the Buck- 
roe school, near Hampton, but taught only two months, when 
I was disabled and had to retire. I have not taken a school 
since. [Died in March, '91.] 

Educated by Miss M. A. Wales and B. G. Clarke. 

* Lawrence, Thomas. Born at Flushing, N. Y., 1868. 'He taught 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OK HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 259 

six months at Mt. Moriah, Va. 

Educated by First Cong. Church S. S., Southington, 
Conn. 

* Maquimetas, Michael. Born at Green Bay, Wis., 1862. 

He is one of the Mcnomonee tribe. He came to Hamp- 
ton in 1879, spent 1884 and 1885 at home and returned in 1886 to 
complete his course. 

Soon after his graduation he married and settled 
down on a farm several miles from the Agency, and, ('91,) is 
very well spoken of by the Agent. 

Educated by Ladies of First Unitarian Church, iBoston. 

Pannill, Robert C. Born in Campbell Co. Va. 

" I left Hampton in December, '87, having had charge of 
the School battalion and other school duties until then. I 
went to my home in Warren County, N. C, and there carried 
on a day school and Sunday-school. My days were not days of 
play, but of work. I found plenty to do. Many school house 
doors were shut, and children at home, only for the want of 
teachers. I received a flattering certificate from the County Su- 
perintendent, marked ' i.' My school was crowded with one 
hundred scholars. I found it to be something else from bat- 
talion drill at Hampton. I often thought of General Arm- 
strong's words. ' If anything is worth doing at all it is worth 
doing well ' ; so I did my best while there. At the end of 
my term, I closed with an exhibition, and, in that large au- 
dience every one was pleased, and they said, ' Pannill is got 
to be our teacher as long as us live.' I truly hope that those 
schools and children which have been deprived of teachers 
will not remain in that condition very long. Let Hampton send 
forth her sons and daughters a few more years, and they will 
find their way into every closed school door. Leaving North 
Carolina, I came to Lynchburg, teaching a private school of 
thirty scholars during the summer, and in September went to 
see the County Supt., and, being a Hampton graduate, he 
gave me a first grade certificate, without being examined. I 
am teaching in a large school which numbers one hundred 
and seventy-five. I am principal of the school. I have taken 
a wife, she being a student of Hampton, Maria L. Branch. I 
own a home worth $600. My present occupation is preach- 
ing and teaching, and my aim is to do good wherever I am." 

Educated by C. H. Clarke and B. Scott Hurtt. 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



26o TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

* Parsons, Boston T. Born in Currituck Co., N. C, 1861. 

He has taught in Norfolk Co., Va., since graduating, and 
taught one term before graduating. 

Educated by All Souls' Church, New York and Miss Jan- 
etta Alexander. 
Randolph, James L. Born in Richmond, Va., 1865. 

" I have not taught school since graduating ; but, in '86, 
my Middle year, I taught in Bedford Co., Va. I had sixty- 
five scholars. Two of them are teachers now." 

He is now in Hempstead, Texas, at the Prairie View 
Normal and Industrial School, in charge of the carpenter's 
shop, and teaching. He married Agnes V. Green, a graduate 
of this class. 

Educated by Samuel A. Chase, Mrs. Anna M. Van Sant- 
voord and E. H. Hollister, (estate of) 
Whtfe, John Walter. Born at Kettle Run. Va., 1861. 

" I taught at Chantilly, Va., five months, and at Pleas- 
ant Valley, seven. I am on my second term at the latter 
place. I have taught about one hundred and twenty ; of 
whom one is now teaching. My Sunday-school is advancing 
rapidly, and is largely attended by old and young. I have a 
share in a small farm, which belongs to four of us, my father 
and three of us brothers ; which has been paid lor by us. I am 
now teaching, but my aim is to study medicine, or to fit my- 
self in some way to do more good for my needy people. In 
this vicinity, the colored people are temperate, industrious, 
and mostly Christians. They are improving, but ignorant yet 
in many respects." 

Educated by G. W. Allen and Robert Treat Paine, Jr. 



MEMBERS OF THE CLASS WHO DID Not graduate. 
* James, Mary. From Eastville, Va. 

No report has been received from her or of her since she 
left. Educated by Miss Susan D. Griffith and S. S. of First 
Cong. Church, Montclair, N. J. 
*Jenkins, Louisa. Born in Hillsboro, N. C, 1864. 

She has taught at her own home, Hillsboro, N. C; also, 
at Burt's Post Office, Va.; had a ten months' school and fifty 
scholars. Vv'as teaching Sunday-school, which was attended 
by quite a number of old people. 

Educated by S. B. Capen and S. S. of Cong. Church, 
Ansonia, Conn. 
*i)id not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 261 

* Lee, Ida R. From Barrett's Neck, Va. 

She was a faithful student while at the school, but as no 
report has been heard from or of her since, none can be given. 
Educated by John F. Slater Fund. 

* Stafford, James. From Salem, N. C. 

All that we can learn of him since his leaving Hampton 
is that he attended the Norfolk Mission College. 



EX-STUDENTS : MIDDLE CLASS ; 1887- 

Ford, Caleb H. Born in North Carolina, 1862. 

" I find there is a great contrast between school life and 
the outside world. I taught school in Isle of Wight County 
the winter after leaving Hampton, and am teaching the same 
school. Have taught about fifty-five. Am engaged in Sunday- 
• school and temperance work. I am married and have about 
$300. worth of land, etc. I am teaching and farming. The 
colored people are very poor but improving." 
Educated by Mrs. C. P. Huntington. 

Mackie, Richard H. Born in Nansemond Co., Va., 1861. 

" I left school in June '87, and have been teaching in 
Norfolk Co., ever since. I took an examination in August, '88, 
and received a second grade certificate, under which I taught 
seven months. The following May, I took another examina- 
.tion, and received a first grade certificate. I have taught one 
hundred and fifty. I own 75 acres of land. I expect to make 
teaching my profession. I teach Sunday-school also, but am 
not engaged in temperance work because I find so little work 
to do, I am glad to say, in this district. The colored people 
in Norfolk Co. are generally doing well. Some of them own 
pleasant homes, with orchards and other trees. Some own 
farms of 50 acres and more. I know thirty persons who ship 
their corn and other produce as the white people do ; they 
are growing stronger every year." 

Educated by Rev. J. Jay Dana. 



EX-STUDEMT: PASTORS' CLASS; 1888. 

Schofield, William. Born in Afton, Va., 1866. 

He was a member of the " Pastors' Class for Bible study" 
at Hampton Institute, reciting with this in the afternoon, 
working in the shops mornings and studying in the Night 
*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



262 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

School. His heart was set on work for his people in Africa, 
and an opportunity offering to go as a mechanic, (he was a 
good blacksmith, carpenter and shoemaker) he seized the 
chance, supposing it would give him opportunity also for 
mission work, though it shut him ofif from completing his 
academic course. To put him into better position to work 
as a missionary, the Baptist churches of Hampton ordained 
him as minister before he left. 

He has now, after some trials and a siege of African fever, 
settled himself in Bassa Co., Liberia. He has married a Chris- 
tian wife, taken up land for a coffee plantation, and, working 
at his different trades, preaching and teaching and influenc- 
ing the people as he has opportunity, he is a useful man in 
the country. His wife has the trade of dressmaker, and as- 
sists him heartily in missionary efforts. From various sources 
we have heard of Mr. Schofield's good and faithful work, "In 
His Name," and our Sunday-school, of which he was an 
earnest member, has been glad to take now and then a little 
share in it. 
Educated by Mrs. C. P. Huntington and J. J. Whiting. 



CLASS OF 1888. 

Barnette, Susie Taylor. Born in Lynchburg, Va , 1865. 

" So short a time has elapsed since I left Hampton to be a 
worker among my people, the history of my experience will 
not be of much value. I am now teaching in the public school 
of Roanoke City. I have in charge nearly one hundred and 
twenty-five. Each day I am more and more interested in my 
work and I hope to make a good primary teacher. If I suc- 
ceed, it will be owing to the training I received while I was at 
Hampton. On the whole I think the colored people are im- 
proving ; the process seems slow, but it shows." 
Educated by Miss Juliana Wood. 

Boner, Phoebe J., (Mrs. Reed). Born in Salem, N. C, 1869. 

She taught seven months in Churchland, Va., and in 
Portsmouth, Va. Had one hundred and ten scholars. She 
says " I am trying to do all I can in Sunday-school and temp- 
erance work ; I feel a little discouraged sometimes. The 
colored people are in good circumstances generally and are 
improving." 

Has married a well to do farmer in Nansemond Co., and 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 263 

has a happy home. 

Educated by A. R. Whitney, Mrs. Henry Rose, and 
Young ladies of Worcester, Mass. 

Brown, Martha L. Born in Norfolk Co., Va., 1866. 

She has taught three sessions in Princess Anne County, 
The number of children taught is between eighty and ninety. 
She is engaged in both Sunday-school and temperance work. 
She says : " The people in general are very poor ; they are 
slowly but surely improving." 

Lives at Queen Anne C. H. 

Educated by Mrs. J. A. Dickerman and Mrs, W. |. Rotch. 

Carper, Eva Boyd. Born in Salem, Va., 187 i. 

" I taught at Bower's Hill near Norfolk, five months, and 
am now teaching at the Whittier School at Hampton. I have 
taught seventy-four children. I am also engaged in Sunday- 
school and temperance work. The people seem to be im- 
provmg." 

Lives near Hampton. 

Educated by Ladies of First Church, (Unitarian) Boston. 

*Cox, Nannie M. Born in Newbern, Va.. 1864. 

She taught at Narrows, Giles Co., Va., and opened the 
first Sunday-school ever held in the place. 

Lives in Newbern. 

Educated by Wellington Smith and Young Women's 
Christian Association of Vassar College. 

Hunt Rosa. Born in Southampton Co , Va., 1868. 

" I am teaching at Chuckatuck, Va.; the school term is five 
months. I have eighty-nine scholars The colored people 
here are doing well. The majority of them own their homes 
and have them neatly furnished ; and there are very nice 
schools in this part of the county. The older people appre- 
ciate education, and the children are eager to learn. But 
much can be and needs to be done to elevate their moral 
character. The greater part of them are wholly ignorant of 
the evils of strong drink. I have begun temperance work 
since I have been here. I distribute all the temperance matter 
) I can get. Some have refrained from drinking, and are do- 
ing what they can for the cause. I teach in Sunday-school 
in one of the churches here, but the school is not in a very 
good condition." 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



264 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

Home in Handsom's Depot, Va. 

Educated by " S. E. Gilbert Scholarship," and S. S. of 
Cong. Church, Ansonia, Conn, 

*JONES, Rose Maud, (Mrs. Booker). Born in Hampton, Va., 1869. 

She has taught in Mathews Co., and Surry Co., Va. Her 
home is at Old Point Comfort with her father who has long 
been light-house keeper. 

Educated by Morris K. Jesup and the Misses NewUn. 

Taylor, Maggie G. Born in Abingdon, Va , Dec, 1865. 

" I taught three years at Lynchburg, Va., before going to 
Hampton. As I graduated in '88, my history since then is 
quite short. I went to the Teachers' Institute held in Staun- 
ton, Va., that summer. After the Institute, its conductors 
held an examination; I passed a satisfactory one, and was ap- 
pointed to teach in the public school of Staunton. Our school 
house is very comfortable indeed. It is situated in a very de- 
sirable part of the city, has ten rooms, and is steam heated. I 
have forty pupils, in the fifth primary grade, and I am trying 
to do my best. The superintendent says he is well pleased 
with my work and promises to increase my salary. The col- 
ored people here are in fair circumstances, but they do not 
send their children to school as they should. I have visited 
the parents of my children ; some of them I find in pretty 
good circumstances, while many are the opposite. I have been 
working in the Sunday-school ever since I have been here, 
and, as far as I have seen, it is better attended than the regu- 
lar church services. On the whole, I think the people are ad- 
vancing and I will try, with God's help, to do all in my power 
to help them." 

Educated by Mrs. M. W. R. Wayland. 

Whitefield, Josephine. Born in Southampton Co , Va!, 1869. 

"I have taught in Southampton Co., near Newsom's, 
eight months; there were eighty children in the school. I 
had a Christmas tree on Christmas night. The people had 
never seen a Christmas tree before, and my school house was 
crowded. I think that such occasions will help the people 
much. They are far behind but they are trying to come up, 
and seem to be willing to be helped. They had only had 
school one term before I came. It was the same with Sab- 
bath-school. Now, I am happy to say, I have quite a fine 

*Did not answer last circular letter Of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 265 

Sabbath- school which numbers about eighty, I will try to 
do all I can for my people." 

Educated by E. H. Howard, and Ladies of First ( Unitar- 
ian) Church, Boston. 
Williamson, Mahala J. Born in Wilson Co., N. C, 1864. 

" After going home from Hampton, I taught six weeks 
in the public school of Wilson, N. C. My engagement to go 
to Tuskegee, Ala., prevented me from teaching longer. On 
the morning of my departure from dear old Hampton, Miss 
Mackie asked me if I would like to come here — to Tuskegee. 
I was glad to accept the situation, though I did, and do still, 
feel deficient for the work I have to do ; but as I have before 
tried tasks that seemed too hard, and accomplished them, I am 
now exerting every effort to manage the laundry work here, 
and I do feel there is hope of avoiding a complete failure. 
Beside my laundry work, I have a class one hour a day. I 
enjoy my work and am only sorry I cannot do it better. I am 
grateful for what Hampton has done for me and will ever try 
to do honor to my Alma Mater. I have taught more than 
one hundred. Three are teachers. . The condition of the col- 
ored people around here is bad, but they are improving." 

Educated by the Missionary Society of Smith College, 
Atkinson, James Chambers Born in Savannah Ga , 1865. 

" I am attending Howard University, Washington, taking 
the usual studies of a medical course. After graduating I 
taught at Hampton two and a half months in the Night 
school. My aim is to practice medicine." 

Educated by James A. Wright and Winthrop Church and 
S. S., Charlestown, Mass. • 

Baytop, Cornelius B. Born at Sassafras, Va.. 1868. 

" Being born and reared in Gloucester County and having 
gone to school here, I proposed, if I did any teaching, to teach 
here. So, when I was sent out to teach before entering the 
Senior Class, I came here and took a school in Abingdon 
District. I had over fifty pupils enrolled, and made a term 
average of thirty-five. The children were young and docile, 
and my school and Sunday-school seemed to prosper. Order 
was sustained throughout the term ; and, after making allow- 
ance for some bad influence, there was perceivable progress. 
Most persons owned homes, horses and stock. Houses were 
small but the most were comfortable. In politics the people 
were mainly Republican ; in religion they were Baptist : their 
highest aspirations were to the ministry, yet lack of intellect 



266 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

sometimes prevented the right action of religious zeal. Edu- 
cation seemed to be considered effeminate by many. Many 
were surprised to see that I could and would cut wood. 
Some of the girls were giddy and some young men thought 
themselves very wise. Older persons|who saw the need of 
education craved to possess the unheeded chances of the 
young. When called on to advise the Middlers who were 
going out in '88, I told them to avoid the " gay class " who 
prefer to seem and not to be. 1 returned to Hampton to take 
my Senior year. I am now teaching^in the same district, but 
a different school. I have enrolled nearly eighty children and 
my school is almost equally divided between my assistant and 
me. My assistant. Miss J. C. King, Class of '85, teaches the 
primary grades. There is much interest shown by the people 
in religion, but with few exceptions, little is shown in education,. 
Our Sunday-school is larger than our day school, and we have 
reason to hope that time and pains will bring our work to 
perfection. But we have no library and no elderly persons 
in active service. Temperance is a dead work. The men and 
boys are all sailors or oystermen, and there seems no way to 
reach them, except through papers or tracts. My present oc- 
cupation is teaching in winter ; plastering in summer. I want 
to study medicine after a time. Without doubt the Negroes 
in this part of the country are improving morally, financially 
and intellectually. If they have not improved, then is our 
work vain, and our teaching vain, and we are witnesses against 
the truth." 

Educated by Miss Janetta Alexander. 

Berry, William, Born in Alexandria, La , 1859. 

" I taught in the Training School at Hampton eight 
months, before I entered the Senior class. I left Hampton in 
June '88 for Philadelphia, like a new ship starting on a long 
voyage, and my destination has not yet been reached. I 
went to Cape May for the summer and made about sixty dol- 
lars, which I laid aside for future expenses. I am now work- 
ing for a lady I met at Hampton. When she first spoke to 
me on the subject, I objected, stating that I had prepared my- 
self for a teacher. She explained to me that she was first 
cousin of the deceased Miss Longstreth who had been such a 
beloved friend of Hampton, and it was for her sake I decided 
to stay. I know I am not doing justice directly to my race and 
to those who paid my scholarship, by staying here, but indi- 
rectly I think I am, and also that I can be of some benefit to 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 267 

Hampton. I am not leading the life which some young men 
do when they get into a place of this kind. I am striving to 
save my money so as to get a house for my poor mother who 
is now in Louisiana. We have not a foot of land, but if I re- 
main here through the winter, I am sure I can have $160. for 
her." 

Berry's record of faithfulness at Hampton assures us that 
he will do good work— his best— everywhere. 
Educated by Samuel Eliot. 
Blue, Thomas F. Born in Farmville, Va., 1866. 

" I have not attended any other school. I have taught 
in Cumberland Co., Va , where there were about fifty children 
m school. I am engaged m Sunday-school work, have two 
assistant teachers and thirty scholars. The general condition 
of the colored people is good. They are improvmg morally, 
intellectually, and financially." 
Lives in Treadway, Va, 

Educated by Miss Mary C. Shannon; S. S. of First Cong. 
Ch. Danvers, Mass., and the Misses Allen. 
BouLDiNG, Benjamin R. Born in Burkesville, Va., 1868. 

He was appointed principal of the public school in Notto- 
way Co , Va. He says: "I am getting along nicely with my 
school. Two others — rising young men — are teaching 
here. Our ' Blackstown Literary Society ' meets every week 
and is largely attended." 
Lives in Crewe, Va 

Educated by Miss Frances H. Cogswell, Miss M. Josepha 
Williams and Messrs. Hough and Ford. 
*Brown, Alfred. Born in Washington, D. C, 1867. 
We have had no report from or of him. 
Educated by Mrs C. A. Johnson and Francis H. John- 
son. 
Brown, John William. Born in Winchester, Va., 1870. 

"1 have taught in Frederick Co., one year, where I had thirty 
pupils. I am also engaged in Sunday-school work. My aim 
is to elevate my race and myself. Of the colored people, I 
can only write of the city of Winchester, and the counties of 
Clarke and Frederick. I have been over both of them and 
am personally acquainted with each family — and will only 
speak of things as they exist. The Negroes of these two 
counties are industrious and independent, and, although some 
spend a greater part of their hard earnings foolishly, they are 

*Dld not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



268 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 

ambitious enough to procure for themselves comfortable 
homes, which the majority have. The homes differ with the 
ambition of the owner. The cost of homes ranges from one 
hundred dollars up into the thousands. Some own farms 
of from fifty to two hundred acres, land being worth from $io 
to $ioo an acre. The richest colored man in the county is 
said to be worth from $50,000 to $100,000. I do not think 
that you will find a dozen beggars in our town, and the Ne- 
gro f)opulation is from two to three thousand. The majority 
of the Negroes here see the importance of education and send 
their children to school. Our schools are full ; all we want is 
good teachers. Our county (Frederick) went dry, for prohibi- 
tion, two years ago, but when it came to the test last year, it 
went wet, and I don't feel very sorry, for it took business from 
the county and did not do any good." 

Educated by "Children of M,' Howell," and N. L. Bradley. 
Collins, Richard Hezekiah. Born in Baltimore, Md., 1868. 

•' My father and mother died when I was quite young, 
and I was taken charge of by my uncle who is a minister, who 
sent me to the public schools in the places where he had 
charge. Through my uncle's efforts, and my sister's (Sadie A. , 
Collins, Class of '82) I was able to finish at Hampton. After 
my Middle term there, I went out t.o teach. My field of la- 
bor was in and around Springfield, Tenn. There were twen- 
ty-five children taught by me. I am now teaching night 
school at Bridgetown, Va., and am teacher and secretary of 
the Sunday school. I own four acres of land in Dorchester 
Co., Md. My aim is to be a lawyer. The people of color are 
prospering ; many are buying homes for themselves, and, not- 
withstanding the many hinderances they have,' they are be- 
ginning to feel the need of having things of their own, and 
acquiring a more independent spirit, which I am sure speaks 
quite well for their future." 

Since writing the above, he has joined the Troupe of 
" Virginia Singers " — under the direction of Mr. Orpheus Mc- 
Adoo, Class of 't6 — and gone to make the circuit of the 
world. At last account, they were in Cape Town, Africa, 
meeting very good success. 

Educated by Mrs. S. M. Alexander, S. S. of All Souls' 
Church, New York, and David Strong. 
Davis, Liston Leander. Born at Lloyds, Va., 1861. 

" Taught five months at Loretto, Va., when a Middler, and 
had seventy- three scholars. I am now engaged in Sunday- 



OF HAiMPTON INSTITUTE. 269 

VR' sl jiool work. It is in a thriving condition, though Bibles are 
much needed. I have not gained any property since gradu- 
ating. I live on my own land and aim to teach winters and 
farm summers. The colored people are improving very rapid- 
ly; most of them live on their own places." Has married, and 
is still teaching, and working his own truck farm, near Lloyd's, 
Essex Co., Va. 

Educated by "A Friend." 

DODSON, Stanhope F. Born at Darlington Heights, Va., 1863. 

" I taught seven months before graduation, at my birth 
place, and had about seventy-five pupils ; but you cannot expect 
very much of me, as I have so recently completed my course 
at Hampton. When I left school, I went North for the sum- 
mer, and I made about as much money, I guess, as I could 
have made any where in the same length of time. Then I re- 
turned home, took my examination which was very rigid, and 
commenced my school with about thirty-five on roll. The 
school pays $25 per month and I have a six months' session. 
I am engaged in Sunday-school work, but it is very difficult 
for me to get the older people interested in temperance, so I 
am trying to get up a Temperance Society among the child- 
ren in my school. I think this will be much easier, as their 
minds are young and can be more easily changed. I worked 
with my father, who is a farmer, until I went to Hampton. 
He owns now about five hundred acres of land, a good many 
head of cattle, horses, and hogs, so you see I shall fall heir to 
some property. I expect to make teaching and farming mj'- 
life work. I think that as a general thing, the people are im- 
proving, but there are some few who are not doing very much, 
as is always the case." 

Lives at Putney's, Prince Edward Co., Va. 

Educated by E. H. Hollister. (Estate of) 

Driver, Matthew S. Born at Ark, Va., 1863. 

" I am now in charge of the wheelwright and blacksmith 
shop at Tuskegee Normal School, Ala., and am giving in- 
struction in carriage painting and harness making, trimming, 
etc. When I see how anxious some of the young men are to 
get trades and how hard they labor, I feel glad to know that 1 
am able to give them instruction. In connection with the 
work just mentioned, I am doing other work that I feel is nec- 
essary and in place. I am working in the Sunday-schools and 
churches in the town as well as in the school. 1 wish I had 
the language to tell what I think of this Tuskegee 



270 ' TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 

School and its work. Coming on the grounds and bv, ng 
what has been done, it is hard to believe that it started only 
eight years ago." 

Educated by Harbor Mission S. S., Buffalo, N. Y. 

*EvANS, James H. Born at Farmville, Va., 1865. 

Reported as at Haverstraw, N. Y., but we cannot learn 
anything further. 

Educated by John L. Hamilton and Gen. A. W. Riley. 

FoNTANELLE, EuGENE (Omaha tribe). Born on the Omaha Res- 
ervation, Neb. 

He entered the Junior class at Hampton and graduated 
in three years. The next September, he entered the Law 
School of Cornell University, where he spent a successful 
year, passing all examinations very creditably. At the end of 
the term, he was unexpectedly called home, where he has 
since been working steadily and well, as Industrial teacher at 
the Omaha government school. 

He is married, and hopes some time and in some way to 
finish his law studies. 

Educated by Miss Edwards' Class in S. S. of Calvary 
Baptist Church, New York. 
Gerst, Monroe E. Bora at South Boston, Va., 1864. 

" I am teaching near Clay's Mills. I have quite a large 
school, one hundred and two pupils on roll, with an average 
of seventy- five. You may know that I have no idle moments 
with so large a number of pupils, their ages averaging about 
eleven years. It is a graded school and usually has two teach- 
ers, but I have only had the promise of an assistant as yet. 
The little ones seem very anxious to learn both in day and 
Sabbath- school. I organized a Sunday-school at this place 
when I taught here after my Middle term, and I was indeed 
-glad, on returning, to find it still alive. 1 have recently or- 
ganized a Temperance Society. I commenced with seven 
members, and now there are fifteen. Those engaged seem 
quite earnest and hope for success. My aim is to do all the 
good I can, in whatever way I can. I think the colored peo- 
ple of the South, at least in this part that I have always known, 
are improving. They are becoming owners of property, and 
striving more vigorously to educate themselves and their chil- 
dren. All they need, I think, is the right kind of examples of 
true manhood and womanhood in their own people." 

Educated by S. S. of Park Church, Hartford, Ct. and 
Peter Notman, 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 27 1 

Harris, Jesse H. Born in Washington, D. C, 1864. 

" I taught in King and Queen Co., in winter of '86-87, 
and had sixty four pupils enrolled. I am at present employed 
by the Wagner Palace Car Co. As to my ' aim in life,' that is 
a puzzling question. I have been to Hampton, passed 
through Night School, Junior, Middle and Senior classes. I 
have gained information that is intended to be given out 
again through me, for the benefit of the people that I am for- 
tunate to be one of. I am at work to save and gain, if possi- 
ble, an independent footing financially. That done, I intend 
to go South, because that is the home for the colored race 
as a whole, and then there will be no question as to my aim. 
I may not be in the foremost position of usefulness, but I 
shall never prove false to my trust, and I shall be found 
among those who are trying to do their best. I think our 
people have made an advancement equal to none mentioned 
in history. No other race has ever been able to stand the 
lash and hardships and be subject to prejudice of another 
race, and still survive and live among them; and the Negro 
has done it. Now it is fast becoming noticeable that the 
people who are the worst of all races as an enemy, are be- 
coming the Negro's best friend. Consequently, with existing 
circumstances there is nothing but improvement for the once 
oppressed. The Caucasian race will be double the friend in 
twenty years, that it was enemy twenty years ago. So the 
law of Christ finally subdues us and causes us to love our en- 
emies ; causing the Caucasian to love the Negro whom he 
once hated, and bringing about a most wholesome revolution 
in the affairs of this country and the destinies of the two, 
three and four races represented in this country as American 
citizens." 

Educated by Charles Downing and William B. Lent. 

* Harris, James C. Born in Abingdon, Va., 1868. He has been 
teaching at Saltville, Va. 

Educated by the " Smart Scholarship," Albany, N. Y. 

Hunt, Cadmus. Born in Southampton Co., Va. 1863. 

" I have not attended any school since graduating, but I 
hope to do so. I taught live months in Mecklenburg Co., and 
am teaching a seven months' school at Cartwright's Wharf. 
I have taught about one hundred children. Since leaving 
Hampton, I have been doing freely for my people what I 
thought was demanded of me. I have spoken for temperance 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry . 



272 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

and done Sunday-school work. On coming here, I organized 
a Sunday-school — the first ever held here — -and have fifty on 
roll. My school-house here is quite comfortable. The coun- 
ty furnishes coal, but we are without maps, charts, etc. Most 
of the people say they believe in education, but many act dif^ 
ferently. Some say ' We are too poor to send our children to 
school ; they must work.' So the teachers in the cotton and 
peanut counties do not have full schools till the cold drives 
the children from the field. My opinion is, there must be a 
law passed compelling children to go to school a certain 
length of time, before they can be educated to good citizen- 
ship. The people are poor, and improvement is slow. This 
place has been hitherto very wicked, but the people have 
started a reform, which I hope may continue. A white gen- 
tleman has given land for a Church. Although my friends, 
Mr. R. S. Fellows of New Haven, who paid my scholarship 
two years, and Mr. B. H. Bartol of Pennsylvania, who also 
paid it two years, are sleeping with those who have gone be- 
fore, I hope their friends will be interested in the progress 
of the race, as well as in the expenditure of money for its ele- 
vation. I want to study theology, and then preach. I find 
there is need of earnest work all about me and I am deter- 
mined to do with all my might, the duties that present them- 
selves." 

Educated by Richard S. Fellows and St. Peter's Presby- 
terian Church, Rochester, N. Y., and B. H. Bartol. 
* Kelly, Douglas F. Born in Wilmington. N. C, 1865. His home is 
there. He has taught in Fairfax Co., Va. 

Educated by Henry B. Auchincloss and Penn. Abolition 
Society. 
Lee, James S. Born in Hampton, Va., 1863. 

"I taught one term at Crittenden's, Va., before graduating, 
and am teaching there now. I have taught about one hundred 
children. I am engaged in Sunday-school work and have made 
quite a success. The colored people about here are getting 
comfortable homes and making considerable improvement.'^ 

Educated by Z. Stiles Ely and John I. Blair, Jr. 

Mitchell, Charles S. Born in Gatesville, N. C, 1867. 

" I am teaching at my own home, and have fifty 
scholars on roll. I am teacher in a Sunday-school which I 
organized some years ago. I have no property. My aim is 
to work for my people in the way they need me most. Here 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 273 

they are poor and ignorant; they would improve rapidly, if 
they had a chance. Land is hard to get. 

Educated by Messrs. Danforth, Walbridge, McDougall 
Hubbell and Gen. Rich. 

Moorman, George W. Born at Callands, Pittsylvania Co. Va., 1862, 
" I taught six months before graduating, and am now 
teaching at the same place, Trelon, Pittsylvania Co. I have 
taught about seventy pupils. My experience is short, as I am 
of the class of '88. I have been engaged in Sunday-school 
work ever since I returned home. I am also engaged In 
temperance work, and trust that I shall be able to do more in 
that direction in the future. I never like to begin a good 
work and have it go to nothing ; that is why I think every 
teacher should have a home where he or she may continue to 
labor. I am aiming to farm and teach too, which will be my 
life work, unless I see a place where I can better serve my 
people. The colored people are getting along very well, and 
are working and looking for better things, especially since the 
election." 

Educated by B. Scott Hurtt and Wm. E. Dodge. 

Pannii.l, Maurice W. Born at Leesville, Va., 1863, 

" . am teaching in Appomattox County, near Concord 
Depot. I taught during the session of '86-'87. 1 have had 
thirty-four scholars. Of course, my experience out in the 
field of life has been short. What Hampton imparts to her 
sons and daughters is sufficient to carry them through life. I 
am taking a great part in Sunday-school work, which has 
been organized in my school-house since I opened. The 
colored people around here seem to be very anxious to edu- 
cate their children They are progressing rapidly. I pray 
God that my race may continue to prosper." 
Educated by Miss Anna C. Lowell. 

Pendleton, George L. Born at Miller's Tavern, Va., 1864. 

" I have not attended any other school, but I am study- 
ing Latin and Greek privately. I taught a term of four months 
in '87, at the same school I have now, here at Miller's Tavern. 
I have had under my charge one hundred and sixty pupils ; 
one has just commenced to teach. I am teaching Sunday- 
school in my church, and it is more than I can manage, with- 
out help. I don't own any property yet, but shall soon. I 
am going to buy some land, etc. My aim is to become a 



2 74 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

thorough teacher. The majority of the people have improved 
to a certain extent, but seem to be at a standstiH now." 
Educated by Amos P. Tapley. 

POWLESS, Richard S. (Oneida tribe.) Born on Oneida Reservation, 
Wisconsin, 1865. 

" I am 'working this winter about fifty miles from home 
in a dense forest, cutting pine logs. I am enjoying the work, 
which I think is the best for my health. I have not been very 
strong since my return, but I have helped about on the farm 
all summer. I could not get any position as a teacher. I am 
. sorry that I cannot fulfil the obligations that Hampton has 
fitted me for, but I am doing my best in all my duties and 
trying to maintain all the good training 1 have had at Hamp- 
ton. I am not sorry for the education I have received, even 
if I were to live as a laborer all my life. I know that not only 
Hampton honors labor, but the Almighty God. I expect to 
return East and attend a higher school. May God bless 
Hampton's noble work for the Indian and Negro, and may 
it be crowned with victory." 

Since writing the above, he has been to California and back 
in a surveying party. He is now in the employ of Houghton, 
Miffiin and Co., on the Riverside Press, Cambridge, at the 
printer's trade, which he learned in our office. 

Educated by B. H. Bartol. 

* Ricks, Robert B. Bom at Littleton, Va., 1868. He has been 
teaching in Southampton Co., Va. 

Educated by Henry W. Farnum and W. L. Skidmore. 

Wheelock, Fred D. Born in Augusta Ga., 1863. 

He remained at the school for two years after gradu- 
ating, studying the Bible, etc., in the Pastors' class ; teaching 
in the same, and assisting in the office and library. He was 
Superintendent of the Second Baptist Sunday-school, in 
Hampton while here, and assisted at the other Sunday-schools, 
was General Secretary of the colored Y. M. C. A. of Hampton. 
His property "consists chiefly ofa few books." Of the condition 
of the colored people, he says : " Sometimes I think they are 
improving, and then 1 think they are not." In the fall of 
'90, he went to Tuskegee, Ala. to teach in the Night School 
and to be librarian in the Normal School. 

Educated by Mrs. E. B. I. B. Dixwell. 

*Did not answer last circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 275 

Williams, Taylor B. Born at Stonebridge, Va., 1869. 

" I had taught three years before going to Hampton. My 
school was in Clark County, Va. It was pleasantly situated 
and had a great many conveniences. The schools in that part 
of the state are usually well furnished. Since graduating, I 
have been engaged by the School during the summer, and I 
taught at the ' Whittier,' formerly ' Butler.' I have had about 
eighty children under my instruction. I have been engaged 
in Sunday-school work for three years, in the different Sun- 
day-schools in this vicinity. Such work is much needed. I 
mean to take a collegiate course, and thus become better pre- 
pared as a teacher among my people. The majority of the 
colored people at my home, Millwood, Va., own their own 
places, and are slowing improving." 

He entered Phillips Academy, Andover, in the fall of 'S9, 
and is now in his second year. In June '91, he won the first 
" Draper prize" for declamation, at Phillips, and was presented 
by his class with a handsome basket of flowers. 

Educated by Ladies' Home Missionary Society, Canan- 
daigua, N. Y. 

Willis, Robert Randolph. Born in Loudoun County, Va , 1867. 

" I taught at Yorktown, Va. seven months, where there 
were about one hundred and sixteen scholars. I am now em- 
ployed as private secretary in Brooklyn, N. Y. I would like 
to study chemistry, when I get able. As far as I can under- 
stand, the colored people of Brooklyn will compare favorably 
both financially and intellectually with the colored people Of 
any section of the United States." 

Educated by J. Randolph Coolidge, and S. S. St. Marks 
M. E. Church, Montclair, N. J. 



MEMBERS OF THE SENIOR CLASS WHO DID NOT GRADUATE. 

Barksdale, Polly M. Born in Danville, Va., 1867. 

" I returned home from school with quite a brave heart 
to go through life, although I hadn't been so successful as I 
desired to be during my last term. I attended the county ex- 
aminations for teachers in August, and, when the appoint- 
ments were made, I was restored to the same position in the 
same school where I taught my year out between the Middle 
and Senior years. I felt proud when one of the trustees told 
me that the earnestness and interest I had manifested during 
my year's experience when a Middler, won my position this 
term. 



276 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 

" Six out of our fourteen teachers are Hampton graduates. 
Mr. W. F. Grasty of '79. is Principal. Our school is a graded 
one. In my year out I had a primary grade, with sixty-seven 
pupils. Now I have a grammar grade, with about twenty- 
eight. I am a Sunday-school worker, and have been for years. 
Our Sunday-school is one of the largest in that city. I am 
proud to say I have a beautiful home on one of the popular 
streets of Danville. My aim is to make my life useful to ray 
race. The colored people are improvmg very much in Dan- 
ville." 

Educated by Miss H. W. Kendall. 

Harris, Laura E. Born in York Co., Va. 

" I am teaching in York Co., Va., near a place called 
Cockletown. The children are improving ; they take a great 
deal of interest in their books. The parents are more inter- 
ested now in sending them to school all they can. Every- 
body is trying to get a homestead. Some of the people have 
very large families to support. Most of the men farm in sum- 
mer and go oystermg in winter. In going about the country,, 
you don't see half so many log houses as a few years ago,. 
The Sunday-school is getting along nicely. In every way the 
people are improving. I failed in School, but, by the help of 
God, I will not fail in helping my race." 

Educated by the " Washburn Scholarship," Mrs. Annie S„ 
Hooper and Mrs David Lyman. 

Morgan, Ida R. Born near Rice's Depot, Prince Edward Co. Va.. 
1867. 

" I am teaching my second term. I first taught at Rice's 
Depot. Now I am in Halifax County. I have taught one 
hundred and five children. The people are poor -and im- 
proving very slowly." 

Educated by Mrs. Frank S. Witherbee. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 277 



CLASS OF 1889. 

Banks, Annie. Born in Norfolk, Va., 1871. 

She has been teaching in Portsmouth, Va. Her school 
was so crowded that two sessions a day were necessary, with 
an average attendance in the morning of about 90 ; and, in 
the afternoon, of about 60 different children. Her home is in 
Norfolk. 

Educated by "West Boston Charity School," Boston, 
Mass. 

Bransford, Susie B. Born in Springfield, Tenn., 1867. 

She has been teaching ever since her graduation. She 
taught first at Sandy Bottom, Va. Is now teaching at her 
home, in Springfield, Tenn.; the first woman that ever taught 
the school. " The boys were so rude and rough, the people 
had thought they must have a man teacher. I find it pretty 
hard work, but hope to do some good by the end of the term." 

Educated by Miss Capen's School, Northampton, Mass. 

Bryant, Mary L. Born at Williamsburg, Va., 1871. 

She has been teaching as substitute at various times 
through the winter. She taught one year at the Whittier 
School, [primary and training school on Hampton Institute 
grounds.] 

Educated by R. Felton Cutting. 

Chappelle, Maria R. (VIrs. Turner.) Born in Newberry, S. C, 1867. 

She has been teaching. Has married Thos. J. Turner 

of this class. 

Educated by John H. Nettleton, Daniel F. and Miss Bes- 
sie T. Ginna, and by Young Ladies of Miss Mackie's 
School, Newburgh, N. Y. 

CORNICKS, Agnes. Born at Atlantic City, Va., 1870. 

Has been teaching at Deep Creek as assistant to G. T. 
Taylor, a Hampton graduate of '71- Writes, " I like my work 
much better than when I first went out, as I am better pre- 
pared and situated." Home, Deep Creek, Va. 

Educated by United Cong. Ch., New Haven, Conn., and 
Cong. S. S., North Adams, Mass. 



278 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

Edwards, Rosina. Born in Macon Co., Ga., 1868. 

She is teaching in the public school in Norfolk. Has two 
sessions a day; different scholars at each session: 185 on 
roll ; daily average attendance, 1 50. Is interested in Sunday- 
school work. Home, Norfolk, Va. 

Educated by John F. Slater Fund, and Mrs. C. P. Hunt- 
ington. 

Edwards, Susan E. Born in Churchland, Va., 1868. 

Has been teaching at above named place. Daily average 
attendance, 120. Is also engaged in Sunday-school and 
temperance work. Home, Churchland, Va. 

Educated by Mrs. James M. Beebe and Miss Sarah Lewis. 

Harris, Mary E. Born at Mathews C. H., Va., 1867. 
Has been teaching at home. 

Educated by the Young Women's Christian Association 
of Vassar College, and Estate of Mary Anna Longstreth. 

Ridley, Pattie A. Born in Lawrenceville, Va., 1869. 
Home, Thomasburg, Va. 

Educated by John F. Slater Fund, Mrs. Charles A. Miller 
and Ladies of First Church, (Unitarian) Boston, Mass. 

Servant, Nannie (Mrs McGuinn). Born at Hampton, Va., 1868. 

Has been teaching about eight miles from her home ; 42 
on roll. Writes : " I find it difficult to teach some lessons, from 
the fact that I have nothing to explain them with. I 
use tooth-picks to teach number-lessons." Married Rev. 
Mr. McGuinn of Richmond. 

Educated by Estate of Mary Anna Longstreth. 

Sparks, Mary A. Born at Mathews C. H., Va., 1870. 

" I am teaching thirty pupils, from six to seventeen years 
of age. I also hold a night class for those who are unable to 
come to day school, and for those who are over twenty years 
old. My work is hard, but love gives it a zest." 

Her home is at Mathews C. H. 

Educated by " All Saints Parish," Worcester, Mass. 

Thompson, Beulah. Born in Vicksburg, Miss., 1869. 

She has been and still is teaching at the Whittier School 
at Hampton. Her home is in Phoebus, between Hampton 
and Old Point. 

Educated by Miss Mary C. Shannon and Park Ave. 
Presb. Church, New York city. 



OF Ii|,AMPTON INSTITUTE. 279 

White, Fannie B. Born at Mathews C. H. Va., 1867. 

She has been teaching near the above place, which is her 
home. 

Educated by the Young Women's Christian Association 
of Vassar College. 

Williams, Julia E. Born in Lahore, Va., 1869. 

She has been teaching at Woodstown, N. J. She writes : 
" I have a large school, with very good attendance. I am 
surrounded by other Hampton workers, and can see the 
effects of the training of Hampton. 

I am working earnestly, though I feel that I am not pro- 
gressing as swiftly as I should like. I hope though, that I 
am doing good, and that my school may continue to improve 
under my instruction." Her home is in Woodstown. 

Educated by Mr. and Mrs. J. Huntington Wolcott and 
S. S. of Second Cong. Church, Waterbury, Conn. 

Anderson, William C. Born in Farmville, Va., 1870, 

He has been teaching at Salem, N. J. since his gradua- 
tion. 

Educated by Miss Carrie F. Smuller. 

Bird, David M. Born in Abingdon, Va., 1869. 

He has been teaching at Bristol, Tenn. Writes of a read- 
ing room which he hopes to open, " to keep a large number 
of young men and women from the balls which they attend 
for lack of a better place to spend their evenings." Having 
a gift of books later on, he started his plan and found it to 
work well. His home is in Abingdon. 

Educated by A. S. Frissell. 

Boothe, John H. Born in Sassafras, Va., 1868. 

He is a shoemaker by trade. He taught in the Night 
School at Hampton, one term. Has since been teaching the 
" Bethel School," at Sassafras, his home. He opened school 
with twenty- five, and expected many more before Christmas. 

Educated by Mrs. C. P. Huntington and Justus C. Straw- 
bridge. 

Brown, Jacob M. Born in Lovlngston, Va., 1864. 

Has been teaching. Was late in beginning, as he had to 
wait for a school house to be built. Had forty scholars on 
roll when he wrote. Says : " I am teaching in a very good 



28o TWENTY-TWO YEARS'*WORK 

neighborhood, and where I think the people have begun to 
■appreciate the advantages of an education." Home, Loving- 
ston. 

Educated by Mrs. Geo. Curtis, John F. Slater Fund and 
" Hon. Byron Weston," Permanent Scholarship. 

Carter, John W. Born in Scottsville, Va. 

A carpenter by trade, he is now ('91,) in charge of the de- 
partment of carpentry at the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial 
School, Alabama. He owns a house and five acres of land. 

Educated by the Missionary Society of First Presb. 
Church, Utica, N. Y. 

Chilson, Daniel, (Pottawatomie tribe.) .He came, Aug. 15, '85, to 
Hampton, from Shawneetown, Indian Territory; then fifteen 
years of age. 

He spent one year in the Indian classes, and three in the 
Normal. Then returned home, July 9, '89, to take the posi- 
tion of principal teacher in the government school at Shaw- 
neetown, vacated by Thomas Alford, class of '82. Through 
some trouble, he left the school in the winter and has since 
been working elsewhere, generally as clerk. 

Educated by Mrs. Augustus Hemenway and S.S. of Cong. 
Church, New Milford, Conn. 

Clark, Smith P. Chatham, Va. 

Is studying law at Shaw University, Raleigh, N. C. 
Home, Wayne, Pa. 

Educated by Rev. R. P. H. Vail, H. M. King and First 
Presb. Church, Buffalo, N. Y. 

Crocker, Wm. H. Born in Berlin, Va., 1863. 

Has been teaching during the winter since graduation. 
Home in Berlin. 

Educated by Women's Home Missionary Association of 
East Somerville, Mass., and Mrs, L. B. Denny. 

Dabney, James F. Born at Old Point Comfort, Va., 1867. 

Has been teaching at Port Haywood, Va. Writes : " I 
find the older people as well as the children always willing to 
be taught what is right," Home, Hick's Wharf, Va. 

Educated by Lafayette Ave. Presb. Ch., Brooklyn, N. Y. 

*DiCKERSON, John H. Born at Baltimore, Md„ 1869. 
No report has been received of him. 
Educated by Pascal P. Pratt and Arthur Murray Dodge 

*Did not answer last circular letter o: inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 281 

DoxsoN, Charles. (Onondaga tribe.) Born on Onondaga reserva- 
tion, N. Y„ 1864. 

Has a position as engineei with Sweet's Manufacturing 
Co., Syracuse, N. Y. Writes of a temperance meeting held 
by the Six Nations at Alleghany reservation, at which he was 
one of the speakers, choosing " Manliness " as his subject. 
Wishes the New York Indians could avail themselves of the 
advantages of the Dawse Bill as the western Indian can. Has 
made an excellent record. 

Educated by " Wide Awake Society " of South Cong. 
Church, Springfield, Mass., Mrs. J. H. Whittemore and Long. 
S. S. of iBeverly, Mass. 

FONTENELLF, Albert. (Omaha tribe) Born on Omaha reservation, 
Neb 

After graduation, he returned to his home where he 
spent the summer doing whatever came to hand, to 
earn enough to start him on a nine month's course in a busi- 
ness college. The next September found him in the Omaha 
city commercial college, where he pluckily worked his way for 
nine months. He did "chores" for his board, was janitor in 
a church, and did so well in his studies that he passed all ex- 
aminations with credit, although many classmates repeated. 
An acute illness forced him to leave a few weeks before 
the term was over, and for several months he worked on his 
father's ranch He is now clerk in a store in Decatur, Neb- 
aska, rentmg his own farm. 

Educated by First Cong. Ch., Southington, Ct , and "A 
Friend, in Church of Holy Trinity," Philadelphia. 

Kealear, Charles H. (Sioux tribe) Born at Yankton agency, S. 
Dakota. 

Taught for a year, after graduation, in the Episcopal 
mission school on Standing Rock agency, N. Dakota. Then 
went home to Yankton agency and started a farm. In the 
fall he took a position as industrial teacher in the govt, school 
there, which he still holds ( '91 ) while acting also as an as- 
sistant teacher in the St. Paul's (Episcopal Mission ) school. 

Educated by Frank Wood and Mrs. John E. Lodge. 

Lancaster, Alfred W. Born in Farmville, Va., 1868. 

" Teaching school in a very lonesome part of Virginia, very 
far back among some very ignorant people, about twelve miles 
from any village. There has not been any Sunday-school 
here for about twelve years, and that is what I am trying so 
hard to get the people interested in. Most all of my scholars 



282 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

come out to it now, and a great many of their parents also." 
" There are thirty children in day school. There had been no 
school here for two years." 

Home at Farmville . 

Educated by Miss Alta Rockefeller. 

Lancaster, Joel L. Born in Farmville, Va., 1865. 

Teaching in Toano, Va., with sixty on roll. " I am keep- 
ing the class motto ( ' We gather to scatter' ) in mind and try- 
ing to scatter what I have gathered at dear old Hampton. I 
am trying to do all I can in the Sunday-school." 

Home in Toano. 

Educated by Henry W . Farnum. 

Lyman, Henry H. (Sioux tribe). Born at Yankton, Dakota, 1868. 

He read an essay at Commencement, on " Indian Civiliza- 
tion." After graduating, he entered the Law School at Yale 
College, from which he will graduate in '92. The Dean speaks 
highly of his character and ability. Home, Greenwood, S. D. 

Educated by Mrs. Augustus Hemenway, Miss Margaret 
E. Gale, Justus S. Hotchkiss and Emanuel S. S. of Virginia 
Theological Seminary at Alexandria. 

*McAdoo, Eugene M. Born in Greensboro, N. C, 1869. 

He learned printing while at school. At commencement 
he read an essay on "The Negro of To-day." He taught in 
the country near Norfolk, one term. He has a good voice, 
and is now with his brother Orpheus McAdoo, class of '76, 
who, with a troupe of singers organized by himself, is giving 
concerts round the world. 

Educated bv Ladies of First Church (Unitarian), Boston. 

Monroe, James A. Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, 1868. 

Came to Hampton from Richmond, Va. Taught in Car- 
oline Co., Va. Is now teaching at Guiney's Station in the 
same county. 

Educated by Mrs. Geo. R. Russell. 

Parker, John W. Born in Chowan, N. C, 1865. 

He has taught near Edenton, N. C . ever since graduat- 
ing. In '90 he married Martha G. Harris, a former student 
of Hampton, and both are teaching near Edenton, but in diff- 
erent schools. 

Educated by "John F. Slater Fund." and Estate of A. A. 
Lawrence. 

*Did not answer !asi circular letter of inquiry. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 283 

Reid, Geo. E. Born at Evington, Va., 1866. 

Is now ('91 ) teaching at Rustburgh, Va. Writes : " I fee 
happy when I can let any of my dear teachers know that I am 
holding to our motto of '89, " We gather to scatter." 1 am 
trying, with the assistance of God, to scatter the word of God , 
and knowledge, here among this ignorance." 
Educated by Messrs. Hough and Ford. 

Scott, William H. Born in Washington, D. C. 

Learned to be a printer while at the School. Taught in 
the Night School here. After graduating, went to Tuskegee 
and had charge of the Tuskegee Normal School prmting of- 
fice. Is now ('91) in the Government Printing Department at 
Washington, D. C. 

Educated by M. C. D. Borden and Cong. S. S. of Natick, 
Mass. 

Sloan, Thomas L. Born in St. Louis, Mo., but came to Hampton 
from the Omaha Reservation Nebraska, where he was then 
living with his grandmother, a member of the Omaha tribe. 
In his three years at Hampton he showed unusual ability and 
marked influence among his fellow students. Was president 
of our Indian boys' "Council." He graduated as valedictorian 
of his class and refused to be " sent through " the Yale Law 
school because he felt that a law education gained by his 
own efforts would make him a stronger man. He returned 
to Omaha and was elected county surveyor of the new coun- 
ty ( Thurston Co. ) He is also clerk at the agency. He has 
done good work among his people, showing them the honest 
way of entering politics. He constantly worked at his law- stu- 
dies in the office of a friend. In April, '91, he passed his ex. 
amination and was admitted to the bar. He was taken into 
partnership by his instructor and writes, (June, '91. ) that they 
" have won two cases and have a number in preparation." On 
Christma", day 1893, he married Annie Telkamp, a St. Louis 
girl, ta'cing her back to a pleasant home at the agency. His 
own farm, with house and barn, is rented. 

Educated by J. IngersoU Bowditch, M. D., Mrs. Augus- 
tus Hemenway and the " Hampton Indian Assoc, of Harvard 
Annex " 

Turner, Thomas J. Born in Wilmington, N. C, 1865. 

Has taught one term since graduating, in Dudley, N. C. 
Married Nov. '90, Maria R. Chappelle of this class. Owns 
twenty- five acres. 



264 TWFNTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

Educated by Miss Caroline Richmond, Cong. S. S. North 
Brookfield, Mass ., Mrs. H. D. Wilmarthand Mrs. A. J. Stone. 

Williams, Sidney G. Born at Mt. Cross, Va., 1865. 

Taught near Danville, Va., one term. Is now teaching 
('91) at Fall Creek Depot, Va. Owns thirty-fiveacres. 
Educated by Mr. and Mrs. James Whitall. 



CLASS OF 1890. 

TWENTIETH GRADUATING CLASS. 



[Young women 17 ; young men 27 ; Total 44, of whom two (one 
of each sex) are Indians.] 

Brown, Froziella F. Born in Glendower, Va., 1864. 

Is teaching school in Howardsville, Va. Taught a sum- 
mer teim in North Carolina Home in Glendower. 

Educated by Westminster S. S., Bloomfield, N. J., and 
Miss S. B. Hills. 

Brown, Maria F. Born in Norfolk Co., Va., 1866. 

Has taught near her home in Princess Anne C. H., Va. 
Educated by Jam.es T. Leavitt. 

Cook, Martha E. Born in Richmond, Va., 1869. 

She is teaching in the country, about eight miles 
from Richmond. Her school is " progressing very nicely." 
Educated by Mrs. Walter Baker. 

Fisher, Mary E. Born in Beaufort, N. C, 1870. 

Teaching at Massie's Mills, Va. Home at Beaufort, N. C. 
Educated by the Misses Ireson and Miss S. B. Hills. 

Hicks, Seleah H. Born at Palmer's Springs, Va.; 1871. 

Read an essay on Commencement Day, on " The King's 
Daughters." 

Taught in Mecklenburg Co., Va., and at Woodworth, 
N. C. Home, Palmer's Springs, Va. 

Educated by Mrs. Sarah R. and Miss Anne Bull. 

Hooker, Carrie V. Born in Norfolk, Va., 1869. 

Home in Norfolk. Has taught in Nansemond Co., 
Va. 

Educated by Miss Phoebe T. Magie and Miss Mary Coates. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 285 

Hopkins, Lillian B. Bom at Arlington, Va., 1870. 

Applied to the School in '91, for a recommendation — 
which she received — to aid her application for a department 
clerkship in Washington. Home, at Bailey's Cross Roads, Va. 
Educated by E. H. Howard and Westminster S. S., Bloom- 
field, N. J. 

O'Kelly, Henrietta. From Raleigh, N. C, 1866. 

Is teaching at Method, N. C. Home is Raleigh, N. C. 
Educated by Bethany S. S. of Broadway Tabernacle, 
New York. 

Mack, Estella. Born in LynchbUrg, Va., 1867. 

Teaching at Clifton Station, Va. Writes also of Sunday- 
school work and missionary visits to the poorhouse with some 
of her school girls. 

Educated by Young Ladies of Miss Mackie's School, New- 
burgh, N. Y. 

Miller, Laura E. Born in Dudley, N C , 1868. 

Taught at Port Haywood, Va., " in pleasant surroundings." 
Had a Sunday school and " hoped to persuade the parents to 
join." Is now ('91), a teacher at the Whittier School, here. 
Home, Hampton, Va. 

Educated by E. R. Mayo. 

Murray, Virginia. Born in St. Augustine, Fla., 1868. 

Has been teaching in Middlesex Co., Va., and at service. 
She started a sewing class in her school, for half an hour a daj^ 
Wrote " The boys were very nmch interested too, and some 
did very well. One of the mothers told me that, while she 
was away at work, her oldest boy, aged fourteen, did the 
mending for the three younger ones. His work was not fine, 
but he did his best, and it was encouraging. The girls who 
won the prizes [sent by a Northern friend] were very proud of 
them and promised to keep their clothes mended. They al- 
ways came looking neat, and I am very sure their neatness 
depended on themselves. One of them had no mother and 
kept house for her father and younger sister. She is only 
thirteen herself." 

Educated by Miss Phcebe S. Magie. 

PiLCHER, Etta M. (Omaha tribe.) Born at the Omaha Agency, Ne- 
braska, 1872. 

She came to Hampton, in 1887. Her part on Commence- 
ment day was to introduce a recitation, by an Indian student 
and a graduate,of Longfellow's andWhittier's companion poems 



286 TWENTV-TWO YEARS' WORK 

on Rain-in-the-Face. Since she went home, she has been 
teaching in the government school at Omaha Agency. 
Writes: I have now, (April, '91) twenty-nine scholars in my 
room. During the winter I had thirty-nine. The older 
boys have left to help their fathers with the spring work. 
This is a government boarding school. There are two de- 
partments with nine employes. We find a great deal to do 
all the time ; we have ten months' school. It is surprising to 
see the progress the children have made this year in English- 
speaking. There has been a great deal of sickness in the tribe 
this winter, but we have had scarcely any in the school." 

She owns forty acres of land. 

Educated by Mrs. E. F. Browning and Miss Florence and. 
Eddie W. Browning, and Mrs. Augustus Hemenway. 

Richardson, Rena A. Born in Georgia, 1870. 

Teaching at Halstead's Point, Va. Home, Savannah 
Ga. 

Educated by Mrs. Sarah R. Osgood. 

Rix, Susie J, Born in Raleigh, N. C, 1866. 

Teaching in Salem, N. J., in a graded school, of which 
Mr. P. W. Dawkins, (graduate of '86) is principal. Home, 
Raleigh, N. C. 

Educated by Lispenard Stewart and Miss Alice Byington. 

Taylor, Alice E. Born in King and Queen Co., Va. 

Teaching in Yorktown, Va. Home, Yorktown. 
Educated by St. George's Church, New York and Cong. 
Church, and S. S., Farmington, Conn. 

Taylor, Annie R. Born in Kentville, Nova Scotia, 1868. 

Was class salutatorian, and read an essay on " The Ne- 
groes of Nova Scotia." 

Teaching at Rexburgh, Va. Home, Cambridge, Mass. 

Educated by " Workers' and Winners' Soc", Cleveland, 
Ohio. 

Walker, Addie E. Born at Petersburg, Va., 1868. 

Home in Norfolk, Va. Is teaching in Sussex Co., Va. 
Has a nice ten months' school. 
Educated by C. L. Swan. 

Bedenbaugh, Jesse W. Born at Prosperity, N. C, 1866. 

Is teaching near his home. Prosperity, N. C. Writes that 
he is about to open a store thea-e. 

Educated by Howard Potter Permanent Scholarship. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 287 

Bruvier, John, (Sioux Tribe). Born at Sioux Point, Dakota, 1865. 

Was trained in carpentry here. Had a Commencement 
day essay, •' What next for an Indian Graduate." Is now at 
school at Meriden, N. H., preparing himself for the study 
of medicine. Owns 360 acres of land 

Educated by " Children's Aid Soc." and S. S.of St. John's 
Ch., Liberty, Va., Mrs. Robert Treat Paine, Jr. and Mrs. Au- 
gustus Hemenway. 

Claytor, Wm. J. • Born in Montgomery Co., Va , 1864. 

He delivered an essay on Commencement day, on " What 
Farming Can Do for the Negro." As soon as he was graduated 
he took the position of head assistant farmer in charge of the 
School's " Hemenway Farm," and taught in the Night School 
there. In the spring of '91, he went to take charge of the 
farm work and training m the State Colored Normal and In- 
dustrial Institute, Tallahassee, Fla. 

Educated by the " McAdoo Scholarship " from guests at 
Ocean Side, Magnolia, Mass., and Ladies of First Unitarian 
Church, Boston. 

COLEV, Mack D. Born in Fremont, N. C, 1864. 

Was a janitor while here. Is teaching at Lassiter's Mills, 
N. C. Home in Fremont. 

Educated by Edward Willets. 

Crocker, Robert B. Born in Southampton Co., Va., 1869. 

Was a waiter while here. Took a course of stenography 
and type writing at a Philadelphia Institute, and is now em- 
ployed on a Hudson river steamboat, and doing stenographic 
work for its officers. Home, Ivor Station, Va. 

Educated by the Marmaduke C. Kimber Memorial 
Scholarship, and Miss S. B. Hills. 
Eagles, John L. Bom in Wilmington, N. C, 1867. 

Is a carpenter and teacher. Is teaching near his home 
in Wilmington. 

Educated by Green Hill Presb. Ch , Philadelphia, and 
Joseph N. Bacon. 
EvAN-S, William H. Born in Mathews Co., Va , 1864. 

Was a waiter while here. Has taught at Ware Neck, Va. 
Is now ('91,) in business for himself as caterer in Washington, 
D. C. 

Educated by S. S. of Second Presb. Ch. Germantown, Pa. 
Foster, Benjamin F. Born in Union Co., S. C, 1865. 

Is engineer by trade. Teaches near Union C. H., S. C. 



2aS '1 WENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

his home. AVrites May '91, "Since October '90, I have been 
constantly engaged in farming and teaching by turns." He 
felt encouragement in his school work, and engaged also in 
Sunday-school, church and temperance work. Says: "I 
have about twenty acres planted in cotton. Wheat and oats 
look very promising. I am trying to establish a model home 
in this community." He takes the Southern Workman ; — 
" refreshing my memory of the place I learned to love so well." 
Aims, " to teach every year until I secure a home ; then de- 
vote my time entirely to farming." 

Educated by South Cong. S. S., Salem, Mass , and Mrs. 
C. P. Huntington. 

Gregory, James T. Born in King and Queen Co., Va. 

Teaching at Stevensvilie, Va. Home, Ark., Va. 
Educated by Archibald Mclntyre. 

Lemon, John W. 

A Commencement day speaker on " Industrial Educa- 
tion." Teaching at Gloucester C. H. Va. 

Educated by All Souls' Church, New York, Permanent. 
Scholarship, and Miss S. B. Hills. 

Lewis, Harvey G. Born in Richmond, Va , 1869. 

Teaching at Massie's Mills. Va. Home, Richmond. 
Educated by Mrs. John T. Rathbun and Mrs. L Campbell 
Harris. 

Lloyd, John. Born in North Carolina. 

For a year after graduation was employed at the School's 
Hemenway Farm, as cook, and teacher in the Night School 
there. Then went to Boston, and worked as porter on a Pul- 
man car, but intends to return to the South and teach. Home 
in Charlotte, N. C. 

Educated by Samuel Hawk, Missionary Society of Sec- 
ond Presb. Ch., Brooklyn, N. Y., and William S. Hawk. 
Milton, John C. Born at Bedford Springs, Va., 1863. 

Is a blacksmith by trade. Is now foreman of the farm 
blacksmith shop at the School. 

Home at Bedford Springs, where he taught for a year. 

Educated by F. E. Morgan. 

Moton, Robert R. Born at Amelia C. H., Va., 1869. 

Ever since graduating has been assistant disciplinarian at 
the School. Spoke on Commencement day, '91, on "The 
Race that is Set before Us." 

Educated by Mrs. Amasa Stone. 



OF HAMPrON INSTITUTE. 289 

MUNDY, Jackson, M. Born m Henderson, Ky., 1867. 

A carpenter by trade. Is teaching in the colored Academy 
at Camp Nelson, Ky., and has charge of its industrial de- 
partment. 

Educated by Mrs. T. K. Gibbs. 

Phillips, James H. Born in Montgomery. Ala. 

Is a student in Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass. 
Educated by Mrs. Henry Callender and Mrs. Maria H. 
Hotchkiss. 

Palmer, John H. Born in Halifax C. H.. Va. 

Was a janitor while here. Is living in Boston and has 
been employed on a palace car. 

Educated by Mrs Henry Pickering. 

Patterson, Thomas B. Born in Columbia, S. C, 1866. 

Was assistant farmer and a teacher at the School'^ 
Hemenway farm, for some months after graduating. Is now 
at school in Philadelphia, (the colored High School of which 
Mrs Fannie Jackson Coppin is principal) studying with view 
ot a future medical course. 

Educated by Dr. H. P. Stearns and Mrs. Mary Hem- 
enway. 

Price, Wm. G. Born in Charlottesville, Va., 1868. 

Teaching near Cobham Depot, Va.. where, he writes, " IC 
is difficult to get any reading matter for Sunday-school or 
temperance work." Home. Priddj 's, Albermarle Co., Va. 
Educated by R. Fulton Cutting. 

Scott, William B. Born in Richmond, Va., 1866. 

Worked in the saw mill of our Huntington Industrial 
Works, while here. Is teaching in Strasburg, Va. Writes 
Feb. '91 : "The first thing I thought of was to secure the 
Southern Workman and the Aimnni 'Journal. They have 
been a great comfort to me. 1 have an average of twenty- 
four pupils. Three are preparing to enter Hampton, next fall. 
I am blessed with a nice, roomy school-house with plenty of 
blackboards, a nice stove and plenty of desks The people are 
trying to make the school a six months one, instead of five 
months." 

. He has had some trials, but speaks on the whole with 
great cheerfulness of his work. 
Educated by C. J. Camp. 

SpURGEON, James R. Born in Richmond, Va.,'i868. 

Was class valedictorian, and delivered an essay on " The 



290 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

Negroes in Three Classes." Is a student in Yale Law School^ 
paying his way by his own work as a hotel waiter. He is well 
spoken of by the Dean, in all respects. 

Educated by Mrs. D. H. Poit, and Messrs. Bowler and 
Merrill. 
Todd, William P. Born in Lexington, Va., 1868, 

Cook and waiter by trade. Is teaching in Lexington. Va. 

Educated by Judge Oliver Prescott and Mrs. Prescott. 
Tompkins, John R. Born in Mathews Co., Va., 1867. 

A baker by trade. Is teaching in Benson, Md. 

Educated by the Misses Newlin. 
Trigg, Gilbert G. Born in Abingdon. Va. 

Teaches in Lynchburg. Va., in the graded school of which 
his brother, Mr. Frank Trigg, (class of 72), is principal. 

Educated by Rev. John H. Denison. 
Walden, Henry R. From Strieby, N. C. 

Teaching with his wife, (whom he married before enter- 
ing the Senior class) the American Missionary School at 
Strieby. N. C. 

Educated by S. S. of First Cong. Ch. Bridgeport, Conn. 

Williams, Jksse W. Born at Snow Hill, Va„ 1864. 

Had charge, for two years before graduating, and the 
summer after, of the tailoring department at the School. 

Is now working at his trade in Florence, S. C. Started a 
shop of his own, but was burnt out. 

Educated by A. S. Swords and A. S. Frissell. 
Yates, Robert H. Born in Gloucester Co., Va., 1863. 

A mason by trade. Is teaching at Gloucester C. H., Va. 

Educated by S. S. of Cong. Ch. Warren, Mass., and Nel- 
son Holland. 



It may be asked by some reader of the above records, " Why do 
you speak of your Indian graduates as having been ' Educated by' 
various private individuals, when government makes annual appropri- 
ation for education of Indians at Hampton ? " 

The government ^ppropriaiion is $167 for each of 120 of our In- 
dian students. This pays for their board and clotnins; ani incidental 
expenses of support — to speak in general terms — ; leaving tuition and 
industrial training to be p'ovided for them as they are for colored stu- 
dents by scholarships, some of whose donors are named in the records 
above. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 291 

To State the case more particularly : the School's regular charge 
to every student for board, washing and mending, furnished rooms, 
heat and light and medical attendance at d care if sick, is $io per 
month— which is under the actual average cost lor all this. 

This makes for twelve months $120, and a maj.^rity of the whole 
number of the Indian pupils — varying of course as to individuals — is 
to be found at Hampton the year round. 

While those who spend the summer among the Massachusetts 
farmers (fifty at a time more or less) are then partially off our hands, 
paying their own board by their work in most cases, nearly all re- 
ceiving a'so wages varying from 5c cents to $5 per week, they travel 
to and from New England at the expense of the bchool, which is also 
responsible for their clothing, with other incidental expenses in indi- 
vidual cases, and for general superintendence. 

The work of an Indian student in any of the industrial depart- 
ments is for some time, in most cases, of slight value to the School of 
course, yet they are paid something fiom the first to encourage them 
and train them in the use of money, their wages increasing in due 
proportion with their expertness. 'Their earnings are placed to their 
credit, one half at their own disposal, under advice, the other half 
reserved as a fund for tools and needed appliances when they shall 
rerurn home. 

The remaining $47 of the government appropriation goes toward 
clothing them, leaving tuition, as has been said, estimated at $70 per 
year for any. student, to be provided by private aid. 

It thus appears that the education, industrial training, support 
and care of an Indinn student at Hampton, costs per year |i 20 + $47 + 
$7o=$237. To make up this amount, $167 is paid by government (for 
each of 120) and $70 by private friends, several jommg sometimes to 
make up one scholarship by smaller gifts. 

A Negro student's expenses are nearly the same, averaging less 
for clothing; the majority paying by labor $10 per month and all be- 
ing helped by a $70 scholarship. 



Conclusion. 

Since the above Record was closed, the class of 
1891 has gone out. It was 35 in number,— 13 young 
women and 22 young men. Seven were Indians; more than 
have ever graduated before at one time — three young women 



292 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

and four young men; three Sioux, a Sac and Fox, Winnebago, 
Wyandotte and Pottawatomie. One more young woman ^eneca, 
was prevented by an iiinesij irom quile couipictiii^ tlic coiirse, but v;eil 
earned a teacher's certificate and took a position in a government 
school at Yankton Agency, S. Dakota. One colored young woman 
also, while not quite achieving a diploma will mak'e good record as a 
useful woman. Of its colored graduates, 18 are of Virginia; 3 of 
North Carolina; 2, South Carolina ; 2, Georgia; i, Alabama; and i 
Washington. D. C. One of the young men— Moses A. Davis of Ath- 
ens, Ga — went immediately after graduation to take charge of the 
new department of carpentry which has been added to the State 
Colored Normal School in Frankfort, Ky, The valedictorian, Charles 
H. Stokes of Gloucester Co., Va,. who also took the Senior prize for 
excellence in elementary studies, purposes to study medicine. The 
subject of his valedictory essay was " I Can Dig." The salutatorian, 
Kate P Henderson, a Sioux Indian girl from Poplar Creek Agency, 
Montana, went, at the cl se of school, to teach in a government 
boarding school in Montana Her salutatory essay was entitled " The 
Woman with the Pretty Hands," her mother's Indian name, given 
for her dainty sKill and generosity, wh ch the daughter hopes to de- 
serve her^elf by beautiful and helpful work. John Pattee, of the Sioux 
tribe, left immediately after graduation, for ihe Oualla CCherokee') 
Agency. North Carolina, to marry Lottie P. Smith, of the Cherokee 
tribe, wtio had been a student at Hampton for two years previous. 
They were married at the Friends' Mission School on June 3. and 
went immedi tely to Crow Creek Agency. S. Dakota. The bridegroom 
has taken his land in severalty, and will have a so the position of 
assistant government carpei ter. Their home will be a model one we 
doubt not. The great majority are teachmg, and we look confidently 
for good work and influence from every one of them. 



The daughter of M-s. Mary Peake whose noble work is noticed 
on page 4 calls our attem ion to the fact that her mother was not an 
ex slave as there described. Her husband was given his freedom at 
the age of twenty one. Mrs. Peake was herself always a free woman. 
Her self-sacrificing work for her people is a beautiful story of the 
early days of emancipation on this historic ground. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 293 



A SUMMING Up 
OF THE GRADUATES' RECORD. 



A STUDY of the foregoing Record, closer than we can 
-xTA- expect of most of its readers, gives some statistics 
which they may find of interest. 

The reports have been obtained, for the most part, from 
the subjects of them, in response to letters of inquiry sent an- 
nually by our "graduates' correspondent." We have taken 
pains to verify them by outside testimo'iy as far as practica- 
ble. Visits are made every year by officers of the Institute to 
many of our graduates' schools and h -mes. They gather 
here in large numbers at their triennial "Alumni Reunion," 
and more or less every year. With many we have intimate 
acquaintance. The effort is to keep in constant touch with 
them and the superintendents who employ them, some of 
whose kindly letters in reference to them are given in the 
next chapter. While we cannot be responsible for individual 
statements, and mistakes may exist, we feel confident that 
the records in general are in purpose and substance correct. 

In the twenty classes — of '71, to '90 inclusive — 723 grad- 
uates have received diplomas : 280 young women and 443 
young men. Of these, 25 are Indians — 8 young women and 
17 young men — the first Indians graduating in 1882. 

Of the 723 graduates, 604 report as teacheis : 80 — a trifle 
over II per cent — report failure to teach. Of these 80, nine 
are Indians ; which brings down the per cent of colored gradu- 
ates failing to teach, to almost exactly 10 per cent. That 
sixteen out of the twenty-five Indian graduates have taught, 
IS a very good showing for them, considering the fewer op- 
portunities to teach which have been open to them. 

Of 39 graduates, (colored) we have been unable to obtain 
any report. 



294 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

The total number of those who report having other reg- 
ular occupation than teaching, is 271. Of ihese, 191 have 
taught as well. While the balance, — 413 — do not report oth- 
er regular occupation than teaching, the great majority find 
employment as they can — at farming, trades or service — be- 
tween school terms, or cultivate their own land and keep 
house. 

The principal regular occupations reported besides teach- 
ing, and the number reporting in each, are as follows. 

Of the young men : 

Professions: Ministry 16; Law 17; Medicine 6; total - - 39 
Missionary in Africa, _______ 2 

Mechanical trades, ________ 42 

Agriculture (as an exclusive occupation), _ _ _ _ 36 

In business for selves (merchants, etc., other than above), - 23 

In Government or Civil Service (U. S. A ; U. S. Dept. clerks, Cus- 
tom house clerks. Postal clerks and carriers ; Policemen, Light- 
house keeper. County Surveyor, Supt. of schools) - - 35 
Book-keepers and clerks, 13, Treasurer 3, - - - 16 

Music, _______--_■_ 4. 

Of the young women : 

Physician, (an Omaha Indian), ______ | 

Missionary in Africa, ---_-_-_ i 

Trained nurse, (2 colored, i Indian), _____ ^ 

In business for selves (stores, millinery, laundry, gardening), 6 

Dressmaking and sewing, _______ ^ 

Printing, - ________ i 

Music, (organist and singing), ______ 5 

Housekeeper, (exclusively) but many more are keeping house for 

themselves, - - - - - - - -- 19 

lylatron, _________ ^ 

At service (exclusively), _______ g 

The total number of children reported as having been 
tatUght by our graduates is 129,475. This number is, of 
course, approximate. Those reported are not always differ- 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 295 

ent children, as successive teachers may take the same school; 
while, on the other hand, not all report their numbers. 

The numoer of schools reported is 265. This means the 
number of places in which schools have been taught — separate 
post iiffice addresses. In some of them, several schools have 
been taught, sometimes several open at the same time, as in 
cities, and neighborhoods having one post office. 

Of these 265 places, 136 are in Virginia ; 58 in North 
Carolina; 31 in South Carolina; 28 in Maryland; the rest 
in nineteen other stales, from Florida to Wisconsin. The 
s^'arred map on another page gives an idea of their number 
and location. They are well represented by stars, for they 
are radiating centres of light, not only educational but moral. 

Our graduates report 2,187 <^f the pupils they have 
taught as having themselve5> become teachers. 'Some of these 
are no doubt reported more than once, by different graduates 
who have taught them. 

One hundred and twenty-e'ght (128) report having gone 
on with study since graduation from Hampton : young wo- 
men, 24; 5'^oung men 104. Of these, 28 (5 young women, 23 
young men) have graduated at some higher school or college- 
These numbers include ten of the Indian graduates (3 young 
women, 7 ynung men) who have taken advanced studies, some 
of these still pursuing their course, and three (2 young wo- 
men, I ynung man) having graduated. Of the colored grad- 
uates, several have graduated at Northern white colleges or 
advanced schools and some are still studying in such insti- 
tutions — [ in Yale Law school, 2 in Phillips Academy, Anduv- 
er, making a good record. 

The number of our graduates who are reported as mar- 
ried is 250, t-f whom 90 have marned Hampton students, (this 
includes one of our Indian couples). 

The amount of property owned — value reported — is $167, 
855 ; making an average of $232. [6 to each of 723 graduates. 
This is probably an understatement. The property is chiefly 
an land, houses and live stock. 

The amount of above owned by young women is $31,115 ; 
making an average of $111.12 to each of the 280, 



2g6 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 

The number of acres owned, reported, is 4,170^. Many 
•more report owning land without giving number of acres or 
value. 

The largest amount of property reported byayo^Ingman 
Is $15,000*; the largest by a young woman is $5,000. Owner- 
ship of land is reported by 193 (142 young men, 51 young wo- 
men) ; ownership of houses, by 1 15 (73 young men, 42 young 
W'lmen). These figures do not include the Indians, who all 
own land, and several of whom are householders. 

The record of 45 has been on the whole u-' satisfactory 
since graduation ; but three of them, as far as we know, crim- 
inals against the law of the land. 

Fifty-seven members of the Senior classes (ri young wo- 
men, 46 young men) failed to receive diplomas, and are not 
counted as graduates, though their recoid is given. Of the 
young WDmen but one was dismissed for bad conduct; the 
Others failing in health or scholarship, with no discredit in 
character. Of the young men, fifteen were sent away for 
reasons of discipline, one died at the School, 4 left on account 
of ill health, 5 from personal reasons, and 20 fail^-d in schol- 
arship Some have done excellently since leaving. Of the 
greater number we do not kno-v much. 

Ot the Iwenty-five Indian graduates (all living), 15 
(6 young women, 9 young men) stand on Miss Folsom's list 
as " Excellent ; " 4 young men as '" Good ; " 3 young men as 
" Fair ; " i young woman as ' Poor ; " and one young woman 
"Bad." Her definite explanation of her classification will be 
found in her own introduction to the Record of Returned 
Indian students on another page. 

As has been said, 16 of the Indian graduates have taught 
and one more is an industrial teacher. Five are farmers ; one 
a logger ; 2 clerks ; i a printer in Boston ; i an engineer in 
Syracuse; N. Y ; 2 surveyors ; i the secretary and another 
the treasurer of their Sac and Fox nation ; i (a young w oman) 
is government physician at the Omaha agency. One young 
man has studied medicine, but marriage seems to have inter- 
rupted his course. One is in Yale Law School ; one has 
Studied law in an office and has been admitted ('91) to the 
*rAnd it is said to have more than quadrupled in market value since his re- 
port to us was made.J 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 297 

Nebraska bar. One is preparing for college in an Eastern- 
school. Twelve (4 young women, 8 young men) are married; 
of one of the couples, both are Hampton graduates. Eight 
are living off their reservation, six of them among white peo- 
ple. Twelve are living in homes of their own. 

Beside the records of graduates, reports are given of 
twenty-five (colored) undergraduates who have done good 
work since leaving, though, for one reason and another, (not 
discreditable) they did not finish their course here. These 
are specimens to which many more might be added. It is 
diffi ult to estimate the number. Probably as many under- 
graduates teach as graduates ; and many more who do not 
teach are living useful lives, exerting influence for good 
among their people. 

As a matter of fact — certainly a very encouraging one — 
the, effect of their school life is often surpiisingly evident 
even in those — of both races — who have been but a short 
tim:* in its atmosphere, and some of whom may have been 
thought hopelessly dull or unsusceptible to its influences. 

This is not a rose colored view of the work in the South. 
There is a vast amount to be done and overcome, under the 
burden of which isolated workeis sometimes labor on, as on6 
has said, "only because it is the right thing to do, whatever 
comes of it." All honor to them. But the truest view as well 
as the most bracing is that which takes account of the " little 
leaven," and the progress made in any direction. 

Some light on the frequem question as to the compara- 
tive mental endowment of black and " colored " in the Negro 
race, is perhaps to be gathered from the unforeseen and rath- 
er striking result of an investigation of the distribution of the 
highest class honors since .874, when they were first awarded. 
At Hampton, salutatory and valedictory are equal honors, 
the one for the young women, the other for the young men. 
Leaving out the Indian salutatorian of '86 and valedicto^ 
rian of '89, and one year when the programme was made up 
from graduates of previous years, we find that, of the fifteen 
colored girl salutatorians, four were black, 3 dark, 7 light and 
one "apparently white ' Of the fifteen young men val- 
edictorians, 7 were black, and i dark ; and 7 were light. 



agS TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

In other words : of young women, 7 were dark and 8 light ; of 
young men, 8 were dark and 7 light ; which divides the hon- 
ors as nearly equally as possible ; fifteen to the dark and fif- 
teen to the light. After the first decade of the School, invest- 
igation was made with a precisely similar result. That it 
should again appear over the whole period of seventeen years, 
is surprising and seems significant. 

Of our 723 graduates, 76 have died ; (27 young women^ 
49 young men) a little over io)4 per cent, from '71 to '91. 

The standard of health in the School has been increas- 
ingly good; the danger from augmenting numbers having b^en 
more than balanced by improving conditions and facilities. 

The special report on. the Indian health question by Dr. 
M M. Waldron, our resident physician since 1880, will be 
found oil another page. As she encouragingly states in her 
general report for '91: 

" The physical stamina of the colored race, as represent- 
ed in the School, has undoubtedly improved within the past 
eleven years. Noticeably, ailments originating in nervous 
"weakness and instability are much more rare. Fifteen years 
ago hysteria was not an uncommon phenomenon, now it is 
seldom heard of, and is very unpopular with the students, who 
are aware that a want of nervous equipoise is supposed to be 
a race characteristic. Only two cases of hysteria have oc- 
curred this year ; a record that would be seldom equaled in 
a school for the same number of white girls." 

In her report for '89, Dr Waldron stated also that " scrof- 
ula and consumption are not so frequently met [among the 
colored students] as ten years ago. Students now often 
come from comfortable homes and have been accustomed to 
good food and comparatively good hygienic conditions. The 
home life of the colored people is constantly improving, and 
greater endurance and power to resist disease are the natural 
result. Whatever has been gained in this direction is but 
the sign of what is to be hoped for in the future." 

We leave our readers to say how far these Records of 
the past twenty-two years of Hampton's work for two races 
give cheerful promise for their future in various directions. 

H. W. L. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 299 



Testimony of Superintendents of Education and 
Other Leading Virginians to the 
Results of the School's Work. 



We take great pleasure in giving the following testimo- 
ny not only to the Sch )ol and to the cordial relations it has 
enjoyed in the state, but to the real interest in Negro ed- 
ucation which exists among the leaders of education and 
public opinion in Virginia. 

From Governor McKinney. 

Commonwealth of Virginia, Governor's Office, 

Richmond. Va.. Oct. 24th, 1891 
General S. C. Armstrong, Dear Sir :— It affords me pleasure 
to say that I am of the opinion that you are doing a good work for 
the colored people at your Normal and Agricultural Institute, to give 
the colored youth a practical agricultural and mechanical education 
and in this result we should all feel a deep interest. 

Very truly yours, 

P. N. McKinney. 



From Hon. John E. Massey, 

State Super tilt'' ndent of Education. 

Department of Public Instruction, 

Richmond, Va., Nov. 7th, 1891, 
General S. C. Armstrong, Dear Sir:— Your very able and in- 
teresting report has been received and I desire to express my high 
appreciation of the valuable work you are doing. Many of your 
graduates are teaching in the public schools of Virginia and are 
among the best qualified and most efficient teachers of their race. 
You seem to understand the African race— their nature, propensities, 
capabilities and needs— and have wisely so shaped their instruction as 
to qualify them for the industrial, useful and practical pursuits of life, 
while, at the same time, they are receiving literary and moral culture- 
Very truly yours, 

John E. Massey 



3°° TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 

From Ex=State Superintendents. 



From Hon. Wm H. Ruffner, 
State Superintendent of Educntion, iSjo 82. 

Lexington, Va., May 13th, 18R9. 
Concerning the Hampton Normal and Agricultural School ; I was 
intimately acqaainted wuh the School for twelve years, beginning 
with 187J, and endorsed it strongly on many public occasions All 
that I have known of it during the last seven years has only 
strengthened my former g lod opinion 

General Armstrong and his supporters in establishing this School 
undertook— perhaps without fully knowing it— the m st difficult ed- 
ucational work to be found in civilized society anywhere. Only those 
who have long lived in the South can understand the difficulties 
wh'ch surround an enterprise of this sort. But the conductors of 
this Sch >ol have been marvelously successful in shaping their course 
aright, in giving education adapted to the subjects of it and yet tend- 
ing to harmony among races an 1 sections. In my opinion Gen. Arm- 
strong has blazed the way toward as ..lution of the existing troubles. 

VV. H. Ruffner. 



From Hon. R M Farr, 
State Superintendent of Education, 1882-86. 

Fairfax C. H., Va., June r2th, 1889. 
Gen. S. C. Armstrong, Dear Sir : 

I have been a close ■ bserver of the "race problem" in the South 
ever since the war, especially in Virginia, and have 'ong since conclud- 
ed that Gen. S. C. A mstrong with h s creation, the Hampton "School, 
has done more to effectually solve the race problem than all other 
factors combined. 

He has demonstrated, not only the Negro's capac'ty to acquire an 
educat'on, but the more important fact that education, mural and 
mental, makes him a self reliant, honest, earnest and valuable citizen. 
His work on the character of the race has met with unqual fied suc- 
cess, and wherever the Hampton graduate has located, there the true 
and better devel pment of the race has been seen and appreciated. 

The School has had the happy faculty of divesting its stud nts 
of the superstitions and vices of their race and instilling principles of 
self respect and true manliness. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. ^01 

As Superintendent of Public Instruction for Virginia for four 
yeats, I was thrown in close contact with many of the students and 
graduates of Hampton, and the last year of my adu inistration there 
were emp'oyed in the public schools of the State over two hundred 
of the Hampton students and graduates as teachers, where they 
ranked with the best. I found them industrious, sober, earnest, mor- 
al, high toned men and women. 

The influence ut the H-ampton School upon the Negro race can- 
not be estimated. Its students are scattered all over the land and are 
living monuments of its work, but the effect it has had in elevat- 
ing the col-red man and in influencing the white man to do him jus- 
tice is bey< nd estimation. Hampton School merits and sh-.uld re- 
ceiv.'i the warm and substantia' support of all who love justice and who 
desire to see the Negro race prosperous and valuable ci izens. 

Very respectfully, 

R. M. Farr. 

From Speech of Hon, John L. Ruchanan, 
State ^upet intendiiit 1886 90. 
At the Aivtiversary of HaDipton Ihsttiute, 1889. 
"I made a brief visit to this Institution seventeen ytars ago with 
the members of the Educational Association of Virginia. The Presi- 
dent of our Association made a speech and th' n we had a reply from 
G' neral Armstrong in which he gave the fundamental principles on 
which this School was established and which ! can testify it has ever 
since been evi Iving. When he attended the meeting of our Superin- 
tendents, they all said to him. "Do send us some more Hampton 
teachers ; they are the best we can have." 1 his is still the concurrent 
testimony of our superintendents. I am exce« dingly gratified by the 
force, energy and good purpi se that fiows out fr m here. There is 
sympathy and interest in you and your work in Virginia." 



From County and City Superintendents. 

Our graduate teachers report much kindness end en- 
courcgtmint from ihe Superintendt nls under v\hom they 
teach. Our effort has alw ays b< en lo ketp in communica- 
tion with these gfnilen(n;nd ham their impiessi(n of the 
teachers we tend eiut. The letteis beU w are specimens of 
many received during ihe}eaisof iLe School's wcrk. 



302 twenty-two years work 

From the Superintendent of Accomac Co, 

Keller, Va., May 13th. 1889. 
Having repeatedly visited your School and having employed 
your graduates in the colored schools of Accomac for the past three 
years that I have been Superintendent of the county, I am always 
glad to secure their services and am free to confess that, in my 
judgment, they are doing a great work towards educating the colored 
people of Virginia. With best wishes for your continued success, 

I am very truly your friend. 

John E. Mapp, M. D. 



From the Superintendent of Amelia Co. 

Amelia C. H., May 13th. 1889. 
We have some teachers in this county who were educated at the 
Hampton Institute. They are. for the most part, good teachers, and 
give evidence that they have been well taught, both in text books and 
the manner of imparting Instruction. I am persuaded from what I 
have been of the work of the Institute, that it has been a grand suc- 
cess and the source of blessing to the colored people. 

Very truly yours, 

J. L. T. Holland. 

From the Superintendent of Augusta Co. 

I have a number of the graduates and pupils from Hampton 
teaching in my county and I cheerfully bear witness to their good 
work. They have been faithful and industrious. They have given 
evidence of gcod moral training as well as good literary trdining. 

I am very respectfully, 

C. T. Jordan. 

From the Superintendent of Gloucester Co. 

Hayes' Store, Va., May 14, 1889. 

The graduates of Hampton Institute, of w hom it has been my 

pleasure to examine a considerable number, make my best and most 

efficient teachers. I take pleasure in recommending them to my 

Trustees for appointment in my colored schools. 

Very respectfully yours, 

W. F. Hogg. 



of hampton institute. 303 

From the Superintendent of Nansemond Co. 

Suffolk, Va., May 20, 1889. 
General S. C. Armstrong, Dear Sir : — 

Referring to your favor of the 8th inst., permit me to state that 
several of your graduates have been engaged in school work in this 
county under my supervision for several years past, and have con- 
ducted the schools under their management very satisfactorily, show- 
ing good results, which fact has led me to increase the number of 
your graduates in my corps of teachers. Wishing you much success 
in your undertakmg, I am. 

Yours very truly, 

Lee Britt. 

From the Superintendent of Roanoke Co. 

Salem, Va., May 16, 1889. 
My long connection with our public school system has afforded 
me fine opportunities to judge of the work at Hampton. I have been 
familiar with its history during the past nineteen years and have 
noted with increasing interest its solid and steady growth. * * * 
Its graduates, so far as their work has come within my knowledge, 
have, both in and out of the school room, borne high testimony to 
the excellence of their training. 

in my opinion, Hampton has done more towards lifting up the 
colored people of Virginia than any other iufluence whose work has 
fallen under my observation. 

May its light never grow dim, and may it ever continue in the 
good will and respect of all the people of this old Commonwealth. 

With sincere regards. 
Yours very trul}', 

L. R. Holland. 



From the Superintendent of Southampton Co. 

Franklin, Va , June 10, 1889. 

I have had the position of County Superintendent of Schools from 

the inception of the public school system in Virginia to the present 

time, with the exception of an interval of four years, and can therefore 

bear testmony from the light of experience. 

1 have during this time examined several hundreds for teachers* 
licenses. * * *. Only one of ihe Hampton graduates has as yet 
failed to secure a " first grade" certificate ; and there are two now un- 



304 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 

der my supervision who hold ihe highest (" Professional ") grade. 
They jyenerally exert an influence for good among their race,- com- 
mand the respect of the whites, and I have th'js far heard of complaints 
as^ainst onlv one as to thf:ir general bearing and conduct in their re- 
spective communities. 

I have long felt that the Hamptcn School was accompli, hing a 
great work for Virginia and the South, and firmly believe that if the 
entire Negro race could be brought under its benign influence, such 
a thing as race prejudice would soon be numbered among the memo- 
ries of the past. 

Very sincerely yours, 

}. F. Bryant. 



From the Superintendent of Surry Co. 

Petersburg, Va., May 11, 1889. 
Gen. S. C. Armstrong, Dear Sir: — 

I have known the work of some of your students, have had sev- 
eral of them teaching in Surry while I was Supt. of Schools of that 
County, and take pleasure 'n testify! g to thtir thorough training and 
general fitness for the profession of teaching. 

Vourt; trnUr 

P. D. Gilliam. 



From the Superintendent of Washington Co. 

Abingdon, Va., May 21, 1889. 
Gen. S. C. Armstrong. Dear Sir: — 

In reply to your inquiry as to the work of the Hampton gradu- 
ates in W ashington County, J take great pleasure in bearing unquali- 
fied testimony to the satisfactory results of their teaching. We have 
had no mstance of failure among them. Not only in teaching, but in 
general deportment as citizens, they have come up to a high standard, 
if it were pos-ible to bring the whole colored population under the 
ame iorating influences and training received at Hampton institute, 
I should regard the sc-cailed race problem solved. 

Yours very truly, 

R. P. Carson. 

From the Superintendent of Lynchburg. | 

Lynchburg, Va., May 10, 1889. 
Gen. S. C Armstrong, Dear Sir :— 

Your School has fur: ished us with a number of excellent teachers 
and never with a very poor one. None have entered Hampton with 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 305 

a real purpose to work and returned without marked improvement. 
The Institute in my judgment has been simply indispensable to 
the public school system of the State. 

Very respectfully, 

E. C. Glass. 

From the Superintendent of Norfolk. 

Norfolk, Va., May 13, 1889. 
S. C. Armstrong, Principal, 

Dear Sir : — Replying to your favor of the 8th inst., will say that I 
have several of your graduates in the public schools here, and that I 
find them very fine teachers and thoroughly capable of training the 

young minds. 

Very respectfully yours, 

Geo. W. Taylor. 

From the Superintendent of Staunton. 

Staunton, Va., June 18, 1889. 
General Armstrong, Dear Sir : — 

I take pleasure in bearing testimony to the efficient work done by 
our colored teachers educated at Hampton, For three years J have 
observed their work and do not hesitate to say that they have been 
our most successful colored teachers. Your school is doing a noble 
work. 

Respectfully, 

W. W. Robertson. 



From Other Leading Virginians. 

The two following letters were contributed by their dis- 
tinguished writers, who had long been valued friends of the 
Hampton School, at a critical time of emergency occasioned 
by a sudden and serious illness of its Principal, and were a 
very helpful part of the appeal then published. 
From the Right Rev. A. M. Randolph, D. D., of Virginia. 

Richmond, Va., December 7th, 1886. 
My Dear Mr. Gravatt : — In my annual address to the Epis- 
copal Church in Virginia, I have taken occasion to say that I regard 
the Hampton School as doing a great and blessed work for the edu- 
cation and the Christian civilization of the Negro and Indian races. 
I know of no institution in the country which is doing that work with 
as much efficiency, good judgment and sound economy. This opin- 
ion is based upon personal observation. I earnestly hope that the 
amount needed for the endowment will be raised. 

Most faithfully yours, 

A. M. Randolph. 



306 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 

From Hon. J. L. M. Curry, U. S. Minister to Spain, 
Legation of the United States, 

Madrid, November i8th, 1886. 
T have just read in a newspaper that an effort is being made to 
raise money sufficient for the immediate wants of Hampton Institute, 
and to provide a permanent endowment. The latter is an imperative 
need to place the institution on a permanent footing and beyond the 
contingency of your health and personal exertions. No one has asked 
me to "say a word" in approbation of this movement ; but a work so 
eminently patriotic and Christian, you will permit me to say, should 
commend itself to the liberality of the wise, the good, the country- 
loving of our people. 

As a factor in the mental and moral elevationof the Negroes, as an 
agency for breaking down racial and sectional prejudices, as a potent 
instrumentality for doing good in many directions, I ask to be per- 
mitted to bear cordial and strong testimony in behalf of the Hamp- 
ton Normal and Agricultural Institute. I shall rejoice as a Southern 
man, as 'a patriot, as a Christian, if the movement for an adequate 
endowment [;is speedily successful. 

Yours very truly, 

J, L. M. Curry- 
P. S. — My connection with the Peabody Education Fund will 
take from this letter the appearance of immodesty. 

From Rev. J. J. Gravatt, Rector of St. John's Church, 

Hampton, Va. 
Mr. Gravatt's letter, relating chiefly to the Indian work 
of the School, may be found in full in our "Ten Years' Work 
for Indians" published in 1888, and still to be had on appli- 
cation to the School. 

"I came to Hampton ia 1876, and since that time have had charge 
of St. John's Church. In 1878 the Indians were placed at Hampton 
Institute, and I was asked to take part in the religious work, as many 
of them came from Episcopal Agencies, In addition to this connec- 
tion with the school, I have for five years last past spent the summer 
on the school grounds as Chaplain for the whole school. 

As to the contact between the Indian and colored students in the 
school, I have known no case of moral injury to either party. I 
brought from the West some Indian boys who had been in a white 
•school in Illinois, and who, from contact with bright, bad white stu- 
dents, had become very much demoralized, and the same boys have 
toned up and improved in everv respect here. The Indian is more 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 307 

ready to follow the white than the colored man in vice. Industrially, 
the contact with the colored race has been of great value to the Indi- 
an. The Negro knows how to work ; the Indian needs to learn. In- 
dustrial schools for whites have not been a marked success. 

As to the condition of the population surrounding the school, of 
which the Negroes form quite a large part, I understand from lawyers 
and others that this community will compare most favorably with any 
of like size. There is little crime ; less than in mining districts 
with white people. The colored people give little trouble, and appear 
better than in any other part of Virginia, so far as I know. Hamp- 
ton Institute is a balance wheel, and has been exerting a quiet but 
powerful influence for good." 



From Report on Hampton Institute, 

By a Committee of the General Assembly of Virginia, 

November, 1887. 

A committee of both houses of the State Legislature, 
and representing both parties in them, appointed in 1887 to 
investigate the course of the Hampton School in carrying 
out the provisions of its charter, made a full examination 
and a report, from whose conclusion we make the following 
extracts. 

" This institute stands as a monument, showing the untiring energy 
and indomitable will of the principal of this school; the splendid gifts 
and noble charities of American citizens ; the strong desire of the 
Anglo Saxon race to educate and elevate the colored race ; the will- 
ingness of the colored race to receive an education ; the high appreci- 
ation of this blessing entertained by this race ; the wisdom of Virginia 
in donating one-third of the land scrip fund to this institution ; the 
good judgment of the law-makers of Virginia in granting such a 
liberal charter ; the splendid achievements of human skill and indus- 
try ; the credit of the good and loyal people of Elizabeth City county 
and Hampton ; the great part it has played in bringing more people, 
more money and more wealth into tke community in which it is located. 

Let it flourish and prosper ; let its influence grow wider and deep- 
er and stronger and broader, until all parts of our common coun- 
try will feel and know its blessings towards those who have been but 
recently made American citizens, as well as among those who have 
not yet been made citizens of this our common country, — the Indians. 

The casual reader or observer cannot comprehend the magnitude 
and gravity of the education of the Negro in Virginia. At this 



308 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 

period in our history, when our people aie overburdened with taxa- 
tion ; when our finances are as yet uns;ettled ; when the cry comes 
weUing up from all portions of our State, ' Educate the youth of our 
land,' then law-makers and people should be thankful for aid and 
should foster, nourish and encourage every proper means and enter- 
prise tending to the education of the youth of our State, 

4: * * * * * 

From the foregoing report, and from all the depositions, reports 
of officers of the institute, the inspection by the committee of the 
buildings, of the school and its working, your committee respectfully 
recommend : 

1st. That it is our duty to foster, protect and encourage this 
school as one of the best institutions in this country for the educa- 
tion of the colored race ; and also, as Virginia has donated one-third 
of the land scrip fund to this school, she should take care of said in- 
stitute as far as in her power, 

2d. From the splendid gifts and noble charities received by this 
school from beyond this State, we should be careful to do nothing to 
cause those gifts and charities to be withheld, but do all we can to en- 
courage these donations and show our appreciation by taking the best 
care of the school. 

3d. That it would be unwise and injudicious to interfere by any 
legislation with the chartered rights of this institute, or with its pres- 
ent operation and management. 

Respectfully submitted, 

R. H. Cardwell, 

Chairman Joint Committee. 
J. N. Stubbs, 
T. S. Curlett, 
Charles Gee, 
AsHTON Starke, 

Committee. 



From Speech of ex-Gov. Fitzhugh Lee, 
at the School's Anniversary, 1888. 
"I rejoice that I have seen this grand w©rk done by General 
Armstrong in the old town of Hampton. * * * i am glad slavery 
has been abolished, glad in the interest of both races. * * * If true 
to yourselves your manhood and the teaching of your Alma Mater, 
you will succeed. Grander than the light of the firmament is the 
light of education dawning in the mind. I am glad too to see the 
Indian brought in to share the benefits of education and civilization." 



HAMPTON'S 



jWeLVe YEARS' WoFiK 



FOF{ INDIANS. 



3IO TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

tWeLVe YEARS' Work for iNdiaNs. 



IN 1878, came unsought to Hampton Institute the new 
call to work also for the Indian. 

The history is widely known and will not be forgotten, 
of the wise, humane and wonderfully successful work of Cap- 
tain R. H. Pratt upon the Indian prisoners of war under his 
charge in Fort Marion, at St. Augustine, Fla. ; the starting- 
point of the East's present interest in the work for Indian ed- 
ucation and civilization, and an important factor in that work^ 
In 1875, at the close of a war with some of the wild tribes 
of the Indian Territory — Kiowas, Comanches, Cheyennes and 
Arrapahoes — which ended, as usual, in starvation and surrend- 
er, seventy-five of the principal chiefs and their boldest fol- 
lowers were selected by government to be made an example 
of. They were separated from their friends — some bound 
hand and foot with manacles and chains — loaded into wag- 
ons, and driven off, they knew not whither. On the railroad, 
all the long way to St. Augustine, Florida, they rode in grim^ 
expectancy, chanting their songs, making their hearts strong 
for their fate, and trying to anticipate it. One jumped from 
the moving train and was shot dead by the guard. Another 
attempted to commit suicide, stabbing himself five times with 
a penknife, and others would have followed their chief's ex- 
ample if they had not been closely watched. At last the 
massive gates of old Fort Marion opened and closed upon 
them. They believed it to be their tomb. 

The officer in charge of this wild crew was Capt. R. H, 
Pratt, U. S. A. He had assisted in their pursuit, was in charge 
of them while held as prisoners at Fort Sill during the winter, 
and had had long experience on the frontier. But, besides 
being a soldier, with no sort of sentimentalism — either East- 
ern or Western — about him, he was a man with a heart, with 
faith in God and humanity. As soon as new conditions made 
chains unnecessary, he took them off. They found that at- 
tempts at mutiny did not escape his eye or hand. They 
learned that they had a master, but also a friend. He put 
them upon their honor. Their honor i 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 31I 

He believed also in the " gospel of work," of constant oc- 
cupation and disciplined activity. From morning to night 
these caged warriors found their restless vitality fully em- 
ployed. The stony courts of Fort Marion do not afford much 
opportunity for agricultural experiments. He had to look up 
other work for them. A church was to be moved in St. Au- 
gustine. He offered the free services of his strong men. 
With some trepidation, they were accepted. Delighted to 
stand outside of prison walls once more, proud to be treated 
as free men, they worked with a will. It was not a chain- 
gang. From that day, Capt. Pratt's Indians were in demand 
in St. Augustine. 

He believed in education also — even for Indians. He 
wrote the alphabet on the wall and gave pencils and paper 
and required them to copy and then pronounce the letters. 
Gentle ladies of St. Augustine — from North and South — glad- 
ly came, day after day, to teach them. Many others came to 
witness the transformation scene going on for three years in 
that historic old fortress. Real, live Indians, — braves and 
warriors — clothed in United States uniforms, going through 
military evolutions, laboring diligently and patiently, reading 
and writing and speaking in English, actually praying to the 
Christian's God, actually trusted to guard their own prison 
house ! 

The three years passed ; the prison doors were opened. 
Two photographs are in existence : of the Indians as they 
went into — and the same Indians as they came out of Fort 
Marion. Looking at these pictures, one is disposed to agree 
with the warriors that the old Fort was their tomb. These 
half-naked, crouching forms, with blankets dropping from 
their gauntness ; with savage locks streaming over their eyes, 
with barbaric ornaments of brass rings in their ears and on 
their arms ; with fierce and sullen faces ; these are not even 
the bodies " that should be," when God should re-create the 
abject souls and give them bodies as it pleased him — straight, 
erect, manly, with smiling, earnest faces, and hopeful, on- 
looking eyes — as here they stand on their resurrection-day 
with their prison gates behind them. 

It is an object lesson for the world. 



312 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

To have been the man chosen by God to do just this 
work, and to have done it, would have been enough to make 
a man happy and entitle him to honor the rest of his days. 
But Captain Pratt did not rest from his labors. He urged 
the young braves to stay East and improve their chance to 
continue the education so well begun. The "honorable wo- 
men " who had helped in the work, earnestly seconded his ef- 
forts. Others came forward — men and women — to contribute 
to the enterprise. The consent of the War Department was 
obtained for any to stay who chose and for whom provision 
could be made by private benevolence. General Hancock 
went to Fort Marion and told them, on behalf of the govern- 
ment, that it was satisfied with their good record for three 
years and would now give them free return to their homes. 
The choice was put before them. Twenty-two of the younger 
men gratefully chose to stay three years longer from their 
homes to learn more of the white man's road. The others 
were mostly too old for such an undertaking, but wished the 
young men God-speed. 

Of the twenty-two who remained East, four went to Syr- 
acuse, N. Y , under care of the Rev. Mr. Wickes, who, after 
some years of successful instruction, took them to Indian 
Territory and helped establish them there. Three went to 
Tarrytown, N. Y , with their kind friend Dr. Carruthers. 

Capt. Pratt requested admission for the rest at Hampton 
Institute, then the only school where they could receive a 
training in industry and self-help as well as in English. Fif- 
teen — chiefly Kiowas and Cheyennes — were received at 
Hampton in April, 1878 ; two of the three who first went to 
Tarrytown were added later. 

All the prisoners were brought here first, on their way to 
Washington ; landing at midnight on the shores of freedom. 

No one who witnessed that midnight raid on Hampton 
Institute will ever forget it. The camp was ready for the 
raiders with coffee and words of welcome. The next night 
old chief Lone Wolf told the large audience gathered to hear 
him : " We have started on God's road now, because God's 
road is the same for the red man as for the white man." 

Detailed by the government to assist in starting the 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 3I3 

work at Hampton, Captain Pratt remained here with his In- 
dian students. 

There was no obstacle to the reception of Indians in the 
principles or constitution of Hampton Institute. In the liberal 
charter granted, on its incorporation, by the State of Virginia, 
there is no mention made of race or nationality, but its pur- 
pose is defined to be, " For the instruction of youth in the va- 
ious common school, academic and collegiate branches, the 
best method of teaching the same, and the best mode of prac- 
tical industry in its application to agriculture and the mechan- 
ic arts ; and for the carrying out of these purposes, the said 
trustees may establish any departments or schools in the 
said institution." 

It was felt that here would be an interesting opportunity 
to test the broadness of the School's principles and methods ; 
that no harm, but benefit, would result to the race for which it 
was already working, from seeing that others could share 
their advantages, and that it might be a new departure for 
the Indian, calling for a helping hand on the road so long 
barred, as much by the nation's indifference as by his own. 

There were not wanting prophecies that Indians would 
not work and would not get on with Negroes. Both predic- 
tions were disposed of when the seventeen braves fell cheer- 
fully into line, with spade and plow and hoe, awl and hammer, 
side by side with their comrades of the other race. Their own 
idea of the relation of industry to Christianity might suggest 
wisdom to any missionary enterprise : Koba wrote from 
Hampton, '' I pray every day and hoe onions." Bear's Heart 
on his final return, called his people together and told them 
that "The Bible goes right along with work." 

The St. Augustines were no doubt influenced by the spir- 
it of their friend and guide, Capt. Pratt, who said, in intro- 
ducing them on our platform to the audience of Hampton 
people and school officers and students • "There will be no 
collision between the races here. These Indians have come 
to work." Bishop Hare made some pertinent remarks on 
this point, on a visit to us some years later. He thought 
there would be especial advantage for the Indians, who must 
be poor people for some time to come, to be where they could 



314 ' TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

see how poor people can make a living, their shifts and re- 
sources ; he thought a Hampton steer-cart a good object les- 
son for Indians. Twelve years' trial has but confirmed our 
faith in these opinions. The vast preponderance of experi- 
ence has been of harmony and mutual helpfulness. 

The experiment thus at first simply permitted by govern- 
ment, was not left unwatched. The inauguration of the next 
step in its far reaching results, is thus briefly described by 
General Armstong. 

"A few weeks after the arrival of the Indian ex-prisoners, 
I called on the Hon. Carl Schurz, then Secretary of the Interi- 
or, to suggest that the so far very encouraging experiment in 
Indian civilisation be tried more fully by bringing some young- 
er material, girls especially. He called in Mr. E. A. Hayt, 
Commissioner, who stated, in effect, that the education of 
Indian girls had been a failure, and threw cold water on the 
plan. I urged that there is no civilization without educated 
women, and begged the Secretary to let us try. He decided 
to do so, and gave the necessary orders and at my request 
sentCapt. Pratt — whom Secretary of War Robert Lincoln had, 
on my application, detailed temporarily to help us in our Hamp- 
ton experiment- — to Dakota, whence he brought back to Hamp- 
ton, in November, 1878, forty boys and nine girls, chiefly Sioux. 

I wish to give Mr. Carl Schurz the credit of creating, on 
the government side, the work of eastern Indian schools. 
This action of his was a turning point. The work then be- 
came routine, though not without difficulties, and our Indian 
contingent soon reached its limit of 120 aided by government 
and from 15 to 20 by charity ; occasionally, an able-bodied 
young man working out his entire expenses." 

The Dakota party reached Hampton in November, 1878; 
a wild looking set, most of them in full Indian costume of 
blanket, leggings and moccasins, with disheveled locks hang- 
ing half way to their knees or braided with strips of red flannel 
down each side their face, yet with an expression of intelli- 
gent and earnest desire to learn the white man's way. 

President Hayes called attention to the new enterprise irt 
his December message to Congress, saying : " I agree with 
the Secretary of the Interior that the result of thi? interesting 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. ' 315 

experimeut, if favorable, may be destined to become an import- 
ant factor in the ad vaiicement of civilization among the Indians." 

The confirmation of this impression was attested by the 
opening of the Indian school at Carlisle, in October,i879, and 
by appropriation for still further extension of the govern- 
ment's Indian work, and was thus acknowledged in the Pres- 
ident's next message : " The experiment of sending a number 
of Indian children of both sexes to the Hampton Normal and 
Agricultural Institute in Virginia, to receive an elementary 
English education and practical instruction in farming and 
other useful industries, has led to results so promising that it 
was thought expedient to turn over the cavalry barracks at 
Carlisle in Pennsylvania to the Interior Department, for the 
establishment of an Indian school on a larger scale. This 
school has now 158 pupils selected from various tribes and is 
in full operation. Arrangements are also being made for the 
education of a number of Indian boys and girls belonging to 
tribes on the Pacific slope, in similar manner, at Forest 
Grove, Oregon. These institutions will commend themselves 
to the liberality of Congress and to the philanthropic munifi- 
cence of the American people." 

Similar acknowledgment was handsomely made by Capt. 
Pratt's Carlisle paper of Sept. '70, then called " Eadle Keatah 
Toh," Morning Star — as follows : 

"We can never forget that, when a little party of young 
men with red skins, who had been sick and in prison, con- 
demned and hated by the masses, were seeking the light and 
the way to become men, the walls of Hampton Institute were 
opened to them ; that there they were taken by the hand and 
led forward to accomplish their hopes ; that there they were 
treated and trained as men and brothers Hampton had the 
courage to do this, and from this has grown Hampton's and 
Carlisle's Indian work." 

How the work has grown since then — Carlisle's from 150 
to 700 pupils ; the government's purpose from the two or 
three "experiment stations " to the present Commissioner's 
wise, comprehensive plans for the education of all Indian 
children — and above all, the growth of public sentiment, at 
once their result and dependence — all this is matter of history. 

Hampton's work, not varying much as to numbers re- 



3l6 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

ceived, but increasing we trust, in strength and influence, has 
been constantly put before the public by reports and inspec- 
tion. Details of the methods and picturesquesness of the 
school life, more extended than we have room for here, have 
been frequently given and can be found in the columns of 
our monthly Sffut/iern Workmatr and Hatnpton School Record, 
or obtaineii by application to the School. Another interest- 
ing side of the work is considered on a subsequent page of 
this volume in a paper on "The Indian Health Question," 
presented at the Lake Mohonk Indian Conference of 1890, by 
Dr. M. M. Waldron, Resident Physician of Hampton Institute 
since 1880. 

Our object in the following pages is to give not merely a 
report of Indian as of colored graduates, but — since the In- 
dian is, in common estimation, more on trial still — a report as 
complete as may be of every Indian student who has returned 
home from Hampton — our whole army of returned Indian stu- 
dents, whether vanguard, rank and file, stragglers or deserters. 

This Report is prepared by Miss C. M. Folsom, our Indian 
Graduates' correspondent, who has been connected with our 
Indian work almost from its beginning, and has seen most of 
the students at their homes. The Record has been made 
with great effort and accuracy, and amended, from year to year, 
by officials sent once or twice a year from the School to visit 
the reservations, and by the testimony of missionaries, teach- 
ers, government agents and others. 

It is always to be remembered that, as we have heretofore 
often said, the record of individuals may vary for better or 
worse, back and forth. Our returned students are human, 
and they are young, and in a transition period as is their 
race. This is what makes the crisis of its position and the 
importance of continuing every help. Nearly all have been 
disappointing at times, but there are surprises in those who 
recover themselves and rise, as well as in those who stumble 
and wander. The record often improves. They may vacil- 
late for the first year or two and then steady themselves. The 
preponderance is on the side of encouragement. 

We believe that on the whole, the Record, as it stands, is 
a fair statement of the results and value and significance of 
Hampton's twelve years' work for Indians. H. W. L. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE.- 317 

RECORD OF RETURNED INDIAN STUDENTS. 

bV CORA M. FOLSOM- 

INTRODUCTION- 



IN OFFERING these records to readers unacquainted 
with Indian life and customs, there are some things that 
need explanation in order to insure a just estimate of individ- 
ual character, as well as of the work of education as a whole. 

The trouble has been, and still is, that too much is com- 
monly expected of these returned students; we require of them 
more than we would of our own race under similar circum- 
stances, and that is obviously not fair. 

I notice too that the records of these pupils, as they come 
to me from different people, vary according to the standard 
often unconsciously fixed by the writer — a standard influenced 
of course, by both personal experience and individual temper- 
ament. This makes me feel the necessity of declaring my own 
standard, that, in the following record, there may be no mis- 
understanding. 

I consider that a student has made a good record, has done 
well, when he is industrious, shows a moral and religious up- 
rightness, and makes an intelligent and conscientious use of 
what advantages he has received. 

The casual visitor or reporter on the reservation is only 
too apt to be favorably impressed by some lazy, immoral 
youth, lauding him as a ''gentleman" because he has pleasing 
manners and goes about in fine clothes, white shirt and polish- 
ed shoes, while the hard-working, self-s\ipporting young man 
in rude flannel shirt, baggy overalls and moccasins, is pitying- 
ly or scornfully reported upon as having gone back, perhaps 
hopelessly, to Indian ways. Such a judgment is obviously un- 
fair to either the Indian or the white man in a country where 
the dude is a useless ornament and hard work means indepen- 
dence and self-respect. Many Indians that I can hardly call 
industrious would gladly earn that name if work could be had, 
but farming has become so uncertain owing to the yearly fail- 



k 



3l8 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK, 

ure of crops, and there are so few shops or other means of em- 
ployment about the agency, that work sufficient for self-sup- 
port has been beyond the range of possibility for many; the less 
enterprising, those less fitted to fulfil the Westerner's creed 
and "rustle for it," being generally the sufferers. 

The first, and generally the severest test of character the 
returned student has to meet is in regard to marriage and the 
public sentiment of the less advanced Indians in regard to it. In 
ten years, church and education together have brought about 
a marked change in this matter, and yet the old custom is, in 
many places, so firmly grounded that there is still cause for 
anxiety, and much need for reform work. 

Most of the tribes represented at Hampton, have now 
taken up land in severalty, and have in so doing become citizens 
and come under the laws of the state. The necessity for a legal 
marriage nowbecomesapparent,andthewell-disposededucated 
student has a conclusive argument by which he may success- 
fully overcome the objections of his less enlightened friends ; 
still, the old Indians are slow to see wisdom in the unusual 
freedom this new order of things involves, and are very re- 
luctant to relinquish the time-honored custom of providing 
suitable wives for their sons and congenial sons-in-law for 
themselves. Neither can they see the wisdom of any- delay in 
in the matter, feeling it rather a reflection upon their children 
if they remain single longer than is absolutely necessary. 

Not infrequently, the girl returns to find herself already 
pledged to some man in whom she has not the slightest in- 
terest, biut who has so contracted with her family, that refusal 
to comply on her part is esteemed disloyal and dishonorable. 
A young man is also apt to find that, with fore-thought 
unusual in other matters, his parents have provided a bride for 
his home-coming, or that some one wishing to honor him, has a 
daughter ready to bestow upon him, and all his diplomatic 
powers are called into play in order to accomplish a graceful 
withdrawal from the blessings thus thrust upon him, knowing 
as he does that only kindness is intended. 

A determination not to follow the Indian way, and a hes- 
itation to accept the more binding obligations of the civilized 
method, results too often in an elopement, or, as the Indians 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 319 

call it, " stealing a girl," which, from any standpoint, is dishon- 
orable and unworthy. 

The young man is more apt to be drawn into this mistake 
than the girl, because it is usually the girl's parents who 
object to the legal ceremony, and the young man argues, often 
in all sincerity, that he will take her by the simpler method 
and when she has become his according to the popular custom, 
he can then insist upon a more legal ceremony. This it must 
.be said to his credit, he generally does. Truth also compels 
me to add that the result is usually a happy one — an Indi- 
an marriage being one of convenience rather than of senti- 
ment, in spite of the few exceptions that make Indian love 
stories so thrillingly romantic. 

In regard to marriage and the sentiments and customs 
■connected with it, the Indian is now in a peculiar transition 
state, and must be until education and refinement have chang- 
ed his standard in regard to it. This is going on faster perhaps 
than one would naturally expect. It is very seldom now that 
we hear of a student being married "Indian fashion," but on the 
■contrary,we find ourselves receiving announcements of engage- 
ments, wedding cards and newspaper accounts of church wed- 
dings as minutely described as are those of the more advanced 
race. 

Eight years ago I attended the church wedding of a re- 
turned student, which was then considered the correct thing. 
The prospective bride and groom on this occasion were seat- 
•ed apart during the service preceding the ceremony, and, when 
called upon to come forward, went straggling down the aisle, 
one far ahead of the other, and took their places before the 
white clergyman at the chancel, a stove pipe between them. 
After the ceremony was over they preceded in similar fashion 
to their respective seats in the congregation, and at the close 
of the service the groom, never once glancing at his bride, 
conversed a few moments with me, then jumped on his horse 
and was soon lost to sight, while the bride, in her bright blue 
wedding shawl,seemed perfectly satisfied with the proceedings, 
and after lengthy congratulations — or their equivalent — pro- 
ceeded with her parents to her new home. This being my first 
■experience I was inexpressibly shocked, but found myself quite 



320 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

alone in such a sentiment ; to everyone else it seemed a great 
step in civilization. 

Now, within a short time, five different agencies have wit- 
nessed quite elaborate wedding ceremonies in which Hampton 
students have been the principal actors. These weddings were 
preceded by acknowledged engagements and practical prepara 
tion for the event itself and thehome-making it was to ush- 
er in. The ceremonies were regular in every way, some being 
exceptionally pretty in simple church decoration, wedding at- 
tire, bridesmaids, groomsmen, ushers, wedding cake, recep- 
tions, wedding gifts, and announcement cards. 

These exceedingly festive occasions, appealing as they do 
to the Indian love for the spectacular,as also for the social feast, 
are greatly enjoyed by the old people and have much to do in 
influencing their respect for the new order of things. 

When I speak in my records of a "good home," I refer 
more to the home life than to the building that shelters it. In 
the West, the log house is still the unit of comparison, and must 
be until the railroad brings lumber and brick within a reason- 
able distance. Very many of the returned students have good 
frame houses, but these have usually had exceptional advan- 
tages either in their training or in their friends, generally both. 
Whenastudent returns home, he seldom has any thing bet- 
ter than a one-roomed log house, with trodden earth floor and 
sod roof. This roof leaks mud during a long storm, but there are 
obvious reasons why the earth floor,the cook stove, the stack of 
bedclothes in one corner andthemuch-usedpotsandpansin the 
other, are not injured by its contact. The old people who know 
nothing better are satisfied, the young people who have be- 
come accustomed to the privacy and neatness of a well-regula- 
ted school, seek a way out of such a household, usually by 
building a new house, or by adding another room wherein 
they may set up an independent establishment. These form 
a most striking contrast to the old home, and are held almost 
sacred by the old folks, who, though they show them with 
pride to other friends and strangers, seldom invade and never 
molest them. These little homes where it is possible to live 
a civilized, and even refined life, are many and are so far a- 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 32I 

bove the average Indian home and represent so much hard 
planning and work that they well merit the name of good. 

Some of these homes where I was entertained last sum- 
mer, were quite superior in the accommodations of civilized life. 
In one place I was hospitably entertained by a young matron 
whose whole education and training had been at Hampton. 
Her husband, an excellent young Indian, had a good salary and 
their house though small was well furnished, neat and orderly; 
a bright, well-kept young baby keeping things lively 
in it. As I sat with these young Indians, so refined in manner 
and address, around their perfectly arranged table, it was hard 
to realize that they were of the same race as those with whom 
but a few days before, I had been eating "Indian fashion" on 
the ground in an Indian camp, disposing of a bill of fare which 
would not mean much to civilized ears. 

This table was covered with a fine fringed damask tea-cloth, 
and set according to the latest mode. The china was "stone" 
but exceedingly neat in its design of tiny pink flowers; the 
silver plated, but clean and bright. The broiled chicken was 
brown and tender, the biscuits light and sweet; and this, with 
butter and some delicious buffalo-berry jelly and ex- 
cellent coffee, made a meal the most fastidious might rejoice 
over. All this was prepared by the young housekeeper herself, 
yet so quietly that only a flushed face told of her exertion over 
the blazing fire in the tiny kitchen. The general air about 
every thing was that of refinement, and as we five Hampton- 
ians sat on the porch afterward talking over old times and 
friends, it seemed hardly possible that these bright, intelligent 
young people could be the children of a race over which so 
many have become discouraged. 

A very important and note-worthy fact is this: that 
educated parents, — ex-students — without exception in my 
observation, show an intelligent ambition in regard to their 
children that is out of all proportion to that they seem to feel for 
themselves. Their idea always is that his child must learn En- 
glish, must be well brought up and put into school at the ear- 
liest moment, and usually, that he must come to Hampton as 



322 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK. 

soon as possible. This shows, in an encouraging way, under 
what advantages the next generation is to start out in life. 

The old Indian instinct of tribal communism and unlimi- 
ted hospitality is still a great barrier in the way of 
the young people and their prospect of "getting ahead in the 
world." No sooner does a young man, or woman, get a good 
salary then all his relations, and step-relations and relations- 
in-law and relations by adoption, immediately spring up in pov- 
erty and distress, and are really so needy that it requires a 
strong heart to turn away from them. Those who have needy 
families to help or who cannot bear to be called "stingy" and 
"mean," impoverish themselves, while the absolutely frugal are 
apt to make enemies and lose a certain amount of influence. 
There are many who succeed in striking the happy mean and 
these must command our respect. 

There is a great deal said about students going "back to the 
blanket," meaning, to Indian life. I cannot, of course, speak for 
students of other schools whom I have not seen, but I do not 
hesitate to say for the Hampton students, almost all of whom 
I have seen, and for those of other schools whom I have met, 
that there is no going back to the old way, — to the original 
starting point, — for those who are able-bodied and have had a 
fair amount of training. The sick are largely dependent up- 
on their surroundings, as are some not mentally capable of 
much training and some who may be unfortunate for a time. 
Real education means to the student a correspondingly real 
change of sentiment and life, and he does not care to more 
than "play Indian" for a while. The blind man sees, and finds 
no satisfaction in shutting his eyes again for ever. This seems 
to be the voice of experience generally. 

Experience also shows that the change from school life to 
the life at home requires a period of adjustment, and that the 
first few months at home must not be regarded as any sure 
indication of what the permanent record may be. The re- 
action to some natures is tremendous, and there are often dis- 
couraging vacillations before the equilibrium is finally found. 
This seems to be not so much a question of advantages at- 
tained or of environment, as of individual character and dis- 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 323 

position. Poverty and discouragement and temptation await 
them all, and they know it in the abstract, and think they are 
ready for it, but the daily and hourly contact with many of 
its phases is a test the best of us might shrink from. 

Love of kindred is exceedingly strong in the Indian, and, 
when guided by an intelligent purpose, is often his greatest 
aid. The best reform work in the homes, I find to have been 
accomplished by the gradual and quiet methods of tact and 
patience, generally by the less conspicuous workers, and very 
often by those whose term of training has seemed very short 
and insufficient. 

It is also a noticeable fact that, in no case, has a full suc- 
cess been accomplished where there has not been a strong re- 
ligious principle back of it. Religion without other training 
has brought success, but there has been, so far, no case where 
training without religion has proved either strong or reliable. 

With every step toward civilization, the Indian meets 
new temptations. When he adopts the "white man's Way" 
he takes the risks with the advantages, he adopts the good 
and the bad together, and from his physical make-up, is quite 
as strongly drawn to ''drown his sorrows" in some objec- 
tionable ways as are the poorer classes of any race. So the fact 
that they do not "go back to the blanket" is not unqualified 
encouragement. The drinking, gambling, immoral Indian 
that will occasionally appear on these pages is no improve- 
ment over his painted and dancing brother. 

The "half-breeds," as all with white blood are called, have 
much to contend with by inheritance and are apt to be the 
very good or very bad; unfortunately, very frequently the 
latter. 

It will be seen that, in the thirteen years since the Indians 
first came here, many have died or have been hampered in 
their work by disease. A large number, especially in the 
earlier years, when less care was exercised in their selection, 
were found unfit to remain and were sent home after a few 
months. I have sometimes been very brief in my record of 
such cases, and yet I realize that it is by these bedsides that 
the strongest and liveliest influence is often exerted, and that 



324 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

many of these lives seem to be cut short by death when in 
reality they are strong and enduring in their influence — still 
marching on in the lives of their friends and associates. 

During my visits to the West where returned students 
have welcomed me to their homes with the truest hospitali- 
ty, I have learned to know them as I never could have done 
otherwise, and while this intimacy has opened my eyes to 
many details of life unseen by the casual visitor, it has only 
served to deepen my sympathy for their struggles and my 
sincerest respect for the many victories they have won. I am 
constantly tempted as I write, by bits of interesting detail 
which, lest it should be considered a breach of confidence, I 
am forced to leave untold. The Indian naturally shrinks 
from publicity in his personal affairs, and probably not one 
who sees his name here, even with the best of records, but 
will wish it had not been necessary to " put it in print." To 
these and to any who may think I have taken undue liberty 
with their friendship or have done any injustice, I can only 
plead my inability to do better under the circumstances. 

Hampton has never claimed more than a share of the 
credit earned by its pupils, realizing how much is due the 
untiring efforts of the good people at the reservations who 
not only prepare the pupils for their Hampton course, but 
encourage and help them where it is so much needed in their 
lives after their return. 

To them, too, we would offer most earnest thanks for the 
interest and help they have freely accorded us in keeping 
careful record of these students through so many years, and 
for the advice and help and hospitality they have so cheer- 
fully given the school's representatives in the West. 

Cora M. Folsom. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 325 

iNstaNtaNeoUs VieWs. 



ST- AUGUSTINE PRISONERS. 
Brought by Capt. R. H. Pratt, U. S. A. April 13, 1878. 

The coming of these prisoners to Hampton has been described by 
Miss Ludlow on page 299, as also the removal of thirteen of them to 
form the nucleus of the Carlisle School eighteen months later. 

As they returned home from Carlisle, Hampton has never counted 
them among her returned students and has therefore never made any 
special effort to follow them or keep their individual records. 

These young men — Hampton's first Indian pupils — have, however, 
played so important a part in the history of the School and in the 
present movement in Indian education, that their records are of pe- 
culiar interest and cannot well be passed over in silence. 

Though not generally as full as we could wish, they represent the 
facts as far as we have been able to obtain them. They have been 
recently submitted to Capt. Pratt for revision, and are given just as 
the)A returned from his hands. 

Etahdleuh Doanmoe, a full-blood Kiowa, about 30 years of age. 
From a sketch of the young man's life in the Red Man, we 
quote the following : " In the month of May, 1875, Etahdleuh, 
with seventy-three others, was sent by the Government of 
the, United States to St. Augustine, Florida, where he was 
imprisoned for three years. 

His conduct from the first was most exemplary. He there 
began learning to read and write, and at the expiration of the 
term of imprisonment his desire for more knowledge was so 
strong that, with sixteen of his fellow prisoners, he was placed 
at Hampton Institute, Virginia. He was there for a year and 
pursued his studies with earnestness. He spent a summer at 
the home of Mr. Hyde, of Lee, Mass. When Carlisle School 
was inaugurated in 1879, he aided materially in organizing it. 
He was sent to his Agency to collect Kiowa, Comanche and 
Wichita children for the School. He brought twenty-seven 
children and remained here until the summer of 1882, when 
he married Laura Tonadlemah, a Carlisle pupil, a daughter 



326 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 

of Chief Red Buffalo. He was a most consistent and faithful 
Christian, ever willing and ready to do all iii his power to ad- 
vance his Master's cause among the pupils. He was kind to 
all, and much loveii by those who knew him best. His earn- 
est words in the Sabbath and weekly meetmgs were a con- 
stant help to us all. 

In the year 1882, he went back to his people, the Kiowas, 
and there at the Agency he,by his upright life, endeared himself 
to every one who came in contact with him. The Agents 
highly appreciated his services. One of them, in his official 
report said of him to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs ; 
" Etahdleuh Doanmoe, returned to assist in the work in the 
Kiowa and Comanche School. He is a noble young man, 
deeply interested in the welfare of his people, particularly in 
education, and from him I expect much valuable help." 

In 1884, while he was thus working faithfully for the 
elevation of his people, his eyes failed, and he came back to 
Carli^e School, where he remained until the spring of 1887. 
He then returned to the Kiowa Agency and took up a claim 
of one hundred and sixty acres which he was having im- 
proved and at the same time was laboring among his people 
as a missionary. 

Though the summons came suddenly, he was ready. 
A little while before he died, he said, ' Lord, if it is thy will, I 
would remain here and continue work among my people, but 
if it is thy will to take me, I am ready to go. I can say * Thy 
will be done.' He also gave directions as to his burial, and 
some things necessary to the future comfort of his wife and 
child. He was surely a great blessing to the Indian people." 
His death occurred April 20, 1888. 

Scholarship at Hampton given by Mrs. Quincy A. Shaw. 

Kobe, full-blood Kiowa, age 30. He was an unusually earnest and 

conscientious young man, and the change that came over his 

life while under the training of his Christian friends was one 

of great interest. 

He went from here with Capt. Pratt when the Carlisle 
School was opened, but returned home Sept., '80, and died 
soon after. 

Charles Ohetoint, full-blood Kiowa, age 24, went to Carlisle with 
Capt. Pratt in '79, remaining there until June 28, '80. 

In June, '90, Carlisle reports: " Charles Ohetoint, Kiowa, 
one of the Florida prisoners who stayed East at Carlisle two 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 327 

years for more education, is now at work at the agency at ten 
dollars a month. He hves in a tepee. He has been suffering 
with sore eyes for years and has not been able to do much. 
He has 23 acres of land under cultivation, but has seen hard 
times. He has four children, two of whom are at school. 
The others are too small. In the way of stock, he has six 
horses, one mule, four head of cattle, and three pigs." 

To-UN-KE-AH, full-blood Kiowa, age 31. He went to Carlisle with 
Capt. Pratt in '79, made a good record there and returned 
home March, '80. 

In '86, Capt, Pratt reports : "Has retrograded some, 
but works when he has a chance, at Kiowa Agency." 

Henry Roman Nose, a ful-blood Kiowa, age 26. He remained at 
Hampton about one year and then went with Capt. Pratt to 
Carlisle. He remained there about two years and in '86, 
Capt. Pratt reports that he is at Cheyenne Agency, I. T. and 
" holds on to the civilized way the best he can. He has been 
unfortunate, has lost his wife and child, and has been sick 
some months himself, but is now well and respected." June 
'90, the Carlisle paper says ; " Henry C. Roman Nose, one 
of the Florida prisoners, from Cheyenne Agency, who came 
to Carlisle when the school first opened in 1879, and re- 
mained two years, says he lives in a square tent covered with 
duck. It is his own. He has never worn Indian dress since 
he went back, and is now serving the Government as tinner, 
the trade he learned at Carlisle. He receives $20.00 a month." 

White Bear, a full-blood Arapahoe, age 30. Went to Carlisle with 
Capt. Pratt in '79, and returned home Jan. 26, '80. 

In '86, Capt. Pratt reports : " He has gone back some- 
what ; lives at Cheyenne Agency. Has been a scout and 
cow-boy." 

Little Chief, Con-way-kow -w'/, full-blood Cheyenne, age 31. He 
made good progress, and when the new Indians came from 
Dakota was one of the first to bid them welcome, and, in the 
sign language which they understood, offer them sympathy 
and assistance. A photograph of him as he stood, dressed in 
his school uniform, talking in signs with two blanketed new- 
comers, has always been one of the most effective of Hamp- 
ton's contrasting groups. 

He went to Carlisle with Capt. Pratt in '79, and returned 
home Jan. 26, 1880. 



328 TWENTY- TWO YEARS' WORK 

Capt. Pratt in '86, says : " Is doing well but lives among 
the Indians ; farms and raises stock at Cheyenne Agency. 
Has a good influence." 

Carlisle reports in June, '90, as follows : " William Little 
Chief, Cheyenne, one of the original Florida prisoners, was 
here for a year and a half and is now scouting." 

Soaring Eagle, Ma-ah-cMs, full-blood Cheyenne, age 31, went to 
Carlisle from a Northern home and remained only a short 
time. There seems to be no record of the date of his return, 
but it is said that he has always worn citizen's clothes and 
works when he can. In '86, he was doing well. 

Howard Charlton, 31ar-cu~ve-kist, full-blood Cheyenne, age 30. 
Went to Carlisle with Capt. Pratt in '79, and returned home 
Jan. 26, '80, dying in camp about 1881. 

Tich-ke-mat-se, Squint Eyes, full-blood Cheyenne, age 28. Went 
to Carlisle with Capt. Pratt. Returned home -— — , and did 
well there. 

Was employed by the Smithsonian to kill birds and on 
one such expedition was lost or killed. 

White Man, Ah-sit, full- blood Cheyenne, age 28. Went to Carlisle 
with Capt. Pratt in '79, and returned home Jan. 26, '80. 

In '86, Capt. Pratt reports ; " Doing well, something of 
a stock-raiser and farmer at Cheyenne Agency." 

KoHOE, No-ho-ni-cas, full-blood Cheyenne, age 30. Went to Carlisle 
with Capt. Pratt in '79, remaining there until March 2, 1880. 
Is reported in '86, by Capt. Pratt as a " clerk at the 
agency trader's. Everybody speaks well of him." 

Walter Matches, Nan-hi~yurs, fall-blood Cheyenne, age 27. Went 
to Carlisle with Capt. Pratt in '79, and remained there until 
Sept. 10, '80. 

In '86, Capt. Pratt says : " Holds on to his new life and 
is a successful stock-raiser and freighter at Cheyenne Agency." 

James Bear's Heart, Na-co-is-ta, full blood Cheyenne, age 30. He 
alone remained at Hampton when Capt. Pratt and the oth- 
ers left for Carlisle. Earnest, industrious and deeply religious, 
his influence over the wild young Sioux from the West was 
especially helpful, and he would have been glad to remain 
longer had not a scrofulous trouble made a change seem ad- 
visable. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 329 

For weeks before his return, his mind and hands were 
busy preparing surprises and p leasures for the friends at 
home, especially the old mother to whom he seemed most 
tenderly attached. On April ist, '8t, he started bravely 
homeward with a large trunk full of gifts, a warm and com- 
plete outfit for his mother and many articles of household 
use that he had learned to appreciate here. His letters were 
always bright and cheerful, tho' one could read between the 
lines the struggle he was making with poverty, sickness and 
lack of sympathy in his new life ; yet in spite of all, he suc- 
ceeded in his determmation to make his home comfortable 
and his mother happy for two years or until his death in 
1882. Agent Miles wrote of him : " His whole heart is for 
progress among his people, and both by preaching and prac- 
tice he endeavors to help his people forward. 

Scholarship given by Mrs, Wm. Smith Brown. 



John Downing, a half-blood Cherokee, adopted mto the Wichita 
tribe in Indian Territory, came alone from there Sept. 1878, 
when about 18 years of age. Having been to school before, 
he entered the preparatory cla&s and graduated in '82. (See 
Record, Class of '82), and when he returned home he took the 
first work that offered, that of Agency Policeman. After a little 
he chose a beautiful tract of land, ten miles from the Agency and 
building a log house upon it, started a cattle ranch and farm. 
Pluck and hard work have brought success, and to-day he 
lives in a beautifully made stockade house of three rooms, 
surrounded by a flourishing orchard, of apple, peach, pear 
and cherry trees.a vegetable garden, waving fields of corn, oats 
and millet; has large herds of horses and cattle, (300) and 
hogs and chickens enough to delight the heart of any farmer. 

When, in '89, I visited them, I found their house an oasis 
of comfort and luxurious fare. Everywhere I found remind- 
ers of Hampton ; even the children knew the names of their 
father's old teachers and friends and proudly displayed pic- 
tures and gifts associated with them. Seated about the well 
spread table, their little hands reverently folded, the children 
sat with bowed heads as the father gratefully acknowledged 
the Giver of all their blessings, and in this as in many other 
ways showed a depth of training such as Hampton especially 
rejoices to see bestowed upon her grand-children. 

Scholarship given by Miss Susan Longstreth. 



33° TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

THE FIRST PARTY FROM DAKOTA- 

Brought by Capt, R. H. Pratt, Nov. 5, 1878. 

FROM FORT BERTHOLU AGENCY, N. D. 

Mary Dawson, full blood Arickaree, about 24 years of age. A 
widow who came chiefly to bring a little daughter whom 
she wished to have educated in the best way. She returned 
home alone after one year, leaving her child in the care of the 
school, and died of consumption, March nth, 1880, a devoted 
Christian woman, 

Anna Dawson, Spa-Jm-na-na-da-ka, (Wild Rose), half-blood Arick- 
aree, daughter of Mary, 9 years old. Her mother's departure 
and subsequent death left her entirely alone in the world as 
far as near relatives are concerned. With no one to insist 
upon her returning to the Indian country, she soon learned 
to call Hampton her home, and from baby and pet of the low- 
est section passed successively thro' every class in the Indian 
and Normal departments, being graduated in '85, at the age 
of 16. For a year she studied and taught here, spent the next 
year as a regular teacher in the Indian department and then 
becoming fixed in her determination to make teaching her 
profession, entered the Framingham ( Mass. ) Normal 
School from which she was graduated in '89. She then re- 
turned to Hampton as a teacher, but, after a few months, ac- 
cepted a position in the Santee Normal Training School at 
Santee Agency, Neb., and has since been a valued teacher 
there. Her methods, her discipline and her bearing have 
been above criticism, and outside the class-room she has 
found much to do in the missionary and social life of one of 
the most progressive of Indian schools. Between her and 
the large corps of white teachers there seems to be no race 
distinction ; she fills unquestioned the position her education 
and refinement have fitted her for, and being both womanly 
and self-reliant, is in character as well as education able to 
support herself independently and well, a state to which, as 
yet, few Indian girls have been permitted to attain. 

Miss Dawson's development, since the days when she 
remembers offering part of her water melon to the sun god, 
has been full of interest, and her life while in the East has 
done much to arouse practical sympathy in Indian education 
and to strengthen its cause. 

Scholarship given by Mrs. Wm. Smith Brown. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 33I 

Sarah Walker, half-blood Gros Ventre, age 12. She passed through 
the Indian and Junior classes and returned home in '84, at 
her father's earnest request. Her mother had died and the 
old grandmother who reigned in her stead not only disap- 
proved Sarah's advanced methods of housekeeping, but 
proved so insufficient a chaperone, that she sought refuge 
from her many unscrupulous suitors in the Ft. Stevenson 
School where she spent several months as seamstress. Even 
here she had not the protection she needed and returned to 
Hampton Nov., '85, entering the Middle class. 

In '87, she again went West, this time to teach in the new 
school started at the Crow Agency, Montana, by the Unita- 
rians of Boston. After teaching theie a year she married 
Geo. Pease, a half-blood Crow, employed in the same school. 
Both retained their positions until the next summer, then 
went home to Fort Berthold where they are still living. 
Scholarship given by Mrs. Anson P. Stokes' children. 

Josephine Malnourie, half-blood Gros Ventre, age 18, the happy 
possessor of a very few English sentences. She improved 
very much, and just before she went away, Sep., '81, asked to 
say 3. few words of farewell from the School platform. When 
actually facing the large audience she was overcome with 
stage fright and, covering her face with her hands, moaned; 
" I'm so 'shamed!" A derisive laugh from some unsympa- 
thetic fellow student stirred her to the quick, and uncovering 
her face she eloquently exclaimed, " You laugh ! You don't 
know what's in my heart!" and went on to express herself 
most fluently. In the same spirit she has made her life what 
it is. Soon after her return she married a white man, George 
Grinnell, and had a very comfortable home, marble top furni- 
ture and other luxuries, but her husband was in- 
temperate and violent and much trouble was the result. In 
an effort to defend herself on one occasion she did it more 
effectually than she had intended, and has since — four years — 
been a widow. She has four children whom she has taught 
English and means to have educated. She is now work- 
ing in the family of the Agent and writes that she often 
thinks of the Hampton friends and the " way they cared for 
her " and is trying to do her best to show them that she is 
truly grateful. 

Scholarship given by John Southworth. 



332 TWENTY-TWO VEARS WORK 

Ahuka, White Wolf, full-blood Arickaree, age 20, an earnest, in- 
telligent young man. He returned after his three years, im- 
bued with a desire to do great things for his people, but his 
health soon failed and he was not able to accomplish all he 
had hoped. He did, however, exert a strong influence in 
favor of schools and civilization and died a Christian death 
in '84. 

Scholarship given by Mrs. C. O. Chapin. 

Laughing Face, Tiscmifh, full-blood Arickaree, age 17, son of Yel- 
low Horse, an old warrior. He had been to school a short 
time at the Mission, and was a great favorite with his teach- 
ers there. His health was never very good, but he did well 
in school and was very quick and bright in many ways. He 
it was who sorrowfully explained that he could not join the 
church until " next year " because the previous summer a 
certain boy had whipped him, and, as he declared with snap- 
ping eyes and expressive gesture, " Next summer I fight 
him, I almost kill him; then I'll be Christian boy." He was 
in time, however, persuaded to adopt another plan of con- 
sistency and returned home in 81, a simple-hearted Chris- 
tian young man. He was not able to do much there, and 
was tenderly cared for by his mission friends until his death 
in '84. 

Scholarship given by the American Missionary Associa- 
tion. 

Karunach, Sioux Boy, full-blood Arickaree, age 17. He returned in 
i88-[, worked in the shoe shop at Fort Stevenson School a 
year, saved his money and came back to Hampton indepen- 
ently and alone, remaining until '84, when he again returned 
and worked faithfully at his trade until his death in '88. The 
Superintendent speaks of him as " painstaking and earnestly 
irnbued with the desire to elevate his people." He was 
a strong, though eccentric character, but seems to have left 
the record of an earnest and helpful life. 

Scholarship given by the Am. Miss'y. Ass'n. and Bethany 
Mission, Brooklyn, N. Y. 

White Breast, Sayedda, full-blood Mandan, age 18. Had been 
through the ordeal of the sun- dance and was so injured by it 
that he was not strong enough to remain. He returned in 
1880, worked at the carpenter's trade, opened up a farm and 
lived an industrious, civilized life, somewhat above the Indian 
standard. He died in 1888. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. ^^^ 

Kawhat Bow Legs, or Thos. Suckley, as he is now known, was a 
brother of White Breast, a bright little boy about 12 years of 
age. He returned in '81, and has since been to school at Ft. 
Stevenson, N. D., Genoa, Neb., and is now at Carlisle, Pa. 

In writing to one of his old teachers recently he says : 
" This is such a bright day, so it come into my mind as I 
look out of the window and see the green leaves from the 
teacher's quarters, there are big trees around it, and so it 
makes me think about Hampton School. 

Scholarship given by the Am. Miss'y. Ass'n. 
Thomas Smith, No wa-tesh, half-blood Gros Ventre, age 15. He 
was a brother of the Agency Interpreter and spoke some 
English when he came. Returned home in '81, found em- 
ployment as a herder and in 1885 was assistant farmer at the 
Agency. The missionary, Mr. Hall, in 1890 reports him as 
good in character, industry and influence. He himself says : 
" I am wearing citizen's clothes since I left Hampton. I am 
farming now. I had to rustling to make my living. I have a 
child. I want him to be in sshool and, after he grew up I 
wanted him to be like white man." 

Scholarship given by the Am. Miss'y Ass'n, 
Arihotchkish, Lo7tg Arm, full-blood Gros Ventre, remarkably bright 
and winning boy about 13 years old. His photograph, taken 
on arrival in Indian dress and again a few months later when 
the school uniform and life had created an outward and in- 
ward change, have done much to show what education can 
do for such children. ^ 

He was the favorite son of the old chief Hard Horn, and 
when he returned in '81, was joyfully welcomed and much 
feted by the wilder Indians. His father soon after took him 
off to a camp near Ft. Buford where he is said to have died 
from exposure and Indian medicine some time in 1885, 

Scholarship given by Am. Miss. Ass'n. 



FROM STANDING ROCK AGENCY, N. D. 

Rosa Fleets, WaSicu'win,h.i\.l-\Aoodi Sioux, age 15. She returned 
home from the Indian School in '81, worked at the Agent's 
house awhile and then went to live in the family of the mis- 
sionary, Rev. Mr. Swift, at Moreau River. She came back 
in '84, and remained until 'Z6, when she again returned to 
Standing Rock and in '%j, married John Tiaokasin, one of 



334 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

our Students, and came back with him to Hampton a few 
months later. They remained here, Hving in a cottage, until 
'88, then returned to Standing Rock, takmg with them their 
infant son Richard, then about a year old. They 
have a pleasant home, a well kept baby, and visitors speak of 
them as examples worthy of imitation. One of the Hamp- 
ton students writes that he always likes to go to see John and 
Rosa because " everything is clean; beds, floor, everything is 
good in their house." 

Scholarships given by H. K. Simons, Mrs. L. B. Denny, 
and Mrs. Mary D. Ellison. 

John Fleets, Zitkana-ska, ( White Bird) half-blood Blackfoot Sioux, 
, age 1 8, brother of Rosa. He returned in i88i, and was put 
in charge of the Agency stables, a position of considerable 
responsibility, and has kept it steadily all these eleven years. 
He married in '83, and has two bright children. His wife, 
Mary Bullhead, is a leadmg member of the Woman's Society, 
a bright, progressive woman, and helps to make his home an 
example of civilization. 

The Agent says he is an " efficient " and " most thorough- 
ly reliable man," and " excellent " in character and influence. 

Uhakeumpa, Carries Flying, or, as he now signs himself, Thomas P. 
Fly, a full-blood Blackfoot Sioux, age 16. Reports on ar- 
rival speak of him as " thoroughly wild, large, bold and fine 
looking," and in full Indian dress. He returned in '81, and found 
employment as a carpenter, working very well for two years. 
He then married Sitting Bull's daughter, and, labor being in- 
consistent with the dignity of his new position, he gradually 
" returned to the blanket" for about five years. After his wife's, 
death he held a position as sutler's clerk, and in '89 
married a nice young Hampton girl. Alma Ramsey, and set- 
tled down to an industrious, civilized life. During'^the trou- 
ble with Sitting Bull in '90, he enlisted as a scout at Ft. Yates 
and has since remained in that position. The Agent reports 
him as "good in character, industry and influence, except 
that he married by the Indian custom." 

Scholarship given by Mrs. C. S. Holbrook. 

John Cadocte, A^rt-/(^(i:, or //(9-y^cz- /c-y^/<?,full-blood Sioux, age 18, 
son of Iron Feather, of Yankton Agency. His health failing^ 
he returned home in '79, and soon after died. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 335 

From CHEYENNE RIVER AGENCY. S. D. 
Louis Aygenoughwea, or more correctly Eknainyanke, or Agna, 
as he now signs himself, a full-blood Minniconjoe Sioux, 15 
years old. He returned in '81 to his home at Moreau River, 
but came bacic in '84. His feet and legs had been so badly 
frozen that disease had resulted and he was advised to return 
home in '85. He has since then been on the Agency police 
force— for several years Lieutenant of Police. In '90, he was 
made an Episcopal catechist under the Rev. Mr. Ashley and 
has since served very acceptably in a camp on the Moreau 
River. He is married, has a good home, good farm, dresses 
well, speaks English freely, and is very gentlemanly in his 
manners and address. 

Scholarships given by Edward Tatum, Mrs. J. Whitall, 
Mrs. Robert Treat Paine, and Mrs. Geo. Woods' S. S. Class, 
New York. 

Harry Brown, Wankicunla, full-blood, age 14, son of the Minni- 
conjoe chief. White Horse. He returned on expiration of 
time in '81, taught awhile in the Govt. School very accepta- 
bly, but came back in '83 for more education. He entered 
the Junior class, but gave it up for printing, a trade he was 
anxious to learn. He was a boy of unusual promise, ambi- 
tious and earnest, but over exertion brought on pulmonary 
disease, and at his own earnest request he was returned 
home in Jan. '85, and died there the following March. His 
influence at home was so broad and so strong that his life is 
to-day a familiar story among the Cheyenne River children, 
and his father, instead of holding the school responsible for 
his son's death, as many are apt to do, is most cor- 
dial in his appreciation of the advantages received and 
holds his son's Hampton friends in most grateful remem- 
brance. 

Scholarship given by Sam'l H. Seward and Mrs. Geo. 
Woods' S. S. class, N. Y. 

Henry Fisherman. Tamaheca, a full Two-Kettle Sioux, age 17, son 
of Chas. Fisherman, the first Indian at the Agency to adopt 
civilized dress and ways. He returned in '81, and went to 
work with his father, who had a large wood yard on the 
banks of the Missouri and furnished the river boats with fuel. 
He was for several years engaged in this work, but later gave 
it up to improve his farm on the Bad River. He is ■ quite a 
carpenter and has found considerable employment in that 



336 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

capacity. He has been very successful in his quiet way, and, 
though he has lost his hearing almost entirely, yet appears 
very well, and, in personal appearance and manner, is as ex- 
ceedingly neat and gentlemanly on his farm as he used to be 
here at school. 

Scholarship given by Rev. W. W. Williams. 

I^EROY Shutaschnay, Suta-Sni, a full Two-Kettle Sioux, age 15. 
He was a most forlorn little thing when he came, but im- 
proved very much, and returned in '81. He has never been 
strong, but has made a good record. He has applied to re- 
turn to Hampton, but his health would not warrant it. He 
was at one time acting Catechist at Up Tree Camp under 
Bishop Hare, but has lived, most of the time since he was 
married in 'Zd, on his own iarm near the mouth of the Mo- 
reau, making a good record. In '90, he says : " I expect to 
be a farmer all the time, but I do also wish to do a mission- 
ary work, though there is no place for me at present." He 
went to Grand River in '91, and is still there. 
Scholarship given by Mrs. Shumway. 

John Wahn, afterwards Marshall, a half Minniconjoe Sioux, 15 
years old. He returned in '81, and was soon after made a U. 
S. Scout connected with Ft. Bennett. He married and lived 
in one of the log houses at the Agency known as Scout's 
Camp. Through his connection with the Army, he was al- 
lowed the use of beer more than was best for him, yet he was 
generally well spoken of by both agency and mission authori- 
ties. He died in 1886. 

Scholarship given by L. H. Slater. 

Charlie White Bull, Tatanka-ska, full-bl©od, age 12. When Mr. 
Robbins, a Hampton teacher went West to take a position in 
the Santee School, he took Charlie with him. He came East 
after a few years and Charlie returned to his father at Stand- 
ing Rock, where he soon established a home. He is a bright' 
intelligent young man, and, when in '88, the Sioux Bill was 
presented for signature he and his father were the first to put 
themselves on the progressive side and sign it. 

Daniel No Heart, Cante-wanica, a full-blood Minniconjoe Sioux, 
age 13. He was the only son of Little No Heart, the most 
progressive of his tribe, and the first chief to adopt citizen's 
dress. Daniel was not at all strong, and in '79, was sent home, 
where he recovered and lived quietly with his father until, on 
a hunting expedition, he was accidentally shot and killed. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 337 

Samuel Swift Worm, Wamim-hiza, Whirlwind ,2i fulI-blood Min- 
niconjoe Sioux, 14 years of age. He was delicate on arrival, 
and in a few months returned home, dying there soon after. 
This was all we could learn about him until '91, when I was 
overtaken by a storm on the prairie and found refuge and 
warm hospitality in an Indian tipi, After dinner the mistress 
of the meal told me she had once had a boy at Hampton, and 
from a big Indian work-bag produced a calico bundle and, un- 
tying it, brought successively to view six or seven similar 
wrappings, then a box, then an envelope, and last of all a 
much handled tin-type likeness of a fine looking young boy 
nicely dressed in full citizen's clothes. His name was written 
in a clear graceful hand on the paper case as Samuel Swift 
Whirlwind, Hampton, Va. As the literal translation of his 
name would be Swift Whirlwind or Storm, it is quite possi- 
ble that the written word "Storm" may have been read 
" Worm " and thus his name perverted from its original 
meaning through ignorance of the language. 



From CROW CREEK AGENCY, S. D. 

ZlE-wiE Davis, Z/ffiz/^, a full-blood Sioux, age 17, daughter of Un- 
spe-Sni. She returned after her three years' term had ex- 
pired in Sept. '81. Her father hid prepared for her coming 
by building a new house and opening a small store. Wishing 
to be quite civilized also, he translated his name into English, 
Dont-Know-How, and had his sign painted D. K. Howe, 
Zie-wie helped her father by being his cashier and book- 
keeper for about a year, then her health failed and she soon 
after died. Through her influence her younger sister came 
t) Hamp'.on, and her father is to-day one of the most pro- 
gressive men on the Agency. 

Scholarship given by j. W. Davis. 

Charlie Stone, Tuncan-wicahca, a full-blood Sioux, 14 years old. 
He was the only son of Chief Dog Back, a civilized. Christian 
Indian, who knew his son was in consumption, but wanted 
him to come East, hoping he might be benefited in body as 
well as in mind. He did not improve, and returned as soon 
as possible early in 1879. He was a gentle, sweet faced young 
boy, too yielding to fight with disease, and died very soon af- 
ter his return. 



338 ' TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

Andrew Fox, Sungina, a full-blood Sioux, nephew of head chiefs 
Wizi and White Ghost, age 16. Returned in 1881, worked 
in the agency carpenter shop for awhile and then took a place 
as interpreter on a Missouri river boat. Came back in 
'84, but was found to be badly diseased and returned in 
two months. He soon after went to Standing Rock where 
he married a daughter of Sitting Bull and became the old 
chief's interpreter and secretary. During the Indian excite- 
ment of '90, he was still with Sitting Bull, and, after the fight, 
was captured with the rest of the band and taken to Fort 
Snelling, where they were confined for several months. Dur- 
ing this time Fox was put in charge of a school at the Fort, 
taught and behaved so well that he was highly com- 
mended by the officers in charge. S.ince his release he is said 
by the Agent to have been "doing well," though nothing 
more definite has been heard from him. 

Scholarship given by Calvary Church, N. Y. 



Frank Pamani, {Hoots-iuhih-walking) a brother of Andrew Fox, age 
20. He returned on expiration of time with his brother and 
worked with him in the agency carpenter shops. Instead of 
going to their relatives, they set up an establishment 
of their own in a vacant house, and made it understood 
that they were apostles of law and order under a new regime. 
Notices were posted about the very neat and well arranged 
room requesting the friends who should call to "no 
spit on the floor," and in other ways to kindly observe 
rules practiced in polite society: "No play here. No sat down 
in the bed. No chew here. No spit the floor here. Sat down 
like man and talk like man." Frank afterward went to Stand- 
ing Rock and there married Celeste, a young girl with no ed- 
ucation or training. They were both anxious to come to 
Hampton and were brought in '84, and trained with other 
married couples. Celeste proved too delicate to remam and 
Pamani too indifferent, so they were returned the next year to 
Standing Rock. Frank's land bemg at Crow Creek they soon 
removed there and still live in a good log house not far from 
the Agency. Frank works occasionally, says he wants work, 
but has the name of being lazy. He is devoted to the Indian 
dance in which he is a leader. 

Scholorships given by J. W. Davis, and Broadway Taber- 
nacle, New York. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 339^ 

Edward P. H. Ashley, Hnsansati, (Grey-legs), a fullb!ood Sioux, age 
18, son of Muskrat. He returned in '81, was taken into the 
Gov't Boarding School as an assistant with the smaller boys, 
and soon rose to the position of teacher. Finding he did not 
know enough to fill such a position well, he came back to 
Hampton in Sept. '83. After a year in the Indian and another in 
the Junior Classes, he returned in '85, but not to the school ; 
a young cousin had been left heiress of a large property, 
chiefly stock, and Edward found ample field for his talents in 
assuming the responsibility of her affairs. He took up land 
for himself and showed considerable enterprise in the man- 
agement of their joint interests. In '88, after his cousin's 
marriage, he transferred his services to Miss Howard's In- 
dustrial Home, and has continued there with few breaks 
ever since. He has never married — says he has no lime to 
think about "such a serious importance," but has various 
"homes" with relatives and friends, where some particular 
room, fitted up by himself, is considered his own by special 
agreement. He is a sort of general interpreter for everybody, 
plays the organ at church, belongs to various societies for the ' 
promotion of Christianity and civilization, and in harvest 
time makes himself invaluable by his skill in managing the 
more complicated modern machinery. He is known every- 
where in the towns about the reservation, and, though he 
makes many enemies by his self-opinionated ways, has the re- 
spect due an upright, if eccentric, character. 

Scholarships given by Trinity Chapel S. S., N. Y., 
Miss Alice Van Ingen, and Bethany Mission, Brooklyn. 

Lezedo Rencontre, seven-eights Sioux, age i6, son of Alex. Ren- 
contre, Agency Interpreter. He returned in '81, worked at 
the agency as carpenter for awhile, then married an edu- 
cated girl and entered the Agency Boarding School where 
both taught for some time. Later they took a camp school, 
remaining there about two years. He has now a large farm 
and valuable stock belonging to his father and himself at St. 
Albans, and is considered a prosperous man. For the past 
two years he has been the industrial teacher at White River 
Camp, " assisting the lady teacher in various ways." His wife 
has been very ill a long time, in consumption, and he has 
shown himself a devoted husband, and a kind father to his 
three little children. 

Scholarship given by Mrs. Jas. M. Brown. 



340 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

Henry Rencontre, three-quarters Sioux, brother of Alex, and un- 
cle of Lezedo, He was recorded as 17 years of age, 
but appeared much older. Had been to school in Yankton 
two years. He returned in '8r, and, though not at all strong 
did a great deal of good in a quiet way, built a house for 
his old mother, and worked hard and faithfully for civiliza- 
tion, education and Christianity until in his death in 1884. 

Joseph Winnebago, Hotanka, (Loud Voice), now Joseph W. Thomp- 
son, full- blood Sioux, 17 years of age. He returned in '81, 
took a position in the agency carpenter shop and has worked 
there faithfully most of the time smce, making an excel- 
lent record. Soon after his return he took two sisters 
as wives, after the Indian custom, but soon after gave up one 
and married the other. He is constant in church services, 
belongs to an agricultural club, and has an excellent farm at 
old Ft. George, and considerable stock. His house at the 
agency shows care, and his wife, a strikingly handsome wo- 
man, and their children, are well dressed, neat and clean. He 
is a fair example of what a little education can do for an 
earnest and well disposed man. 

Scholarship given by St. John's Church, Portsmouth, Va. 

George BuSHOTTER, Otef^i, full-blood Sioux, age 16. On arrival 
at Hampton his name was written George Bush, Oteri, the last 
word being the Indian name of which Bush was the English 
interpretation. As the word was written it appeared to the un- 
initiated to be Bushotter, and as such became so fixed upon 
him that it was useless to try and change it when the mis- 
take was discovered some years later. 

He returned West in '81, took a position in the Gov't 
Boarding School and did well in it. In '83, he came back to 
Hampton with quite a party he had collected, and entered the 
Junior class. He returned home again in '85, but came back 
the same year to enter the Episcopal Theological Seminary 
in Alexandria, Va. The vacation months of '86, he spent 
here as teacher and helper among the Indian boys, and re- 
turned to the Seminary in the fall. His lack of English made 
the study of other languages so very difficult that before the 
close of his term the faculty advised him to give up the study 
of theology. He found employment in the U. S. Bureau of 
Ethnology, assisting the Rev. Mr. Dorsey, who was at work 
on the Tetonwan dialect of the Dakota language. During a 
summer at work with Mr. Dorsey in West Virginia, he be- 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 3^1 

came engaged to a white woman of the place, Miss EveHne 
Hull, and, after his return to Washington so neglected his 
work that he was finally discharged. Soon after, in '83, he was 
sent by the Commissioner of Indian affairs to Ft. Stevenson 
Industrial School, N. Dakota, and remained there as teacher 
one year. His health gave way and he returned to Hedge- 
ville, where he remained until his death, Feb. 2,1892. The pas- 
tor of the Episcopal church of the place says of him : " He was 
devoted to his people, and, though suffering repeatedly from 
hemorrhage of the lungs, he hoped to live to benefit them. He 
was industrious and worked at cabinet making, showing great 
skill and talent in designing and in execution as a carver in 
wood. A leading trait of character, at least in his last days, 
was a gratitude and thankfulness for any and every kindness 
and attention shown him. No one was ever better nursed or 
had more sympathy and kindness shown in any community. 
Like most who die of consumption, if they are Christians, his 
growth in grace was very marked and very rapid. His life and 
death afford encouragement to ail who are laboring for the 
civilization and religious culture of the Indian. In his case- 
at least, their labor has not been in vain." 

Scholarships given by Jacob Heffelfinger and Mrs. Rob- 
ert Treat Paine, Jr. 

James WiCAKASACA,(ff72/^ //^t7«), afterward James Thompson, now 
James Ferdinand, a full blood Sioux, age i6. He returned in 
'81, found employment at Chamberlain with a store keeper 
and did well. He came back to Hampton with Bushotter in 
'83, and took new interest in his studies and work, but left 
from the Junior class in '85. Since then he was worked quite 
steadily, and in '89 was made a catechist by Bishop Hare, and, 
with his wife, put in charge of a mission station at " The 
Bend." He is still there, and, besides his religious work, runs 
a good farm, owns a fair herd of cattle and horses, and is in - 
terested in several societies started by the band of progres- 
sive Indians of which he is an active member. 

Scholarship given by ist Cong. S. S., Suffield, Ct. and 
Trinity S. S., Boston. 

Lizzie Spider, a full-blood Sioux, about 14 years old when she 
came. She returned at the expiration of her time in '8r« 
The next year she came East with Capt. Pratt to Carlisle, and 
from there went to the Lincoln Institution in Philadelphia^ 



342 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

and from there in '8y, to the Training School for Nurses con- 
nected with the University Hospital in that city. In '90, she 
returned to the West, and finding no hospital position ready, 
she entered the Gov't School at Yankton Agency as an em- 
ploye, remaining there until her health failed. In '91, she 
married an ex-student of Haskell, Charlie Kee, and now lives 
at Ponca. She is in consumption, and, though amid poor 
surroundings has the speech and bearing of a lady. The 
sudden failure ot the many plans made for her by her East- 
ern friends is, of course, disappointing, but need not be dis- 
couraging. 

Scholarship given by Cong'l S. S. Gt. Barrington, Mass. 

Mary Kettle, a full-blood Sioux, age 16. She was not strong and so 
returned in 1880, and died some time the following year. 

Carrie Anderson, a half-blood Sioux, about 12 years old when 
she came. Her mother insisted upon her return in '81. but 
afterwards allowed her to go to the Genoa School, where she 
remained two years. She returned from there in '86, and 
married a good, industrious young man, Gilbert San Pierre. 
They had a pleasant home near the agency, where he was 
employed, but in '90 they went out upon their land, which is 
already a prosperous farm, and there they have an equally 
pleasant if rather lonely home, a few miles from the town of 
Armour. Their neat log house is surrounded by an orchard 
of fruit and shade trees and has altogether an air of coziness 
seldom seen on the prairie. They have two pretty, well 
dressed children, and everything about them is well up in the 
scale of civilization. 

Scholarship given by Mrs. E. B. Monroe. 

Oscar Brown, Cetmi-ivanjina, \0n^ Hawk), full-blood Sioux, age 
14, son of Running Bull, ist Lieut., Sibley's Scouts. He was 
a very promising boy, but in consumption when he came. 
He returned Feb., ■8r, and died at St. Paul's School, March, 
'83. A short, but very earnest young life. 

Scholarship given by Mrs. Geo. R. Russell. 

David Simmons, half-blood Sioux, age 13, could speak and read 
English. He returned in '81 from the Junior class, and has been 
teacher, interpreter, clerk and farmer, samples of his wheat 
one year being among the " finest in Dakota." In '89, he 
was made an agency farmer, but gave that up to open a store 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 343 

at the agency, and give more time to his own place. He is 
a helper in the church, an officer of the Y. M. C. A., and has 
always borne a character above reproach, winning the un- 
qualified respect of all who know him. He remained a bach- 
elor until the fall of '91, when he married, with all due cere- 
mony, an educated girl — former assistant at the Government 
School — and is making a pleasant home for her at the agency. 
Scholarship given by Samuel Johnson. 

Charles Willis, Padani. a full-blood Sioux, age 19, a brother of 
David Tatiyopa, a native clergyman of the Episcopal church. 
He had been a very promising pupil at St. Paul's School, and 
was preparing to become, like his brother, a worker in the 
church, but his health failing after about two years he 
became discouraged and was so anxious to return home, and at 
last became so impatient, that it was thought best to let 
him go even though there were risks of being snow-bound in 
the West. What was feared did happen, and in the delay he 
took a violent cold and lived hardly two months after his re- 
turn. His death occurred April 26, '81. 
Scholarship given by Bishop Hare. 

Edmund Bishop, full-blood Sioux, age 14, a former pupil of 
St. Paul's School. He returned in '81, a very promising 
young man, became a shoemaker at the Gov't School and re- 
mained a success in that position, until accidentally shot and 
killed while duck shooting, April, '82 
Scholarship given by Jas. A. Smith. 

George Deloria, three-quarters Sioux, age 15, half-brother of 
Philip Deloria, a native Episcopal clergyman of character 
and influence. He had been two years a pupil at St. Paul's 
School. He made a poor record here, was not strong and was 
sent bcick in '79. His record at horne has been changeable, 
first bad, then fair. He is a carpenter and works well at 
times. Since '85, he has been at Lower Brule Agency much 
of the time. 

Samuel Four Stars. Wicahpi-topa, full-blood. Sioux, age 19. He 
was sent home for bad conduct in '8o.- Instead of going to 
the bad as was expected, his pride seemed to have been 
touched to good effect. He wore his school uniform on all 
occasions, went regularly to church, and worked whenever a 
chance occurred, generally as carpenter. He applied several 
times to return to Hampton, and, in '84, came back with a 



344 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

party from Crow Creek, where he had been employed as an 
agency carpenter. His record here was bad, and he was re- 
turned again after thrf e years, in '87, to Crow Creek. He 
seems to have done fairly well there, has been employed much 
of the time as agency carpenter, and has also a farm of his 
own, is married and appears much better than his school 
record would lead one to expect. 

Scholarship given by Bible Class, Zion Church, Wap- 
pinger Falls, N. Y. 
Joseph Cook, Tuncan-sapa, ful;-':)lood Sioux, son of Iron Lightning, 
age 19. a former pupil of St. Paul's School. He was not 
strong and so returned home in 1879. His record has varied, 
being sometimes "good carpenter," or "farmer," sometimes 
" blanket Indian " and " best dancer in Dakota." In '90, he 
writes through an interpreter ; " I have an excellent farm, 
and log house with shingled roof and pine floor. I am en- 
gaged at my trade, building houses for the Indians for a dol- 
lar a day. I liked it very much at Hampton, but I got sick 
and before I could learn English I returned, and have been 
sorry ever since. But I am very thankful they taught me 
carpentry at Hampton, for by means of that I am able to earn 
something. Whenever I work at it now it seem as if I 
dreamed of Hampton. By means of carpentry that they 
taught me, my wife and I have something to eat. I have 40 
acres, a house and stable, two horses and wagon, and my wife 
follows the customs of the whites." 
Frank Yellow Bird, Zitka7ia-zma, full-blood Sioux, age 19, former 
pupil of St. Paul's School. He returned home in 1881, was 
employed at St. Paul's School for awhile, but finding no 
work at his trade (wheelwright), went to Lower Brule and 
obtained the position of agency wheelwright and blacksmith. 
He married in '83, and besides his regular work at the 
agency, built a nice log house and cultivated several acres of 
land. He was organist at the agency church, and when 
Samuel Medicine Bull returned home in '84, went every Sun- 
day with him to White River camp, seven miles away, to help 
in a Sunday-school they had organized there. He was a 
staunch friend and influential helper of the missionaries, and 
when he died, from an accident and blood- poisoning in Nov., 
'84, his funeral was attended by Indians and white people 
from far and near. 

Scholarship given by Petersburg Convocation, Va. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 345 

PARTIES FROM INDIAN TERRITORY AND WISCONSIN 

Who CAME BY THEMSELVES IN OCT, AND NOV. 1879, 

Thomas Wildcat Alford, K7io-ah-pi-ci-la, (Single-file), an Ab- 
sentee-Shawnee from Indian Territory, about 19 yea^sof age. 
He had been to school before and entered the Junior class here, 
graduating in '82. (See Record, Class of '82). He returned 
soon after and has since taught at his home, Shawneetown, 
and at the Chilocco Industrial school, making six years of 
continuous and successful teaching. In '88, he gave up his- 
school to assist in the allotment of lands to his tribe. He 
himself was the first Shawnee to take up land in severalty, 
and has been very earnest and successful in persuading oth- 
ers to follow his example. 

Major Porter, special Agent for the allotment of land, 
said of him : "I became acquainted wih Thomas Alford, 
a graduate of Hampton Institute, and John King, another 
Hampton student. By their help, after awhile we made four 
hundred allotments before the appropriation was exhausted. 
Without the continued assistance of these young men I 
would have had to return home. They encourage schools, 
send their relations, and visit the schools themselves several 
times a year." 

From axeman in the surveyor's corps, Alford soon rose to- 
position of compassman at $4.00 a day, was in '90 appointed 
to survey the Sac (St Fox land, and in '91, the Indian country- 
being thrown open, was made a regular surveyor for the 
county, appomted by the Governor. 

In the mtervals of active service, he manages to keep up- 
an excellent place, has an orchard of 100 fruit trees, 50 acres 
of fenced land — 30 under cultivation — and pasture for 75 or 
more head of cattle. His house and garden are surrounded — 
most unusual sight in that country — with a picket fence, over 
which vines are trained to form a background for the flower 
beds that grace the front yard. The neat frame house, log: 
kitchen, stable and sheds were built by his own hands, and, 
from the small farm which he manages to keep up. his table 
is amply supplied with vegetables, fruits, milk, poultry and 
eggs. For nine years he has had the help and encourage- 
ment of an excellent wife and now has three bright boys to^ 
train and care for. 

In '89, I spent several days at this house and found there 
no want that industry and intelligence could supply. The 



346 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

house, though small, was cozy and well appointed. A home- 
made book-case, well stocked, hung on the wall, and be- 
neath it stood a desk so unique as to attract attention at once. 
This I found he had made from an old sewing machine frame, 
but was It so disguised by ingenious pigeon holes, drawers, 
cupboards and hinged top, that one could hardly believe the 
story of its evolution. 

Character, intelligence and pluck have been rewarded in 
a most encouraging way, and the example of this young man's 
life has done, and is still doing, much to encourage the Indi- 
ans among whom he lives and works. In '93, he wrote, in 
speaking of Gen. Armstrong's illness, "to him we owe all 
gratitude, all that we are and all the honor. There are many 
young men of the plains to-day who praise and thank God 
that there are such friends at the East, and that there is such 
a school as the Hampton Institute. They may not have ap- 
preciated its benefits while in school, but they have learned 
to after leaving it." 

Scholarship given by Miss Alice M. Longfellow. 

JOHN King, an Absentee-Shawnee, age 17, a friend of Wildcat com- 
ing with him from Indian Territory. He was the heredita- 
ry chief of his tribe and came with the idea of fitting himself 
to help his people. He had been to school a little, but spoke 
English with difficulty. In '84, he returned home from the 
Middle class with the carpenter's trade well learned, and at 
once found employment at his home, Shawneetown. A year 
later he opened a small store which he manages successfully, 
and has, besides, a large farm and considerable stock. In '88 
and '89, he assisted in the allotment of lands to his tribe, and 
washiajhly commended by Major Porter, who had the matter 
in charge. In '91, he was made postmaster, and in '92, was 
appointed by the Governor, Justice of the Peace for his coun- 
ty. He has lived a quiet life, exerted an influence for good, 
and done much toward the material advancement of his 
people. 

Scholarship given by Nathaniel Saltonstall. 

Jonathan Heustice, Ta-hi-pis ka-la-ha, (Proud Striker), a full- 
blood Pawnee from Indian Territory, 18 or more years old. 
He had had rather a checkered career, and was not at all 
strong, so returned April i, '81. He soon after joined an 
Indian show under "Texas Charlie," and travelled with it 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 347 

two or three years. He is now quietly settled on a farm, is . 
married, and seems to be doing well. 

Scholarship given by Am. Miss'n. Ass'n. 

James R. Murie, Le-taw-ciits-je-haw-le, (Young Eagle), a full blood 
Pawnee from Indian Territory, i6 years old. He had been to 
school one year at home and spoke some English. He 
entered the " Butler " primary school here, passed 
through all the classes of the Normal department, and was 
graduated. (See Record, Class of '83). He himself tells his 
story : " I left Hampton in May, '83, and soon after found 
work in the store, clerking. When the Boarding-school 
opened I was appointed a teacher at $25.00 per month. I left 
a good job at the store, as I was getting $45.03 per month, 
but I wanted to show Gen. Armstrong that I was putting my 
education into good use by teaching my own people. The 
children I had were from six to seven years old, and right out 
of Indian camps. I taught them by objects, then words, then 
sentences, and also made them copy sentences. In this way 
it was not long when my children could go to the Superin- 
tendent and ask for what they wanted. In the fall of '84, I 
resigned as teacher and took twenty-one of the largest chil- 
dren to Haskell Institute, and on arriving there found we 
were the first lot to arrive. I took my largest boys and fixed 
up the rooms in good order for others who were coming. I 
acted Disciplinarian and Drill -master for three months, but 
no salary. By the first of January, I was appointed Assistant 
Disciplinarian and Drill -master at $15.00 per month. I held 
the place until June 31st, when I went to my home after 
more children. One of the young girls I secured was about 
to be married to an old man. She is now a grown lady and 
still going to school at Haskell ; and will some day return a 
useful woman and a help to her people. 

Arriving there I found a new Superintendent in charge, 
and he re-appointed me Assistant Disciplinarian and Drill- 
master. Early in the spring I resigned and started back East 
to study for the ministry. I stopped at Washington city, 
and, while there I visited the Hon. Commissioner of Indian 
Aftairs' Office. ' The Commisioner thought I had enough 
education, and appointed me a teacher at the Pawnee School. 
I started back home. Arriving at the Agent's headquarters 
I reported to him, but he said he knew nothing about it. I 
went home and waited around the agency for instructions. 



348 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK. 

when finally I drifted back into the Indian camp. Had I 
been weak in heart I should this day have been wearing 
Indian clothes." 

Murie then gave up his more ambitious plans and settled 
down on his claim and started a farm. He adds : " I have 
a farm on the Arkansas River bottom, with 12 acres in culti- 
vation. I have bought some wire and will soon have a fence 
around it. I also have my logs laid up lor a house, and as 
soon as the portable saw-mill goes to running I will have 
boards for sheathing and rafters sawed. I bought fourteen 
bundles of shingles in Arkansas City. As soon as my house 
is complete I shall move over there to stay. I am not in the 
government service, atid, therefore, do not get any salary. 

I am married, and we have one little boy who is now six 
months old. We call him Fred Wallace Murie, and not Le- 
coois or Tah-Kah. I want my little boy to grow up in white 
man's ideas and become educated so he can help his people; 
and also be a good citizen of this country. 

Every day we are showing our people what ' Lands in 
Severalty ' would bring us, and what good it would do us. 
They see that it's coming on to them, and they are scattering 
out on claims, improving their places so they can be as near 
readv for it when it comes. I am doing all I can to help them 
start farms, especially the young men. These young men 
should be encouraged. 

I am helping my people in any way I can, whether in 
Government service or not ; I am always ready to help an In- 
dian man with his machinery or an Indian woman With her 
sewing machine ; or telling my people the story of Christ. I 
care not where I may be just so I am working for the Indian 
people, and for ' Our Father.' " 

Scholarship given by American Missionary Association. 



FROM GREEN BAY AGENCY. WISCONSIN. 

Mitchell Maquimetas, Makemitas, full blood Menomonee, age 17. 
He spoke some English when he came, and did well in school 
and at the wheelwright's trade, but was not satisfactory in 
character and was sent home in June, '83, for a year, at the 
end of which lime he might return if he could show a satis- 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 349 

factory record. He came back Feb., '88, and was graduated. 
(See Record, Class of '87). Since his return home he has 
worked some at his trade, logged in winter, and opened up a 
farm of his own near Keshena. The Agent reports that " he 
provides for his home, and treats his wife with as much con- 
sideration as a white man would." 

Scholarships given by Misses Rose Lamb and Edith Bryce. 
Michael Oshkeneny, Young Man, full-blood Menomonee, age 18. 
He had been to school before, spoke English, and was highly 
recommended by the Agent. He graduated (See Record 
Class of '82), with Downing and Wildcatt, and returned home 
hoping to teach. No chance then offered, so he took a po- 
sition as clerk. The next year he taught successfully, study- 
ing medicine with a physician meantime. Some of his pupils 
have since come to Hampton. The next year he came back 
at his own expense, hoping to go from here to a medical 
school, but got into trouble in Washington and changed his 
plans. He worked here a few months as bookkeeper and 
then returned home. He has been employed m various po- 
sitions since, and is generally well spoken of, though not as 
well as his advantages would lead us to expect. 
Scholarship paid by Miss Anna S. Hooper. 

Alexander Peters, Ptyan, full-blood Menomonee, age 20. Instead 
of returning with his friends on expiration of his time, he 
chose to remain and prepare himself further. The illness of 
his father, however, changed his plans, and he went home 
July, '84, but only to stay a short time. He spent about a 
year at Haskell Institute, Lawrence, Kan., as blacksmith, then 
returned home, married a white woman, and has since been 
engaged in farming. His letters show unusual appreciation 
of the advantages he has received, and he seems very much 
in earnest in doing the best within the bounds of his ability. 
He has three children whom he fondly wishes trained to be- 
come useful members of society. 

Scholarship given by American Miss'y Ass'n. 

Charles Soman, Sonon, (Dry Grapes), a full-blood Menomonee, 
about 16 years of age. Returned from the Junior class in 
Jan. '82. Is a good worker and goes into the woods every 
winter with logging parties. He is quite musical, playing 
well on the violin and other instruments. As a member of 
the brass band, he has played in public places and been 



35° 



TWENTY-TWO VEARS WORK 

brought into temptation hard for him, or any Menomonee, to 
resist, and is reported as good in every respect when not un- 
der the influence of liquor. He has never married, and has 
several times asked to return to Hampton. He has shown 
■his appreciation of Hampton by a constant correspondence, 
and by kindest attention to the School's representatives when 
they are near him. 

Scholarship given by Mrs. Geo. W. Shaw. 



SIOUX GIRLS' WHO CAME FROM DAKOTA 
With Agent Cressy, Nov. ii, 1879. 

Agnes Place-Together, full-blood, age 1 7, daughter of chief Stand- 
ing Bear, from Standing Rock, N. D. Her health was very 
delicate ; she returned in about a year and died soon after. 

Louisa Bullhead, full-blood, age 18, from Standing Rock. She 
was diseased when she came and returned after about a year, 
married a good Indian and showed in her home that she had 
learned some things of value in the East. She was, for several 
years, an active member of the Women's Society and did 
much to help other women into higher ways of living. She 
died in 1889. 

Sarah Medicine Rock or Sarah Waste, as she was generally 
called, was a full-blood from Standing Rock, N. D., about 17 
years old. An epileptic, wild and ungovernable, she was re- 
turned as soon as possible in '79. She has been heard of at 
Cheyenne River, but is now supposed to be dead. 

Rosa Lays-out-of-doors, full-blood, daughter of a chief by the 
same name, from Cheyenne River Agency, S. U. She was a 
bright girl about 14 years of age, but delicate, and when her 
uncle came with a party of other chiefs in '80, to visit the 
School he took her back with him. She soon after married a 
policeman, but is now dead we hear. 

Mary Traversie, a bright little half-blood girl, under 12 years of 
age, from Cheyenne River Agency, S. D. She went through 
the Indian classes and returned home in '83; but only to stay 
a few months, when she begged to be allowed to return and 
was brought back. At the close of her Middle year she was 
needed at home and so returned July 6, '86. For a time she 
helped at home with a family of ten children, did dressmak- 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 35I 

ing for the Agency people, and then took a position as laun- 
dress in the Government School for boys, teaching them to 
wash and iron. The next year she went as an assistant to a 
camp school at Plum Creek, 60 miles. from the Agency, taught 
there nearly three years and was finally put in charge and left 
alone. She worked on most earnestly and successfully for 
another year, then in '90 married Edward Dupuis, a 
former Hampton student. ( See Arrivals, November '84.) They 
have a good home, luxurious for that country, a nice baby 
whom they have named Douglas, and are well spoken of by 
all. 

Mary has always been very pretty, bright and jolly, and 
before her marriage she received a dangerous amount of at- 
tention, but she has shown a great deal of character in keep- 
ing unswervingly at the line of work and life she had laid out 
for herself. She reads a great deal, and has a fund of good, 
natured chit-chat that makes her a general favorite with both 
white and Indian friends. In Feb. '92, she writes that the 
Indians at her camp — 60 miles from the military post — want a 
church and she is on the committee appointed to see about 
getting one regularly started. Her record has been one to 
encourage and inspire all who are working for the elevation 
of Indian women. 

Scholarship given by Mrs. Wm. Smith Brown. 



SIOUX PARTY FROM YANKTON AGENCY, S. D. 

Brought by Maj. W. D. E. Andrus, Dec. 30, 1879. 

Maggie Goulet, half blood, age 15, daughter of Henry Goulet, a 
Frenchman. Had been to school for a time in Nebraska and 
spoke English. She returned home from the Middle Class in 
'83, lived about a year with the Rev. Jos. W. Cook's family, 
and then married Mr. Edgar M. Keith, Aug. 26, '84, a 
teacher at St. Paul's School, and went with him to take a 
camp school at Wounded Knee, on the Pine Ridge reserve. 
They have been wonderfully' successful there, have an excel- 
lent school with many improvements made by Mr, Keith, and 
a charming home and family. 

During the Indian excitement of '90, the fighting at 
Wounded Knee was so near their home that they were oblig- 
ed to flee for safety, leaving everything they could not easily 
carry away, to the mercy of the lawless whites and Indians 



352 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

who sacked the house so completely that when all was over 
there was little to return to except a badly used building. The 
walls had been covered with a peculiar dark red calico sewed 
together with careful stitches, this had all been pulled down 
and made into clothes for both whites and Indians. The 
school day remembrances, the treasured gifts and the careful 
accumulation of years ot patient work were all swept away; 
still they have bravely taken up the old work and are doing 
what they can to make the new home as much like the old 
one as possible. Flowers bloom all the year round in their 
little cottage and everything is neat and pretty, under the 
skillful care of this bright young housekeeper. Outside of 
home duties she does a great deal for the Indians, teaching, 
by word as well as by example, how to keep a model 
Christian home. Two of the four little girls are named in 
grateful remembrance of Hampton days, " Winona," and "Al- 
ice Wood." 

Scholarship given by Mrs. Henry Pickering. 

Mary Goulet, sister of Maggie, age 14. She returned in May, '84, 
from the lower Indian classes, spoke English well, but, though 
strong and willing, was not always reliable. She "visited " a 
few months, and then married a good, industrious man, John 
Ron dell. They lived for several years at the Agency where 
he was employed as assistant engineer, but in '90 went out 
upon their farm near Lake Andes. Mary is rather erratic in 
regard to her own dress and manner, but keeps her home and 
her little girl as neat and well ordered as any one could wish. 

Scholarship given by Miss Mary Tappan. 
Mary Hinman, Rattling-Hail, full-blood, age 12. She returned home 
July 6, '85, drifted to Crow Creek, married a bad Indian, and 
died in Oct. '86. A wild, headstrong character, upon whom 
school discipline and quiet home influence (in Massachusetts) 
seemed alike wasted. Yet letters of appreciation and grati- 
tude came back to Hampton after her return home. Her life 
was short and full of trouble. It is said that she was killed 
by neglect and abuse. 

Scholarship given by Holy Trinity, S. S. N. Y. 

Katie Lemont, three-quarters blood, age 16. She returned on 
expiration of time in '8r, and lived quietly in a good home at 
White Swan, until in '89, she married Wm. J. Wolfe, a white 
man, a former employe at the Agency. Her record had al- 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 35J, 

ways been exceptionally good until her marriage, and that 
seems to have been a mistake in judgment for which she was 
not wholly to blame. She lived but a short time afterward 
. dying Aug. 16, '90. 

Scholarship given by a -'Connecticut lady" through J. 
and S. Ferguson. 
Annie Lyaian, a half-blood, about 16 years of age, daughter of an 
army officer. She returned after six years. Nov. 3, 1885, and 
took a position in the Government School at Yankton Agen- 
cy as seamstress, doing well there. She was to have gone to 
assist Miss Howard at Crow Creek, but changed her plans to 
many Thomas Arrow, an educated Indian, former pupil of 
St. Paul's School, and went with him to establish a home at 
Flandreau, S. D. Mr, Arrow is a thrifty young man, and their 
pleasant tind well kt-pt home, on the hill overlooking the 
beautiful valley of the Sioux River, is a model of its kind. 
A new red barn s ands beside the neat frame house, 
and all is surrounded by a large well cultivated farm, 
showing not only hard work but prosperity. A little girl 
about two years old, dressed in the most becoming of neatly 
made clothes, completes the family circle. Mr. Arrow is or- 
ganist of the Episcopal church in the town, and both are faith, 
ful helpers there. 

Scholarships given by Mi;s M. D. Atterbury, and Centre 
Cong. S. S., Haverhill, Mass. 
Lizzie Selwyn, a full-blood, age 14, niece of Chief Medicine Cow. 
She returned on expiration of time, Sept. '81, and though too 
badly diseased (scrofula) to do much, was always well spoken 
of. She died in May, 1884. 

Scholarship given by Mrs. Henry Rose. 
Louisa Tasagyemaniwin, Walking Stick, full-blcod, age 14. Her 
health suddenly failed and she returned home in '85, and died 
soon after. She had come here from wild camp life and 
though outwardly she seemed to have gained but little, yet 
she had learned the "Christian way " and showed in her life 
and death that she had found its inner meaning. 

Scholarship given by S. S., of Broadway Tabernacle, N. Y. 
Julia Upiwin, ^/r^^j^-Z^z//, a full- blood, age 14. She was an epileptic 
and feeble minded but was kept until the expiration of her 
time, Sept., '81. Since her return she has lived among the 
more uncivilized of her people, and though spoken of as a 
bad character is not held responsible for her actions. 



354 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 

Emily West, Upikdeskawin, a full-blood, age 16, niece of Chief 
White Swan. She returned on expiration of time, June 19, 
83, and soon after went to St. Mary's School at Springfield, 
S. D. She remained there only one year. About five years 
ago she married William Wambdi, an industrious man of ex- 
cellent character, and has made a good home at White Swan, 
living a civilized Christian life for the sake of the childrens 
whom she wants to have educated, she says, so that they may 
help their people as God has helped her. 

Scholarship given by Trinity Church, Boston. 

Felix BeKOIST, a half-blood, age 16, son of Gabriel Benoist, a Can- 
adian Frenchman. He had been to school and spoke fair 
English. He returned from the Junior class to his mother's 
home at Cheyenne River, Dec. '81, and soon after took the 
position of Agency Interpreter there, keeping it until '86, 
when an inherited disease, the violent attacks of which be- 
came more and more frequent, prevented his holding so re- 
sponsib'e a position, and he, with his wife whom he married 
in '84, were given a camp school at the same Agency. In '89, 
he was herding and farming and, in '91, living with, his broth- 
er-in-law, helping him on a large ranch. 

Scholarship given by Dr. Morgan, N. Y. 

Jesse Bernie, full-blood, age 15, former pupil of St. Paul's School. 
He returned because of delicate health a few months after he 
came. He went one year to the Santee School, lived quietly 
with his father for a few years — farming — then took up his own 
allotment and has a home and farm of his own. He is marrien 
and has two children, whom he is bringing up in " civilization 
and Christianity," he say.-. He is an elder in the Presbyterian. 
Church and is " well respected " says the Rev. Mr. William- 
son. In appearance they are a striking family. The father 
tall, fine looking and gentlemanly in dress, manners and con ■ 
versation, the mother sweet-faced and gentle, and the children 
an exceedingly bright and jolly pair. 

Samuel Brown, half-blood, age 17, former pupil of St. Paul's 
School. He returned in June '83 from the Indian school, took 
the position of shoemaker at St. Paul's School and did well 
there. He married an educated -girl and later went out upon 
his farm. His record has not been good and he died Feb, 
19, '91 in disgrace. 

Scholarship given by Mr. Jas. Whitall. Philadelphia. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 355 

Daniel Mandan, a brother of Isaac, 12 years old. He was a bright 
promising bjy, but his health failed and he was returned 
home in '81, only to die soon after, May 31st. He leaves the 
• record of a gentle life, closing in a Chrisfan death. 

Isaac Mandan, full blood, age 14. He was not strong and was re- 
turned in '80. He worked most of the time as a carpenter, 
making a fair record. He died Feb. 6, '86. 

Charles F. Picotte, Jr., three-quarters blood, age 15, son of Chas. 
F. Picotte for many years the Agency interpreter at Yankton 
Agency. He returned home in May, '84, worked on the larm 
all summer, and came back with a party he had collected, in the 
fall. He wi s graduated (See Record, Class of '86) and returned 
home again, but wishing to repeat some studies of the Senior 
term, came back a few months later. In July, 'Sj, he again 
returned, taught a year at St. Paul's School and then went to 
the Omaha Agency, married Marguerite La Flesche, class of 
'8y, and took upon himself the care of a large family and 
many allotments of land belonging to its different members. 
In a difficult position he has done well, has had the largest 
crops of any Indiar, and has kept every thing about his place 
in the most approved way. He has had a tancy for the past 
few years of wearing his hair long (for reasons which his 
friends approve) and this has cieated some criiicism; but in life, 
dress and bearing he has ever been above reproach, and when 
he died after two years of patient suffering, he left only friends 
among the tribe of his adoption. 

A letter written to a Hampton friend shortly before his 
death- his last letter, he calls it - speaks warmly and appreci- 
atively of the advantages he has enjoyed here and the care and 
consideration that has made his life what it has been. 

Scholarship given by Mr. and Miss Ferguson. 

George Stricker, Mahpiya-duza, (Swift Cloud,) full-blood, age 15, 
son of Whirling Kock, Henry Stricker, one of the most pro- 
gressive of the older Indians and a judge in the tribe. He 
returned home in Oct. '83, drifted about Dakota for a year, 
working here and there, expecting to return to repeat his 
Middle year and graduate, but accepted a good place as clerk 
at Lower Brule Agency instead. He had a good farm there 
which he ran outside of work hours, was interested in an ag- 
ricultural club, the Brotherhood of Christian Unity, and all 



35^ TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK. 

that had to do with the elevation of his people. In '91 he 
left Lower Brule and returned to Yankton where his land was 
allotted, and has since been devoting himself to the improve- 
ment of his place. He has a nice wife and children, and is 
highly spoken of by all who know him. 

Scholarship given by W. G. Low. N. Y. 



PARTIES FROM NEBRASKA AND INDIAN TERRITORY- 

Who came alone is June and S&pr. 1880, 



FROM WINNEBAGO AGENCY, NEP. 

Julia St. Cyr, a half-blood Winnebago, age 15. She had been ta 
school before and spoke English. She returned home from 
the Middle class, June 13, '83, taught a few months m the 
school there, and then returned with a party of five young 
girls and one little boy, three of whom are still under Hamp- 
ton's care, and among her brightest and best. She was gradu- 
ated, (See Record, Class of '85), and went home. Finding 
nothing to do there, she went to Genoa Industrial School as 
a pupil and afterward remained there some time as a clerk. 
She taught at the Gov't School at home about a year, but 
begged so earnestly to be allowed to return to Hampton that 
she was permitted, arriving July, '87. Her experience at 
home had been unfortunate and her conduct here so unsatis- 
factory that we could not ;illow her to remain nor recommend 
her 10 others. Commissioner Upshaw, however, gave her the 
position of teacher in the Sac and Fox (Ind. Ty.) school, but 
she remained there only a few months. 

Her record has been bad. She has one child living, upoa 
which she lavishes an intelligent mother's care and devotion, 
and it is hoped that this may prove an influence for good- 

When the little girls whom she had brought to Hampton, 
returned home after their four years' course here, Julia- 
though her self in disgrace, devoted herself totheir salvation^ 
and succeeded so well that the two who were thus helped feel 
that they owe her the greatest debt of gratitude, one of them 
especially. Though she may not have been able to keep her 
own character unblemished, she has done much toward re- 
deeming her record in the saving of these two. 

Scholarship given by Mrs. K. H, Manning, Mrs. Dean. 



OF HAMPTON INSnrUTE. 357" 

Sophie Little Bear, full Winnebago, age 12. She returned on ex- 
piration of time, Sept. 30, '84, and. because she had nothing 
else to do, went back to her friends and Indian life. She did 
not, however, forget the ways she had learned to enjoy, and 
in '87, married a Govt, school boy, Geo. Rice-Hill, and they 
are trying, and slowly succeeding, to break away from the old 
ways, and to have a bright, comfortable and civilized home. 
When I visited them in '88, I found Sophie in full Indian 
dress, and her baby bound to its board cradle and decorated 
with Indian trinkets. It had been previously named for me, 
and I asked as a favor " just one thing." that she would not 
let the grandmother make holes in the baby's ears, lest when 
she became a woman she should be ashamed. I did not even 
exact a promise to this effect, knowing how difficult it would 
be to keep. When, in '91, I surprised them with another vis- 
it, I was especially gratified to find that they had not only 
observed my particular request, but that the little girl was 
wholly dressed, neatly and simply, in civilized garments, from 
the rosette on her pretty cap to the proper number of buttons 
on her black kid shoes. The father and mother had greatly 
improved too, and showed an earnest ambition to have their 
home nice and well ordered, and their daughter well pre- 
pared for Hampton, when she is old enough. 

Scholarships given by Mrs. G. D. Coleman, and Evangelical 
S. S. Athol, Mass. 

William Hunter, a full-blood Winnebago, age 14, son of Andrew 
Hunter. He returned after a year m the Junior Class, June, 
'83, and found work in a store as clerk. In 1885, he went to 
the Genoa Training School. (Neb)., and was later sent home 
to collect children for that School. The next year he was 
put in charge of the storehouse and books, became clerk 
and remained there as a valued employe until his health failed 
in '89. He then went home and died soon after, From a 
Nebraska paper we quote the following : " The general store 
room of the school is in charge of Will Hunter, Indian em- 
ploye. His is one of the most responsible positions in the 
school. Under his care is $5,000 worth of goods, and he man- 
ages his stock with thq strictest business accuracy, dealing 
out as needed for the .supply of the whole school. The room 
is rather small and closely packed. To us it was a bewilder- 
ing mass of blankets, calicoes, ginghams, hardware, etc. But 
crowded as it is, you find everything in perfect order. In the 



358 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 

office, downstairs, we were shown specimens of Hunter's pen- 
manship, and long columns of articles, jotted down with 
scrupulous neatness." 

Scholarship given by "D.B.C." Thro'Miss M. A. Longstreth> 



FROM OMAHA AGENCY, NEBRASKA. 

Samuel Fremont, a full-blood Omaha, age 14. the son of Wajaepa, a 
leader among the more progressive of the Omahas. He had 
been injured by a horse was deforme 1, and in consumption^ 
and was returned home July 19, i88r. He was a very inter- 
esting character. He died May i, 1882. 

William Watson, a full-blood Omaha, age 15. Returned in con- 
sumption, April 25, 18S2. He was an orphan, and homeless,, 
and was taken into the Mission, where he was tenderly cared 
for until his death, May 13. 1883. 



FROM SHAWNEETOWN, INDIAN TERRITORY. 

Frank Chisholm, a quarter- blood Shawnee, age 13, son of Jesse 
Chisholm, a wealthy cattleman in Indian Territory. He 
returned home on expiration of time, Oct., 1883, although 
he was strongly advised to remain longer. His father had 
died, leaving a goodly fortune in cattle to his s^n, and for 
some time he lived upon this, wasting time and strength un- 
til the property was gone. In '87, he applied to return, but 
as no party was coming at that time he was obliged to give 
it up. He has done some freighting and clerking, has a 
good farm and stock and is a fairly prosperous young man. 
He is married and has two sons. In '92, he writes, that he 
has 400 acres of land near Tecumseh, Oklahoma, and two 
town lots in Keokuk Falls. "I have been on the U. S. police 
force one year now," he says, " and since last summer have 
been working in the store at Econtuchka, where the Indians 
trade. I can speak several languages now well, Sac and 
Fox, Shawnee, Creek and Seminole." " I send my best wish- 
es to Hampton School and wish the students, especially the 
Indians, learn all they can. I used to be there, so I know all 
about it, but I want the Indian boys to do ten times better 
than I did. My time run out, and I got cranky and came 
home, but I am sorry I done so, many times I wish I stay 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 359 

longer. So I advise my best to the Indian boys not to make 
any slips like I do." 

Scholarship given by Frank Wood., Boston. 

Robert Conalez, half-blood Shawnee, age lo, son of a Mexican out- 
law and desperado. He returned with Chisholm on expiration 
of time, Oct., '83, fell into the gang from which he had come, 
and lived a wild, reckless life until caught and imprisoned. 
He has lost one eye in a drunken fight, and the friends of his 
childhood would never recognize the beautiful bright-eyed 
little bo}^ in the dissipated, wretched man of to-day. 

Scholarships given by Calvary S. S. N. Y., and Mr. 
Frederick Marquand. 



PARTY FROM ARIZONA 

Brought by Sheldon Jackson, Feb. 15, 1881. 



FROM PIMA AND PAPAGO AGENCY. 

Antonito Azul, Ho}--iii-mia-iwoi-him, (Evening Thunder), a full, 
blood Pima, about 30 years of age. He was the son of Soy- 
e-vit, or Antonio Azul, head chief of the Pimas, and was 
himself second chief. He came East to bring his own friend's 
children, and to get what he could of education and civiliza- 
tion to take back to his people. He spoke a very little Eng- 
lish. After a year here his father, a splendid old chief, came 
to visit him, stopping on the way to have his hair cut, and 
don citizens' clothes, so that his son and grandchildren need 
not be ashamed of him. June 19, '82, Antonito returned 
home with trunks full of samples of various things that he 
hoped to make use of in the industrial plans he had, devised 
for the men and women of his tribe. 

He united with the church while here, and, when he re- 
turned, it was a serious question with him what should be 
done about the two wives, mothers of his children, whom in 
all honesty he had taken before he left home. Friends here 
refused to advise him, but were gratified to learn, a few 
months after his return, that a cottage had been erected and 
the second wife and her children honorably and comfortably 
established in a separate home. 



360 TWEN7Y-TW0 YEARS' WORK 

In November, '87, the ajeit wrote : " Antonito Azul is 
a fair representative of what the Indian citizen should be, in- 
telligent, sober and industrious, having an intelligent appre-, 
elation of property honestly acquired, so hard to create in an 
Indian. As one of the results of his industry he occupies a 
fair adobe house comfortably furnished, and uses his own 
wagons and buggy. Last year he was given the contract for 
furnishing the beef for the school, and the service was very 
satisfactory. This year he will supply the beef, barley and 
wheat necessary to this Agency. I am informed that when 
he went to Hampton he left two wives, and that on his re- 
turn one was provided for, but divorced. This example of the 
chief's son aided materially in extirpating polygamy from 
this reserve, and it is gratifying to state that there is not now 
on either of the reservations under this agency, a single case 
of plurality of wives." 

He has been a help to the missionary, and a great power 
for good among his own people. Every year brings excellent 
reports of his manly spirit, and of progressive ideas illuse 
trated in his own life. 

Gen. O. O. Howard, in an article on the descendants of 
Montezuma, says of Antonito : "His conduct was as good as 
that of Peter the Great, for he also took a long journey and 
studied as an apprentice that he might return and teach or 
lead his own people into higher reaches of knowledge. 

In bearing, in steady purpose to do right, from which he 
was seldom known to deviate, in courage and straightfor- 
wardness amid the most unfavorable circumstances, in sup- 
pressing his natural sentiments of hatred and revenge, and 
in striving to understand the new conditions of his tribe 
among our increasing white people, Antonito Azul has been 
a worthy disciple of Montezuma." 

Scholarship given by First Presbyterian S. S., Bloomfield, 
New Jersey. 
Harry Azul, Mo-ha-ti-cal-pa-ha, eldest son of Antonito and heir to 
the chieftainship, about 9 years old; a bright little fellow who 
learned English very quickly. His health began to fail after 
three years, and he was sent home at once, May 26, 1884. He 
lived quietly at home for a few years helping his father and 
acting often as interpreter. He is now married, has his own 
farm and cattle ranch, and seems to be doing well in a busi- 
ness way. The Agent in November, '87, says of him : " Har- 
ry Azul has done well, having just completed a dwelling 



OF HAMPTOX INSTITUTE. 361 

house which will be comfortably furnished. He owns some 
cattle, horses and wagons, and is making the best of the op- 
portunities presented. His life since his return has been 
such that if emulated by Indians would result only in good." 

He is, this year, the regular Agency Interpreter, and, 
though hardly more than a child when he returned home, 
keeps up his connection with his Hampton friends, showing 
his appreciation of the advantages he has received. 

Scholarship given by Central Cong. Church, Jamaica 

Plain, Mass. 

f 

Charlie Matthews, nephew of Antonito Azul, about ii years of 
age. He had much to contend with by inheritance, and it 
was thought that he would do better with boys of his own 
age, so in July, '85, he was sent, with other small Indian 
boys, to the Educational Home in Philadelphia. He left there 
July, '86, and went home. He soon after wrote to his Hamp- 

"~-~- — ton tCiacher : " I am very well and have good time, and have 
no work as a shoe shop or farmer, but as a cow-boy, taking 
care of cattle, and I like it, but also it is a foolish work ; 
nothing to learn. I have lots of fun on lassoing cows, and 
that is the only fun we have, and also racing on horseback." 
In '88, he enlisted as a scout at Ft. McDowell, Arizona, 
and remained there until the post was abandoned in '90. 
Since then he has been herding cattle for his grandfather 
and others. Reports concerning him speak of him as reck- 
less and intemperate. He himself writes, " No whiskey, but 
smoke strong," enclosing a large photogra.ph of himself in full 
" cowboy" costume. He says that he has not forgotten Hamp- 
ton and its teaching, and wishes he might come back to it again 
sometime, if only for a visit. A recent letter enclosed a two 
years' subscription to the Souther7i Workman, for himself 
and Harry Azul, showing genuineness of his interest. " How 
is the old Hampton home ? " he asks ; " I have thought 
of Hampton many a times." " Do you ever thought of us 
here at homes of ou'rs ? " 

Scholarship given by Mrs. Jas. H. Thorp, Brooklyn. 

KiSTOE Jackson, a full-blood, age 9, son of the Pima interpreter 
Louis, a friend of Antonito's. He remained behind, after all 
the others of his tribe had left, to learn the blacksmith's trade, 
and prepare himself for a position promised him at the 
Agency. In September, '88, he returned to find the adminis- 



362 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 

tration changed and no such position opened to him. He 
went to work digging wells and whatever else came to hand, 
and is reported by the Missionary as " doing his best, and that 
very well." In '90, he was on the police force, but in '91 was 
devoting himself to his farm and doing some freighting to 
help along. The Agent says : " He is industrious and fol- 
lows the American plan of farming mainly." In character 
he reports him as " excellent." 

Melissa Inez, a full-blood Pima, about fourteen years of age, a rela- 
tive of Antonito. She was a weird-looking little heathen at 
first, but, though always eccentric in character, she 
proved to be quite a bright and promising girl. She returned 
in May, '85, just in time to see her father before his death. 
She wrote : " Sometimes when I go in where he is lying I 
would make a little pray for him, and no matter how weak 
he is he would get right up and fold his feeble hands, for I 
used to tell him about ' Our Father in Heaven.' " Soon after 
this she went to a boarding school started at Tucson, and re- 
mained there two years as a pupil. While home on a vaca- 
tion she wrote the following account of a missionary effort r 
" A Papago man wanted to learn about God, and I told him 
how much I know, and he said he was going to be good, 
keep all what God said. When I told every part I know 
he says, ' Now I know which I never will forget it. I 
will keep it right in my heart. I was in dark and never 
think you will give me light.' And I looked on his face and 
know that he really say with truth in his heart, so I give him 
the ' Story of the Bible ' and explain to him all the pictures 
in it, and he went home with a happy heart. I was very glad 
too, that he believe in God. With all my heart I will say that 
no matter if I don't write any of you, I am with you in my 
heart." 

In '91, she was employed as an assistant cook in the 
school ac Sacaton, and was said by both agent and missionary 
to be doing well. She was unfortunate in her first marriage, 
but in the winter of '91 was again married in the Presbyteri- 
an Church, still holding her position in the School. She 
seems to have made a good name and that under many try- 
ing circumstances. 

Scholarship s given by Cong. S. S., Montclair, N. J., and 
Mrs. James A. Smith 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 363 

Santiago or James Rios, a full-blood Papago, age 19, bright and 
promising, but consumptive and obliged to return the next 
year. After reaching home he found himself able to start a 
farm, then married and became quite a prosperous ra m. He 
died a few years later. 

Pablo or Paul Rios, a brother of Santiago, about 17 year; old, 
bright but violent, intemperate and unreliable, having; lived 
too long with Mexican half-breeds. Fearing his influence 
here, he was provided for in Massachusetts, but in less than a 
year sent home from' there in disgrace, October '83. He died 
within a year afterward. 

This little incident is characteristic of the boy. He 
had been very violent, was ordered to the guard house, re- 
fused to go, and fled to his own building, where he was found 
behind the door, furious with rage, lying in wait to " kill," as 
he said, the officers who were coming to force his obedience, 
'he fiendish face and rigid form were not pleasant to en- 
counter, but a few persuasive words caused the arms to relax, 
and in less than a half hour the lion was a lamb, meekly went 
to the office, delivered himself up, and walked quietly into 
the place he had vowed a short time before he would never 
enter. 

Scholarship given by Ladies of St. Thomas Church 
N. Y. 



FROM SAN CARLOS AGENCY. ARIZ. 

Robert McIntosh, full-blood Apache, about 17 years of age. He 
had been a scout in the U. S. service, a famous runner, and 
had been not inappropriately, nick-named " Fiery Bob." 
Through intercourse with soldiers he had learned a little good 
English, and a great deal that would not come under that 
head, but was a ready speaker and a natural leader. He re- 
turned in May, '84, arrayed in a light blue seersucker suit 
and white helmet, purchased and donned on his own re- 
sponsibility in Washington. He soon found employment at 
the Agency as interpreter and teacher, and before long mar- 
ried a chief's daughter after the Indian custom, his excuse 
being that there was no one to perform a more legal ceremo- 
ny at that time. He was interpreter for Gen. Miles during 
the Apache outbreak in '86, and two years later came East 



364 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

with a party of Apaches as their interpreter, and was much 
lauded by the newspapers as a fine example of the "educated 
Indian." Though reports have generally been good, there is 
reason to believe that his influence and conduct have not 
always been the best, though considerably in advance of oth- 
er members of his tribe. 

Scholarship given by the Youth's Miss. Ass'n, Memorial 
Church, Madison Avenue, New York. 

Telma Voorhees, full-blood Apache, about 10 years old, the only 
one of the party with, parents living. A bright roly-poly 
little fellow who, with his quick mind and skillful fingers, 
promised to be the flower of the flock. In Feb. '84, a party 
of Apache chiefs, among them the head chief Antonio, an 
uncle of Telma, came to Washington, and when they return- 
ed insisted upon his going with- them. He served a short 
time as interpreter and clerk, had pneumonia, and, as the 
agent wrote, " had nearly recovered when his Indian friends 
insisted upon his removal (to camp) and sang him to death 
in one night." He was reported as " the brightest and best 
of the San Carlos boys." 

Scholarship given by Miss Esther C. Mack. 

Benjamin Stago, a full-blood Apache, age 13. He was bright, mis- 
chievous, quick tempered and aftectionate, with a fund of 
profane Spanish that told too plainly his early associations. 
He returned in May '84, and has made a variable record as a 
teacher, drunkard, interpreter, and prisoner, being reported 
at short intervals as "doing well," and as "bad generally." 
In '90, he writes from jail that he has three months yet to 
serve there, and that he is now a "good boy." The cabinet 
photograph of himself which he sends has the same boyish, 
good-natured face all who ever saw him must remember. 
Scholarship given by Dr. Kittredge's children. 

Oliver Eaton, A-uto-ha-ma, a full-blood Mohave, age 17. He was 
a promising young man, and remained East longer than the 
others, spending a year or more with Mr. Jonathan Townsend 
in Massachusetts. He returned home to help his sister, May 
13, '85, soon after became a scout at Bowie Station, and 
served also as a " good interpreter." In '87, he taught school 
for awhile, but left to join Gen. Miles in his attempt to cap- 
ture the last of Geronimo's band of Apaches. It was through ■ 
his skill in following a very blind trail that the last of the fa- 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 365 

mous band was taken. A telegram from Gen. Miles to the 
" New York Herald" said, " During the raid the troops fol- 
lowed the hostiles forty-five miles over the roughest moun- 
tains in Arizona, through intense heat and no water. It was 
the sharpest, quickest, and most emphatic campaign ever 
made against the Indians. Oliver Eaton, an Indian scout, a 
graduate of Hampton school, was the trailer, and his skill in 
keeping the trail enabled the troops to keep close to the 
hostiles. In crossing San Pedro Valley, the hostiles travelled 
nearly fifteen miles on tiptoe to hide the trail, but Eaton 
held it." 

Scholarship given by Miss M. B. Dwight's Bible Class, 
Holyoke, Mass., and Payson Church, Easthampton, Mass. 

William Roberts, Aquacca, a full-blood Mohave, whose age we 
:an only guess to be 30 or more, though his official papers 
put him at 15. Very small, his face seamed with wrinkles 
and marred by disease, he did not seem very promising at 
first, but an earnest determination to learn both books and 
work soon put him among the more hopeful pupils. His 
record since his return in May, '84. has been far better than 
that of his brighter friends, being always " steady and trust- 
worthy." He worked at his trade, that of carpenter, for over 
two years, at one time getting %z a day. He died in '87. 
Scholarship given by the Girls of Wellesley College. 



David St. Cyr, half-blood Winnebago, age 17, brother of Julia, came 
alone from the Winnebago Agency, Nebraska, May 17, 1881. 
He studied with the Class of '85, but did not graduate. He 
went to New York of his own accord and acted as a bell-boy 
in the Metropolitan Hotel for a year or more, then returned 
home to helpNhis father on the farm. In '88, he was employed 
as clerk and interpreter at the Agency, and reported upon as 
doing well. Since then the reports have not been so fa- 
vorable. 

Scholarship given by Central Cong. S. S., Fall River, 
Mass. 



Juan Garfield, full-blood Pima, age 22, an old friend of Antonito 
Azulsand came here all alone July, '81, from the Pima Agen- 
cy in Arizona. He was exceedingly earnest and faithful, and 
made very good progress in school and shop. He returned 
home after three years. May 14, and m his quiet, faithful way 
made a good record until his death June 5, '87. 

Scholarship given by Cong'l S. S. New Milford, Conn. 



366 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

PARTY OF SIOUX FROM DAKOTA, 

Brought BY Gen. S. C. Armstrong and Miss Isabel B. Eustis, 

Oct. 12, 1881. 



CHEYENNE RIVER AGENCY, S. D. 

Joseph S UNKASKA, or White Dog, full-blood, age 15, nephew of 
chief Little No Heart, a leader among the more progressive 
Indians. He returned after four years, July 6, '85, with the 
smallest possible v )cabulary of English, almost no book 
knowledge but. with a fair amount of industrial training. 
He entered the carpenter shop at the agency, and remained 
there until he left to take up farm work in the summer of 
'87. He has since returned to the shop, and in '91 was a reg- 
ular employe and doing well, being commended for his in- 
dustry and good character. Whe 1 I last saw him he was sus- 
perintending some digging about the agency, and was very 
imposing in his big, otter-faced overcoat. His wife, Nellie- 
is bright and interesting and, acting as his private secretary, 
writes pleasant letters to her husband's old Hampton friends. 
Scholarship given by Chas. A. Miller. 

Thomas Ikinicapi, Fight for, full-blood, age 16, son of Tall Prairie 
Chicken and nephew of Little No Heart. He returned July 
6, '85, lived at home with his father for a year, and returned 
to Hampton, Nov. 26, '86. He came back better prepared to 
improve his opportunities, and, though this time he had a 
scrofulous trouble to contend with, he made fair progress 
and returned hime July 9, '89. The Agency phyaician took 
him into his office as an interpreter and general helper, and 
he remained there, doing what he could, until shortly before 
bis death in Yi-tc, '91. He was an unusually gentlemanly fel- 
low, kind and thoughtful, and made many friends wherever 
he was thrown. Though far too feeble for any such effort, 
he insisted upon rowing me across the Missouri, on my last 
visit to him, because he realized that he could not live long, 
and it was his last chance to see a Hampton friend and to 
send messages of love and gratitude to those who had helped 
to make his Hampton home the brightest part of his short 
life. 

Scholarships given by August Ullman, Miss Rose Lamb, 
Misses M. and E.Bryce and John Nettleton. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 367 

Maggie Larrabee, half-blood, age lo, a bright and promising child, 
who would have remained longer had it been possible to gain 
her mother's consent She returned July, '85, lived quietly 
at home with her parents, making a yearly attempt to return 
to Hampton, but each time failing. At last, in '90, she per- 
suaded her parents to send her to the New Govt. School at 
Pierre, and she spent a year there, hoping to return to Hamp- 
ton in '91. Another disappointment awaited her, but she is 
still there waiting for a chance this coming year. She has de- 
veloped into a very bright, womanly girl, and has shown con- 
siderable character in managing her own affairs. 

Scholarships given by Lieut. J. H. Philbrick, U. S. A. 
Calvary Ch. S. S. N. Y., and Hampton Club, Springfield, 
"Mass: 

William Larrabee, half-blood, age 19, brother of Maggie, who, find- 
ing his little sister about to come to Hampton, determined to 
come with her as her natural guardian. He returned May 26, 
'84, became an agency herder, then blacksmith, and later the 
regular agency interpreter, in which capacity he served during 
the large council of chiefs who assembled at Lower Brule in 
'88, to discuss the conditions of the Sioux Bill. In '89, he 
became a Gov't farmer stationed at Charger's Camp, the site 
of the new agency, and is still serving in that capacity to the 
expressed satisfaction of those under whom he is workmg. 
He has been twice married, both wives being ex-students of 
St. John's School, and lives in a neat, comfortable house pro- 
vided by Government. He has recently lost his wife, and is 
said to have behaved recklessly since then, but we hope it is 
nothing permanent. 

Scholarship given by Justus S. Hotchkiss. 

Joseph Marsh, or De March as he signs himself, half-blood, age 11, 
came under the care of Wm. Larrabee. A very bright boy 
whose time expired just at the wrong age. Lieut. Geo. Le 
Roy Brown was ready to educate him, s.nd every influence 
was brought to bear upon him to induce him to return to 
school life, but he preferred the " free life " of the prairies 
and has ever since engaged in some outdoor work as 
herder, freighter or farmer. He is now an Agency herder at 
Rosebud. 

Scholarship given by Cong. S. S., Sufiield, Mass. 



■^'JQ TWFNTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

Baptiste Gabe, half-blood, age 17, relative of Lanabee. He returned 
May 26, '84, but soon after went to Standing Rock and found 
employment on the agency herd. After a season of this 
service, the Agent reported : " He is trusiworthy and reli- 
able, and has attended to his duties in a satisfactory manner." 
For several yeais past he has been a driver employed at Ft. 
Bennett by the Army, and in charge of the Agency stables 
at Cheyenne River. During the Indian excitement and trou- 
ble of '90, he was employed as interpreter by the Army, but 
returned to his position at the agency when the trouble was 
over. His record has not always been the best, though year- 
ly improving a little. 

Scholarship given by Mrs. Rosa E. Rainsford. 



CROW CREEK AGENCY, S. D. 

Susan Carpenter, three-quarters blood, age 18. She had been to 
school a little and spoke some English but had been rather 
wild at home. She returned Sept , 30, '84, took a firm stand 
for what she knew to be the best way, did much to redeem 
her former record, and was spoken of as an excellent house- 
keeper, both at home, and for other people. In 'S5, she mar- 
ried Chas. McBride, and until '91, they had a pleasant home 
at Crow Creek; considerable stock, a good farm, and were ex- 
amples of neatness and thrift. At that time Charles became 
infatuated with a young girl, (See his record in arrivals of 
June, '84), and without legal cause persuaded the Agent to 
divorce him, which he did. only stipulating that he leave 
their child, Moses, a beautiful little boy about three years old, 
and the most of their joint property with Susan. This sep- 
aration began a series of domestic complications which have 
been a discredit to most concerned, regardless of race, but 
which promises to be an object lesson of some value to those 
now coming out from Indian reservation law to that of the 
state. 

Scholarships given by Mrs. Louisa Nichols, Mrs. R. H. 
Manning. 

Rebecca Mazakutf, Ratiling-Iron, full-blood, age 12, daughter 
of Rev. Paul Mazakute, the first Sioux ordained as a clergj'^- 
nian in the Episcopal Church. She returned home Sept. '84, 
but came back to Hampton the following month and re- 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 365I 

•imained until May 28, '88, when she again returned at the 
•earnest solicitation of her mother. She found arrangements 
already made for her marriage with Lot Frazier, an industri- 
ous young man, a miller at the Agency, and was married to 
him by the church, the following September. In '90, Lot left 
the mill and went out upon his land to open up a farm. They 
have good crops of grain and vegetables, a comfortable 
home and are very happy together. With liitle to encourage 
lier and much to discourage, Rebecca has borne herself well, 
keeping herself far above the average school-trained girl in 
•dress, language and deportment, and in spite of sickness and 
trouble has done much to fullfil her father's dying wish. 

Scholarship given by S. S. of "The Independent ChurcW" 
^-(ynfta^ian) Syracuse, N. Y. 

John Archamkeau, half-blood, age 16, returned May '84, worked 
diligently at his trade for a year 'and came back as an escort 
for a party, April, '85, He returned again in Jan., '87, went 
to the town of Pierre and there established himself as a car- 
penter on the footing of a white man. When the Commis- 
sioners were sent out to negotiate for the Indians' land, he 
went to the reservation, voted with the progressives, and re- 
turned to his business. In '89. he joined the 12th Infantry at 
Ft. Yates, N. D,, and, during the ghost craze ani trouble with 
Sitting Bull in '90 and '91, was in active service. He is Still 
in the army and likes it " splendid " he says 

Scholarship given by ist Presb. S. S £. Orange. 

Thomas Paseca Ashley, full blood, age 16. He returned July 6, '85, 
made a good record and came back t© Hampton from Stand- 
ing Rock, Oct, 14, '87. He returned home again from the 
Junior Class, Sept. 25. '89, took a position as agency police- 
man at one of the wildest camps, where his work was highly 
commended. In '90, he married, by Indian custom, Made- 
line Currier, a bright, young Hampton girl, and, though they 
were reported as having a pleasant and well kept home, their 
influence could not be for good, nor their lives happy. In a 
short time, Madeline ran away to Ft. Peck and Paseca soon 
after filled her place, also illegally, by a less enlightened girl. 
In '91, he received a prize for having the best fields in his 
•camp, but his record of character has of course been poor, 
though we hope he may yet redeem it. 
Scholarship given by E. and S. Ferguson; Calvary S S., N. Y^ 



37© TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

Samuel Cetan, Hawk, full-blood, age 21. Though brought up in 
Indian ways and rather old to learn English and books quick- 
ly, he made the most of his chances here. He returned July 
6, '85, worked in the Agency blacksmith shop a year, and then 
settled down upon his own land and now cultivates a good 
farm. In '89, he was made a catechist by Bishop Hare and 
does this work now in connection with his trade and farm. 
He has a good wife and comfortable home, and shows in a 
remarkable way what a few years of training can do for an 
earnest man long past the prescribed " school age." 
Scholarship given by Miss Grace Learned. 

Henry Little Eagle, Wambdi-cistina, full-blood, age 17. He re- 
turned on expiration of time July 6, '85. He did well at 
home and came back to Hampton with his young bride, Lucy 
Winona, Nov., '86. (See arrivals, Nov., 86). They lived in 
one of the cottages built here for married students, and there 
made a pleasant home, Henry doing all the heavy housework 
in a most un-Indian-like spirit. In '88, a little daughter, 
Martha Waldron, was born, and Sept. 25, '88, they all re- 
turned home. Henry found employment at the Agency as 
blacksmith, and they had a pleasant and comfortable home 
there, both exerting an influence for good, In '91, Henry 
left the shop, went out on his land and has since devoted his 
whole attention to his farm and stock, being very successful 
with both. 

Though the master of considerable property and father 
of two children, he still keeps up an interest in base ball, and, 
with several other Hampton boys, belongs to a club that is 
frequently invited to the different towns to play with white 
organizations. 

In the church he is an equally wide awake helper, always 
present at one of the two chapels, and a recognized leader in 
the singing and reponses. He also has an active interest in 
other societies at the Agency designed to promote civiliza- 
tion and Christianity. On his first return home, he influenced, 
one brother, Edward, to come to Hampton, and on his sec- 
ond return sent back another, Walter, so that for eleven 
years Hampton has not been without its Little Eagle. 

Scholarship given by Messrs. Ivison, Blakeman and Tay- 
lor ; Parish Aid Soc. of Christ's Church, New Orleans, La. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 37^ 



LOWER BRULE AGENCY, 

Baptiste Bear Bird, Catka-tanka, (Big Left Hand), luU-blood, age " 
19, son of Chief Bear Bird. He was a handsome, dashing 
young fellow, a leader in the dance, race and other youthful 
accomplishments at home, and came here in much the same 
spirit. He made good improvement however, and returned 
home in May 6, '84, He soon after married an uneducated 
girl, and, finding that neither were as well fitted as he had - 
thought, for the life of usefulness he had planned, came back-' 
to Hajaptorrfour months later, bringing his wife, Julia, with 
him. They lived in one of the cottages here for married 
couples and did well. May 30, "86; they returned home. For 
a year. Bear Bird was industrial teacher at the Gov't School, 
the next year, a policeman, and then went to Crow Creek to 
assist Miss Howard in her Industrial Home. In none of these 
places was he an entire success, though his faults included 
nothing more serious than wilfulness and self-confidence. In 
'88, he was made a catechist by Bishop Hare and stationed 
at White River, where he soon settled down to hard and 
faithful work. The Rev. Mr. Walker says that Bear Bird has 
been a great help to him. He preaches on the Sabbath and 
one day each week, holds a Sunday-school, visits the sick, in- 
structs and guides and helps whenever needed. All this be- 
Sjides the example of a Christian home. Julia, he says, is a 
" good woman and takes good care of her house." In '90, 
Julfa died, leaving a delicate little girl, Grace, about two years 
old and nearly blind. Bear Bird is himself in consumption 
and, having no home, and no one to care for him, obtained a 
place in the hospital at Standing Rock, and spent the winter 
'91 and '92 there, returning to Lower Brule in the spring. 
Writing in January he says : " I am catechist, preaching to 
my people two times a day on Sunday and also Wednesday. I 
have a little education from the Government so I always show 
myself before my people and tell them to send their children 
to school." 

" I stand by these two things— Word of God and Edu- 
cation." 

Scholarship given by Mr. James M. Brown. 

Peter Brazeau, Tanyan -wakuwa, (Good Hunter) half-blood, age 
18 or more. He returned home May 26, '84, and spent more 



372 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK ' 

time than seemed necessary in visiting a large and scattered 
circle of relatives. He did some painting, but was not able 
to work regularly. He seems to have done fairly well, and 
is most tenderly remembered by his relatives and friends. 
He was a victim of scrofula, and died in May, '86 

Scholarship given by Broadway Tabernacle, New York. 

Benjamin Majo, Bear, full-blood, age i6, was in consumption when 
he came, and never able to do anything at school or work. 
Spurning "white man's medicine," as dangerous to his life and 
health, he sent home for some "Indian medicine," which in 
due time arrived with careful directions for its use. The 
" medicine," about a spoonful in quantity, was an innocent 
Jooking prescription of pounded root, sweet and spicy, and 
was to be added to four cups of boiling water, one teaspoonful 
to be taken several times a day. All other medicine gave 
way to this homeopathic treatment and faith cure. After £ 
few days, a request for cough medicine was volunteered and 
later the remains of the Indian medicine abandoned for what 
proved to be more helpful and comforting. Nothing could 
do permanent good, and when spring came he returned home 
April 25, '82, and died soon after, a convert not only to the 
white man's medicine, but to the white man's religion. Hi; 
brother, Frank Door, came 10 Hampton two years later. 

■Samuel Medicine Bull, T atanka-wakan , full-blood, age 20, son o 
the old chief Medicine Bull. He returned May 26, '84, anc 
soon after started a little house at White River, his father'; 
camp. He also opened a Sunday-school and held an Episco 
pal service for an increasingly large congregation. In fiv( 
months he had so influenced his father that, instead of oppos 
ing education and Christian work, this strong hearted old mat 
did all in his power to further it. After a few months ii 
which results had been attained such as seldom crown year; 
•of labor, this young leader concluded he had not the educa 
tion he needed and must come back to Hampton, and bette 
fit himself for the work he found before him. With a party 
including his sister and several other pupils of his little school 
he returned in Nov. '84, and for two years was a most earnest 
student. In July, '86. he returned home again, was made i 
catechist by Bishop Hare, and stationed at his father's camf 
where he labored before, but this time as assistant to Misse; 
Goodale and Tileston, who went out at the same time tc 
build up the school, while he took charge of the church. In 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 37J, 

'87, he married a girl trained in civilized ways, Elizabeth Bra- 
zeau, and in '89, left the camp and established himself at St 
Albans, where a large number of progressive young men,, 
largely Hampton students and their relatives, had taken land 
and located on farms with a church and school of their own. 
At a council of chiefs called to oppose the survey of their 
lands, young Medicine Bull made a telling speech in favor of 
the survey. When his father was called upon to express 
himself, he simply replied, " My son has spoken for me," and 
withdrew his former objections. He has never wavered in 
his determination to serve his people as he had been taught,, 
and besides his church work (he now has charge of the St. 
Albans church as catechist), he has a good farm and herd,, 
does carpentering whenever opportunity offers, and by his 
earnestness and force of character wields an influence that is 
very telling. 

Scholarship given by Mrs. William Fitch. 

Senjamin Ohitika Brave, Bra-oc Long Feather, full-blood, age 16, 
protege of Rev. Luke C. Walker, native missionary at Lower 
Brule. A bright and promising boy, he only returned, July 
6, '85, because trouble with his eyes forbade study or regular 
work. He floated about for awhile, then opened up a farm 
at St. Albans, married Ida Rencontre, a Hampton girl, (Se'e 
arrivals, Oct., '8i,) and established a pleasant and thrifty 
home there. In '87, he was appointed catechist by Bishop 
Hare and stationed at Driving Hawk's camp, where he was- 
also assistant teacher in the camp school. There, through 
many discouragements, he lived and labored for four years, 
without entirely separating himself from his farming interest, 
until in '91 he gave up the school and applied himself wholly 
to his farm. With Hampton and other progressive young 
men, he belongs to a Brotherhood of Christian Unity, a base 
ball club, an agricultural society, and various other enter- 
prises for the promotion of Christianity and civilization. 

He has made of his limited advantages a most excellent 
use. As an example of industry, enterprise and true pro- 
gressive spirit, he has few peers, and his influence has always 
been strong and good. His letters have a peculiar interest. 

Some time ago he wrote about his work : 

" To-day I t'link about very often times. You did not 
expect that I am living yet but I am yet living. Neither I. 



374 TWFNTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 

did not forget you all my east friends at all day and night. 
But still I cannot write to you very often, because I hard time 
to live. I live very far off the Agency about 15 miles so 
did not go to the Agency all the times, except twice a month 
for hold of Association which we call " The Brotherhood of 
Christian Unity." All the Christians are joining, not all of 
them but most of them. Now at the present the officers of 
Brotherhood of C. U... Samuel Medicine Bull President; 
Benj, Brave, Secretary. 

We work against the evil and help the good thing. We 
have 13 Rules over our Brotherhood, that we will try to help, 
and look for anything will happen at Agency or Reservation. 
We are trying to do right among our people who are now in 
negligences and ignorances of our mighty God. We hope 
that we do more good works among our poor savage race. I 
am very sorry for them sometime, because they do not [know] 
what is best for them 10 do in our future life. Sometimes 
some of my old [friends] ask me to give it up the white's way. 
We all Hampton boys here are do better than the any other 
Agency. We Brule boys none go back to our old life again. 
Now I am living well with my wife and baby first rate. 
We have a little beautiful baby whom we both love very 
dearly. She is prettiest than any other here at Fort Hale. 
I have not much to say at present but will try say more some- 
time. I send my best love to you which my dear join me 
. to send." 

Benj. Brave {Ohiiika) 

Scholarships given by Church of the Saviour, Philadel- 
phia and Class of boys, Park Street S. S, Boston. 

Tiyowicakte {Killed-in-the- House) , fuU-biood, son of Two Kettles, 
age 17. In consumption when he came, and was returned 
soon after. He came in Indian dress and long hair, from the 
wildest of camp life, learned here the religion of Christ and 
returned to die among the people he still loved, but with 
a new light in his heart and a new influence in his life. 
Scholarship given by Calvary Church. 

George Wannapin, Necklace, full- blood, age 20, nephew of chief 
Medicine Bull. He returned Sept. 20, '84, just as Samuel 
Medicine Bull was about to come back to Hampton, and, 
. though seemingly far from equal to such responsibility, he 
bravely took up his cousin's work and by steady perseverance 
and a spirit of absolute devotion, carried it on until the Misses 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 375 

Goodale and Tileston arrived to relieve him in July, '86. They 
made him their assistant, and for three years he was their 
constant helper and friend. When Samuel Medicine Bull 
left White kiver.Wannapin was madeacatechist, and has since 
been employed in that capacity to the missionary's expressed 
satisfaction. Aided by the dignity of nearly six and a half 
feet of height and a benign and fatherly countenance, he had 
obtained an influence which he wielded with all the wisdom 
that fell to his share. He has a delicate little wife with no 
educational advantages, and is reported to have resorted to 
corporal punishment in her training. This is an offence call- 
ing for arrest, and he being, in '91, appointed a policeman, is 
now in honor bound to respect this law. He dresses and ap- 
pears well and is highly spoken of by all. 

Scholarship given by Miss Esther C. Clark, 



YANKTON AGENCY, S. D. 

Conger, IVacantkiyetuin, (Mercy) quarter-blood, age 10, 
daughter of Cassius Conger. She returned Sept. 30, '84, re- 
mained quietly at home with her parents during the summer, 
and came back to Hampton in November. Her short visit 
home inspired her with more intelligent zeal, and when she 
next returned home. May 28, '88, though an undergraduate, 
she had been promoted to the Senior Class and was compe- 
tent to teach well. The next fall she was given the position 
of assistant teacher at the government school and was so 
successful with the young children that the primary depart- 
ment of 80 children was put in her charge. During her 
third year, October, '90, she married Chas. H. Bonnin, an ex- 
cellent young man, (one-quarter Indian) the agency issue 
clerk, but kept right on with her school. 

Her wedding cards were the first ever received at Hamp- 
ton from one of its Indian students, and the wedding, which 
took place in the Episcopal church at the Agency, was all 
that the most fastidious could desire — Anna Dawson, and 
David Simmons, two Hampton students, officiating as brides- 
maid and groomsman. They at once went to housekeeping 
in a pretty little cottage belonging to the mission and have 
since had a very pleasant and happy home there, a delight- 
ful social centre for the educated young people of the agency. 

Scholarship given by Mrs. Henry Rose. 



376 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

hJzziE Keeler, quarter-blood, age 12. A child with a most, unfor- 
tunate inheritance, and the source of much trouble here. 
She returned at the expiration of her time, Sept. 30. '84, and 
the following January married Stephen Vassar, a young 
blacksmith not very well spoken of. Domestic troubles of 
various kinds soon followed and the result has been unhappy 
for both parties. 

Scholarship given by " Happy Helpers," Lowell, Mass. 

Zallie RuLO, quarter-blood Ponca, age 15. Graduated with class 
of '85, (See Record Class of '85) and returned home the fol- 
lowing November competent to do well. She found no po- 
sition such as she hoped to fill, became "discouraged," 
she says, and was careless in regard to her good name. She 
taught very acceptably at Rosebud for a lime, but has drifted 
about from place to place, doing well at times but on the 
whole has made a bad record, Heredity and early asso- 
ciations should be considered in her case, as in others where 
the advantages have been less conspicuous. 

Scholarship given by C-^ntral Presb. S. S., Summit, N. J. 

William Bean, half-blood, age 15, returned home Sept. 30, '84, and 
became at once the shoemaker, or rather, shoe-mender of 
the Government School. He did not find mending Govern- 
ment brogans inspiring and left soon after, finding work in 
the agency grist mill. In '88 the agent reports that he has 
"entire charge of the mill, makes all the flour and keeps all 
the books," though being under a superintendent, this re- 
port must have been only temporarily correct. The agent 
also reports; "He is reliable industrious and trust}'." He 
took a wife after the Indian custom, but afterward did his- 
best to repair the wrong and redeem his character. He has 
always been an mfluential member of the church, active in 
all its interests, and an officer of the Indian Y. M. C. A. at 
the agency. After three years the mill was abandoned and 
he went into the carpenter shop where he is still at work at 
$25.00 a month, besides carrying on a farm of his own. He 
is very neat in person and gentlemanly in manner and ad- 
dress. 

Scholarships given by Mrs. Harriet Bishop; Miss Esther 
C. Mack. 

Joseph Estes, quarter-blood, age 16, a former pupil of St. Paul 
School. He was returned Sept. 30, '84, from the Middle 
Class, hoping he would come back and complete his course. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 3 77- 

but the restraints of school life were not to his mind until 
too late to return. He taught at the Government School a 
year or more, married an educated girl, was active in church 
work and, though sometimes fickle and consequently unreli- 
able, did on the whole very well. The next two years he ran 
the printing office for the Rev. Mr. Williamson, publisher of 
the lapi Oaye, and then went to Santee as printer on the Eng- 
lish edition of the same paper — the Word Carrier. Through 
trouble with the foreman, he left there and went to the Lower 
Brule Agency, hoping to take up land and start a farm, but 
could not for tribal reasons. Since then he has filled various 
positions as teacher, organist and surveyor's assistant ; in '9a 
was one of the agency farmers at Yankton Agency and m '91 
the regular agency interpreter at the Lower Brule Agency. 
In '92 he married a white woman and went out to take charge 
of a schoDl at Driving Hawk's Camp, forty -five miles from 
the agency, and to act there also as catechist. He writes :— 
" Ever since my return from school it has been my object tO' 
d:i something for my race, and although I may not have done 
much, I have always felt it a duty resting upon me to do my 
share; now, you can see, the field has been thrown open for 
me to do great good to my people." He has always been a 
young man of decided ability, thoroughly upright in char- 
acter, and a leader in whatever he undertakes, though, 
through mistaken judgment, his talents have not benefited 
himself or his people as truly as he himself could wish. 
Scholarship given by Mrs. C. A. Astor. 

William Saul, Heyoka-tokeca. ( Strange Clown ) full -blood, age 31. 
He had been a catechist under Bishop Hare, but left his- 
work and family to learn more of the English language and 
Eastern civilization. He remained only a year, returning 
April 30, '83. In that time he learned a great deal more of 
civilization than he did of English, but went home with a 
good many valuable ideas and sent his eldest child at once to 
Hampton. He took up his church work at Santee, then was 
removed to Yankton, and later to a station at Corn Creek on 
the Rosebud reserve, where he has been doing excellent 
work for several years, on a salary of $35.00 a month. He 
has a farm of his own, has five children in school, and prac - 
tices as well as preaches whatever of civilization he has 
learned. He is the only Hampton student at Rosebud Agen- 
cy and when, during the Indian excitement of '91 we heard 
through newspaper reports that the " Hampton students" 



378 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

there had joined in the ghost dance and gone on the war- 
path, we were much amused at the idea of this exceedingly 
dignified gentlemen deporting himself in such a manner. 
His influence then, as always, has been strongly for the right. 

David Stricker, Ta-wakmikdi-wakanna, ( His holy lightning) 
full-blood, age 16. Son of Henry Stricker, one of the 
Indian judges. A bright boy, but wild and lazy. He was 
sent to Massachusetts hoping that the restraints of a quiet 
home would be helpful, but, though he did fairly well there 
he came back not much improved and his return home was 
recommended. On his way through Washington, Feb. 10, '85, 
with another boy, he was advised by the Indian Office to try 
Haskell Institute, Lawrence, Kas., and both were sent there. 
David did not remain there long, but went to Crow Creek, 
married after the Indian custom, and, for several years, led a 
very reckless sort of life. In '91, he went home to Yankton, 
and turned over anew leaf with great decision, and has shown 
so much strength of character that his friends are very hope- 
ful for his future record, the more so, perhaps, as it is a family 
tradition that a Stricker must sow about so many wild oats 
before settling down to exemplary manhood. 

Scholarship given by Holy Trinity S. S., N. Y. 

Thomas Tuttle, Wakanyan-najin, (Standing Holy) full-blood, age 
16, former pupil of St. Paul's School, bright and promising. 
He returned on expiration of time and, finding nothing to do 
at Yankton, went to Crow Creek, where he found employ- 
ment as agency interpreter and assistant in the school. He 
did well in both places, but later he took up his trade— car- 
pentry. When the grist mill was started in '87, he entered 
that as an apprentice and is still employed there at $25.00 a 
month. The white man in charge cannot speak too highly 
of his assistant; says he is perfectly competent to run engine, 
mill and all by himself. In '90 he left the mill to accompany 
a census enumerator from place to place as interpreter, and 
to fill the p'ace of agency interpreter at Lower Brule for a 
time, but in '91 returned to his mill and his farm. As far 
back as '85, he took up land 10 miles or more from the agency, 
built a log house there and started a farm. In the intervals 
of regular work he has improved his place, used his wages 
for farm implements, fences and stock, and has this year torn 
down the old log house and, with his own hands, put up a 
Beat frame building in which he means some day to live, when 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 379 

the farm shall pay better than the mill. In '86 he married a 
Government School girl, Susan Kill- Many, and has generally 
lived at the agency near his regular work. His home abounds 
in evidences of his own skill and ingenuity — much of his 
furniture being the work of his own hands. In '89 he made a 
serious mistake which injured his influence for a time, but 
he soon recovered himself and has done his best to redeem 
his character. With this exception, his record has always 
been excellent, for as an intelligent, industrious, earnest 
Christian young man he has few equals, and his example of 
making the best use of time and money is one the Indian 
people very much need. 

Scholarship given by Mrs. Geo. B. de Forest; Miss Mar- 
garet E. Gale. 



PARTY FROM NORTH DAKOTA. 

Brought by Lieut. Geo. Le Roy Brown, Oct. 24. '81. From 

FORT BERTHOLD AGENCY, N. D. 

Susie Nagle, half-blood Mandan, 9 or 10 years old. She returned 
on expiration of time because permission could not be ob- 
tained for prolonging her stay, but she came back with Miss 
Howard, Nov. 8, '85. Life at home had not been altogether 
satisfactory, and she returned to Hampton much wiser and 
more earnest. Trouble with her eyes prevented regular work, 
and, Sept. 25, '89, she went to Crow Creek to be with Miss 
Howard and help in her Industrial School. She spent the 
summer with Mrs. Burt at the rectory and then returned to 
Fort Berthold to be with her father, a white man. She has 
been living there since, doing well as far as we know. 
Scholarship given by the Misses Thurston. 

Mary Walker, half-blood Gros Ventre, age 12. She returned home 
May 26, '84, because unable to obtain permission to remain 
longer. She went to a home presided over by a heathen 
grandmother, and very soon yielded to the influences thrown 
about her. Her record, as far as simple facts are concerned, 
was for a time bad, but when circumstances are considered, 
there is little blame due her. In the fall of 1890, she married 
an industrious young man, brother of Susie Nagle, and there 
is reason to hope that a better life is now open before her. 
Scholarship given by the Misses Thurston. 



380 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 

Deluska, Hu-ke-ga-dish tish, (Little Pole Cat), full-blood Mandan, 
age 15. in advanced consumption when he came, and return- 
ed in June, '83. He went back to a miserable home where no 
one knew how to care for him properly, and, though surround- 
ed by nothing elevating or helpful, he wrote that he was still 
a Christian in his heart, and before his death made his friends 
promise that, clothed in his school uniform, he should be giv- 
en a Christian burial. 

Scholarship given by Mrs. G. H. Shaw. 

Charles Many Birds, Ba ta-ku, Mandan and Gros Ventre, age 13, 
son of the chief Old Wolf. A bright little fellow, but a strik- 
ing contrast to his gentle friend in physique and character. 
He ran away from his summer home in Massachusetts in '84,. 
determined to get back home. While standing on the plat- 
form of a train his hat blew ol^, and, instinctively reaching to 
catch it, he lost his balance and fell to the ground, breaking 
his leg so that amputation was necessary. After a time 
friends got him home, he entered the Fort Stevenson School,, 
and died in '89. 

Scholarship given by Mrs. Mary Louise Joy. 



FROM STANDING ROCK AGENCY. 

Rosa Bear Face, Topala (Fourth born daughter) full-blood, age 17,. 
daughter of chief Bear Face or Mato-ite. Returned home 
May 26, '84, and in the autumn took a camp school, where a 
dinner had to be cooked and served to the pupils every day. 
For a time she had Francis White Cow for assistant and was 
so very successful that on visiting the School a skeptical sen- 
ator was inspired to exclaim, " Well, this settles the Indian 
question." In '^i the camp was moved, the school broken 
up, and Rosa returned to Hampton to get more knowledge 
and experience. The bright young girl who went home three 
years before, came back a broken down woman, with an air 
of patient endurance that told its tale all too plainly. Her 
health failed so rapidly that she was returned as soon as pos- 
sible. May I, '88. Though in confirmed consumption and so 
ill as to be at times almost helpless, her influence upon her 
home and friends, and upon the women and girls whom she 
gathered around her was truly wonderful, and her life has 
been a most potent influence in the civilization of her own 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. ^St 

particular people. In writing about her, the Agent says: 
" Rosa has done more than well. She is a remarkable girl, 
with modesty, force of character and amiableness of disposi- 
tion to be envied by many whites with superior advantages." 

Through her influence her father is one of the most pro- 
gressive of the Sioux chiefs, her home greatly improved in 
every way, her sisters and friends in citizen dress, and scores of 
others have been radically helped and influenced by her noble 
example of love and devotion to right. 

Scholarship given by Miss Mary A. Dorman, Mrs. Put- 
nam's School, Jamaica Plain, Mass. 

Frances White Cow, Pte-san, full-blood, age 14. Returned home 
May 26, '84, and assisted Rosa Bear Face in her school for 
quite a while, then married a worthless fellow who treated 
her shamefully and, in '83, was in the guard house for his of- 
fense. She has a good name and would gladly have returned 
to Hampton had her health allowed. Her language, her 
bearing and her influence show that neither sickness, trouble 
nor poverty, can pull her down to the level of those who have 
not even her small advantages. 

Scholarship given by Mrs. N. S. Batchelder. 

Fidelia Walking Medicine, P ej ihut a-matiiwin , full-blood, age 
15. Returned May 26, '84, and, though she worked a little 
while at the Catholic mission, made a bad record as to char- 
acter. In '85, she was married to Chas. Le Clair, an ex-stud- 
ent of Hampton, who went up there for her, and took her 
back with him to Crow Creek, where his mother made them a 
pleasant home. Fidelia has the name of being a good house- 
keeper and is very skillful with her needle — a great help in the 
woman's societies, and since her husband's death, Jan. 16, '91, 
she has been assisting Miss Porter in her hospital work, in the 
capacity of housekeeper. 

Scholarship given by Mrs. L. B. Denny. 

Jennie No Ears, Noga-wanicawin, half-blood, age 15. She return- 
ed Sept. 30, '84. and the following February married Louis Pri- 
meau, then and now the agency interpreter, and went with 
to him teach a day school on Grand River. She was reported 
by the agent as " doing better than nine-tenths of the white 
teachers," and besides, as being " one of the best cooks in the 
country." She died at her school in May, '83, leaving a beau- 
tiful baby whose photograph, in the neatest and prettiest of 



382 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

white dresses, kid shoes and ;?<? beads or ornaments, was one 
of the first that Hampton ever received of its Indian grand- 
children. 

Scholarship given by the Salem Normal School. 

Josephine McCarthy, half-blood, age 12. Returned May 26, '84, 
lived about a year with her sister and came back April, '85, 
remaining until May i, '88, when she went home with Rosa 
Bear Face. Her record here was not promising and her ca- 
reer at home (where she had no home) was not above re- 
proach. In dress, general bearing and accomplishments, she 
was an example to the more uncivilized, but her helpfulness 
too often ended theTe. She interpreted for the missionary at 
Oak Creek for a time, and then at the Mission hospital, and 
in '89, married a Mr. Waggoner, an enlisted soldier at Fort 
Yates, and has a pleasant home inside the Fort. 

Scholarships given by Mrs. John Southworth; Mrs. Daniel 
Crouse. 

Frank Black Hawk, Cetan-sapa, half Negro and half Sioux, age 
15. Returned July 6, '815. Inheriting the infirmities of both 
races, he had much to contend with, and, after a brief record 
of good behavior, fell under bad influences, stole alcohol from 
the physician for other men, and was sentenced to a term of 
18 months in the State Penitentiary, Sioux Falls. From 
there he wrote : 

"Miss Folsom : I have been wanting to write to you for a 
long time, but ever since I did this thing that has put me 
where I am to-day, has been so strong on my mind that 
I could not write to you. I have felt and I feel that I have no 
more friends in the East ever since I was put in here. Why ? 
because, after all they have done to educate me, and now I 
am in a place where I have to stay for fourteen long months, 
and have men stand over me with arms. They have been 
some white ladies, who came here to see the place, but I was 
unable to look up in their faces. I had to look down, because 
I was a shame of myself. And I thought of the lady who paid 
my scholarship for over three years. I wrote to her and told 
her that I was going to live a Christian life when I came out 
home in Dakota. And now I am in Dakota, but I am not 
living the life that I said I was going to live, or I am not 
helping the Indians. After I left Hampton and came home 
in July, 1884, I did help the Indians for eighteen months all 
I could. But they asked me many questions I was not able 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE, 385 

to answer. Here is some of the questions they asked me. If 
God made men and women in his own image, why is it that they 
are so many different colors of nations in the world, and why 
did the white people kill Jesus Christ. You say he was the 
Son of God and could do everything. Why did he not save 
himself when they was going to kill him. And what is the 
reason his Father did not save him when he prayed so many 
times, and so hard ? All of these I was not able to answer, 
and many others. So tell the boys and girls who are there to 
learn these questions well, so they can answer them and not 
like me. After I stop helping the Indians, after I saw that I 
did not have knowledge enough to help them or teach them, 
I went to an Indian dance first, and then to a white dance, 
and there was the first place where I put that low dirty lead- 
ing stuff to my mouth which brought me where I am to-day, 
and put a blot on my soul, and turn my friends away from 
me. Now I think I am alone in the world to-day. Since I 
was here I saw a newspaper with my name in it, and other 
things with it. Why if I was sugar or salt I would have dis- 
solved. But as it was I shook, I trembled and tears came in 
my eyes. I shall see you some day and tell you all about it, 
if nothing happens. Tell Indian scholars what whiskey will 
bring on a man if he drinks it often, or if he drinks it once 
and take enough of it. If they never drink it they never will 
be in a place like this. I hope you are well and doing weU. I 
am worse off than those that are sick. While I am pent up like 
I am now, when I look out through the window between the 
bars and see men and horses and everything free, I cannot 
tell you how I feel. I have no Bible to read or no Prayer 
Book to read, no Hymn Book to read. I am alone and lost, 
but I hope I shall find my way out soon. I have sinned 
against everything and everybody, but I shall take up my old 
mind and walk in the narrow path again for the rest of my 
life." 

Frank became quite a favorite while at the penitentiary, 
was made an assistant cook, and after his term expired, re- 
mained there in that capacity for some time. In '88, he re- 
turned to Standing Rock where he writes he has settled on 
a farm, and, that as interpreter for the Indians and in 
many ways, he has found some good to do. His record on 
the whole has been poor. 

Scholarship given by Mrs. Charles A. Miller; Cong'l S, S, 



3^34 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 

Thomas Goodwood, {Can-waste), full-blood, age 14, came under 
name of Yellow Elk, but took his father's name later. He re- 
turned July 6, '83, and finding how much he needed more ed- 
ucation came back the following November, bringing quite a 
party with him. 'He left the second time from the Middle 
Class, Nov. 22, '88. He at once took a position in the Agency 
carpenter shop, married a bright young Hampton girl, Carrie 
Elbow, (See Arrivals, Nov. '85), and has a comfortable and 
•pleasant home. Visitors speak of the young couple as models 
of neatness and good manners, examples worthy of imitation 
.anywhere. 

Scholarships given by T. B. Gardiner; Bethany Chapel, 
of Reformed Church, Brooklyn. 

|OHN TiAOKASiN, Looks-into-tJie-lodge, full blood, age 16. He had 
never had any advantages before coming and returned Sept. 
30, '84. He worked at his trade in the agency carpenter 
shops all winter and came back to Hampton the following 
April, intent upon learning more English and completing his 
trade. He returned home a second time, from the Junior 
Class, Jan. '87, but was unable to do heavy work on account 
of trouble with his back. He took up land when spring 
opened, married Rosa Fleets, (See Arrivals, Nov. '78) and both 
came back to Hampton for the third time to try life together 
in one of the Indian cottages. On March 4th, '88, a son was 
born and christened Richard in honor of Miss Richards, the 
•" Winona mother," and in May '89 all returned home. John 
has been one of the agency carpenters most of the time since 
and is soon to be put in charge of the shops at the sub-agen- 
cy on the Cannon Ball. Their home is neat, the child always 
clean and well dressed, and the father is spoken of as " doing 
splendidly," as "excellent" in industry, character and influ- 
ence. 

Scholarships given by St. George Church, N. Y.; Cres- 
cent Ave. S. S., Plainfield, N. J. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE, 385: 

PARTY FROM INDIAN TERRITORY. 

BROUGHT BY COL. TOWNSEND, INDIAN INSPECTOR, JUNE II, '82. 



FROM PAWNEE AGENCY. 

Charles Tati AH, full- blood Pawnee, age 18. A remarkably bright 
and interesting character, but delicate in health. After two 
years, May, '84, it seemed advisable that he go away for 
change of air, and, as he understood their language, he de- 
cided to go among the Arickareesat Fort Berthold for a year 
of teaching, and then return to Hampton. Arrangements 
were supposed to have been made for him in Washino-ton, 
but he arrived at the agency in May, '85, a stranger with no 
recommendation except his own word. No place was given 
him and he was obliged to work hard on insufficient food- 
and without help or care, and while very ill returned to In- 
dian Territory only to die soon after he reached there. A 
tragic ending of a very promising life. 

Scholarships given by Theological Seminary, Alexandria, 
Va., and Miss Edith Bryce. 



FROM SAC AND FOX AGENCY. 

Nellie Keokuk, nearly full-blood Sac and Fox, age it, niece and 
adopted daughter of chief Moses Keokuk. She had been to 
school before and spoke English well, but had lived too long 
on the reputation of her famous ancestor — the old Chief Ke- 
okuk— and had been too often styled "the Princess" to be- 
come a very satisfactory pupil. The spirit exhibited in the 
exclamation, "What, a Keokuk scrub a floor ! " was too thor- 
' oughly inborn to make the very practical life of a Hampton 
student easy or pleasant, even with the kind heart and cor- 
dial manner that could but attract friends. She returned 
May 26, '84, and soon after went to Haskell Institute, Law- 
rence, Kan. She remained there only a few months and 
then returned home, taught a short time in the school there, 
was taken sick and died in 1884, 

Scholarships given by E.T. Gill and Mrs. Annie S. Hooper, 

'Mary Adeline King, a quarter-blood Ottawa, age 15, step-daugh- 
■ ter of Moses Keokuk. She had been brought up among 



'386 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

white people, and spoke English, although a very indifferent 
scholar. Soon after her return. May 26, '84, she made an un- 
fortunate marriage and had a hard life until her husband's 
death three years later. In '88 she married Leo Whistler 
and has since been very happy in a pleasant home at the 
agency. She says her husband is the " best of best boys in 
the world " and her home has "everything for comfort in it." 
She occasionally remembers Hampton friends and writes: — 
"Oh, how I love t'ne place when it is too late to do me any 
good, but I have always been thankful that I staid as long as 
I did." 

Scholarships given by Miss M. F. Griffeth and F. D. 
Wheeler. 

Hattie Miles, a quarter- blood Sac and Fox, age 17, sister of Thom- 
as Miles, who came to Hampton soon after. She returned 
May 26, '84, soon after went with Nellie Keokuk to Haskell 
Institute, Lawrence, Kas., and remained there about a year, 
returning to take the position of laundress in the agency 
school. She remained there about a year, then married 
Michael King, an employe of the school, both retaining 
their positions for some time. Later he was appointed Mar- 
shal and Captain of Indian Police, and they started a "hotel" 
at the Agency. In '90 her husband died and since then her 
record of character has been very unsatisfactory. 
Scholarship given by Miss Annie C. Lowell. 

Antoine Gokey or Gautier, Kit-ti-kul-la-ho, (Spotted Tail), three- 
fourths Sac and Fox, about 25 years of age. He came June 
II, '82 with a young relative Nannicooto or Johnny Couteau. 
He had been living among drinking and gambling white and 
half-breed men, and had habits too firmly fixed to make it 
best to keep him here, and in Oct. '83, he returned home, 
leaving his protege behind to receive advantages he realized 
were beyond his own grasp. His record for industry was not 
good, but a generous heart prompted him to do acts of kind- 
ness that endeared him to many friends. A reckless life 
brought on disease and in March, 90, he died. 



Walter Battice, Pam-i-wa thas-kuk, seven-eighths Sac and Fox, 
age about 19, brought up among poor surroundings yet with 
a strong desire^for better things that led him, Oct. 26, '82, 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 387 

with his friend Miles, to break away from the old life of reck- 
lessness and come East for better training. He entered the In- 
dian classes and was graduated from the Normal department 
in '87. (See record Class of '87). He returned home soon after, 
and getting together a party of boys and girls returned with 
them to Hampton the next fall. He then entered the 
Bridgewater (Mass.) Normal School, graduating'trom a spec- 
ial course there in '89. The next fall he returned home to 
take a position as teacher in the Sac and Fox school and 
taught there a year, starting also a Sunday-school, with the 
help of other Hampton Students, and acting as Secretary for 
the Sac and Fox Nation on a regular salary. Intending to 
come East the next spring he resigned his position, in favor of 
Thos. Miles, but, failing in the first plan, opened a store in 
partnership with another young man, still retaining his posi- 
tion as Secretary of the Nation. Later he reorganized his 
business, starting with a new partner in a new place near 
Econtuchka. In Jan. '91, he married Rosa Makosato, daugh 
ter of the chief, sending out wedding cards and having a very 
pretty wedding at the house of a Hampton student, Mary 
King Whistler. He has not lived up to the high standard 
raised for him by his Eastern friends, but there is reason to 
hope for better conditions and better success in the future. 
Scholarship given by Miss Alice M. Longfellow. 
Thomas Miles, Mitch-u-ier-'wi-sJiek,2LQ^2irX.Qx blood Sac and Fox, age 
20, arrived Oct. 26, '82, with Walter Battice. He entered the 
Junior Class, was graduated (See record Class of '85) and re- 
turned home July 6, to take a position in the Government 
school there. He decided in these three summer months 
that as a physician he could be of most use to the people of 
his tribe and came back East to prepare for that profession. 
He spent one year in Meriden, N. H., to prepare more fully 
for the medical school, and the next year, entered the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia where, for two years, 
he kept above the average of his class. The second year his 
health failed and he was advised to make a change for a year 
received an appointment as teacher at home and returned 
there for that year. In '89 he returned to his studies strong- 
er in body and replenished in purse, paid his own way with 
the Government aid of $92, and would have graduated, but 
his eyes and health gave out again and he was obliged to give 
up once more and return home. As this meant over two years 
before the diploma could be expected, he married the girl 



388 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

(white) to whom he had been for some time engaged and to- 
gether they returned to teach at the Sac and Fox 'school. In 
'90 and '91 they were both at work at the school, he, besides 
his school work, acting as Treasurer of the Sac and Fox Na- 
tion, a position in which he had an opportunity to influence 
wisely the older men of his tribe who would otherwise be 
beyond his reach. Charges were preferred against him at 
Sac and Fox, but as yet they have not been proven. In '91 
he returned East and in '92 was graduated from the Universi- 
ty of Pennsylvania. 

Scholarship given by 2nd Congregational Sunday-School,. 
Putnam, Ct. 



FROM OMAHA AGENCY, NEBRASKA. 

BROUGHT BY MISS ALICE C. FLETCHER, AUG. 22, '82. 

In '82 Miss Fletcher, who had been allotting land in sever- 
alty to the Omahas, urged that Hampton try the experiment of edu- 
cating a few young married couples whom she should select. Accor- 
dingly two such couples were received and given apartments in Win- 
ona — the Indian girls' building — until model cottages could be made 
ready. The young men were put at the carpenter's trade, taught 
somewhat of house planning, and when, after a few months, the money 
was given to erect two cottages, they were put to work upon them, and 
as far as possible planned and built them themselves. The buildings 
were purposely simple and inexpensive and fitted with homemade fur- 
nishings, such as it would be possible to duplicate almost any where. 
The women were as earnest as the men in this home-building and, 
though busy with school duties much of the day, were taught the var- 
ious arts of home makmg and home keeping, and proved most earnest 
pupils. The success of these two couples encouraged the school" to 
put up other cottages and take other married students, and also in- 
spired Mrs. Sarah F. Kinney to plan an Association that should en- 
courage young home builders by lending them sums of money, without 
interest, sufficiently large to put up modest homes where they could 
live civilized, comfortable lives while earning the money that their 
houses would cost. Thus was started the Home Building Department 
of the Woman's National Indian Association. 

Nqah AND Lucy LaFlesche, both Omahas ; Noah full-blood, age 
27 ; Lucy, half-blood, age 21, a daughter of Joseph LaFlesche, 
a chief and leader among the progressive Ind,ians. Her fam" 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 389 

ily being higher in rank than Noah's, he was obliged on mar- 
rying her to take her name. She had been to school before, 
and after her first year entered the Normal Department, while 
Noah plodded on in the Indian School most faithfully. He 
returned in the Spring of '86 to start his farm, leaving Lucy 
behind to gain her diploma (See record Class of '86) and fol- 
low him a few months later. 

Money had been loaned by the Home Building Associa- 
tion, the plans and estimates made here, and 'ooth Noah and 
Philip went to work at once putting up nice two story houses 
after their simple plans. They helped each other with the 
heavy work and as soon as possible moved in. These homes 
are now models after which many have patterned, and the 
industry and good sense of these young men have been re- 
warded in a most encouraging way. Noah has about loo 
acres in wheat, oats, corn, flax and vegetables, a small orchard 
of apple trees, four good working teams, good cows, ponies, 
pigs and chickens. 

One year the wheat crop failed, but generally the farm 
has brought in enough for self support, to repay the borrowed 
money, and to make many improvements in the place and 
stock. They have no children, but have always "room for one 
more" in their hospitable home. One wmter Lucy had a night 
school for young men at her house, but it was broken up by 
individuals moving away too far to attend regularly. 

Scholarships given by Congregational Sunday School, 
Washington, Conn., and Mr. Frank Wood. 

Philip and Minnie Stabler, both full-blooded Omahas, ages 25 
and 22 respectively. They were relatives and old friends of 
the LaFlesches and came wiih them and under the same 
conditions, except that their family included a bright little 
boy, Eddie, about a year old. Minnie went as far as the Jun- 
ior Class, and Philip only through the Indian School, and 
both returned March 10, '85, well fitted for a life of self-sup- 
port and usefulness. The history of their home building is 
similar to that of the LaFlesches, already spoken of. Philip 
has, however, four children and consequently four allotments 
besides his own to look after, and has about twice as much 
land under cultivation as Noah. A striking illustration of the 
progress acquired is a long line of strong,neatly-built corn cribs 
and grain bins which Philip has put up to contain the pro- 
ducts, of his fields, thus keeping his grain until it commands 



2go TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

higher prices, instead of selhng it as"most Indians do as soon 
as harvested. Minnie is a' most as much of a farmer as her 
husband and has each year a vegetable garden, over which 
she is justly proud. Eddie has been three years in the Mis- 
sion school and says he is coming on to Hampton when he is 
a little older. 

In regard to his own history Philip says : " I do not know 
how old I am. Our Indian fathers and mothers do not keep 
account of how old we are, although they can judge of how 
old we are by some great event that happened about the 
same time. 

" Before I went to Hampton I worked but not for myself. 
I worked with my father. I did not work hard then. Some- 
times I would be idle for two or three hours a day. After I 
was married, then I worked for myself. I found the work too 
hard, so I asked the Agent for work. He gave me the work 
of a carpenter. I worked at the carpenter's trade for two 
years. I found that hard because I could not figure and did 
not know arithmetic. So I wanted to go to school. I asked 
my wife and she was willing. I went to Hampton m 1882. I 
got along very well, and helped myself. I learned the carpen- 
ter's trade again. I was there for about three years, then I 
came home in 188:5. 

" When I came home I took a new piece of land, as the 
old piece of land I had was bad and hilly. I had no house at 
first, so I lived in a tent. Some friends of mine lent me 
money and I built myself a house. I broke some of my land 
myself and also had some one break it for me. I have no 
acres broken. I planted about two acres of Cottonwood trees. 
I also have about fifteen apple trees set out and thirty-eight 
grape vines set out. I have also raspberry vines. I have 
elms, walnut, mulberry and box alder trees, also cherry trees. 
Whenever I saw what the white man had planted, then I 
wanted to plant the same, so I did. I have worked hard and 
I do all the work myself, as I have no hired man. I have 
only three common horses to work. I want to try it all, so 
I have cows, pigs, etc. 

" I have no". earned much by my crops because the prices 
have not been high. 

" I do not wear Indian clothes ; I dress in citizen's cloth- 
ing. I have never put on Indian dress. 

"I have four children now in my family. I think to my- 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE, 39 1 

self, my children are going to be educated. I think of noth- 
ing else but that they will be. 

Scholarships given by Banyer Clarkson, Susan Longstreth 
and Josephine Hillhouse. 
Guy Stabler, full bloooded Omaha, age ii, a nephew of Philip, and 
came with him. The cyclone that did so much destruction 
in Nebraska in '85 demolished entirely his not over-comfort- 
able home, and so injured his father that it seemed the eldest 
son's duty to go to the assistance of the family. He returned 
home June 22d, and has since had entire charge of the family 
allotments, amounting to nearly 700 acres, and has himselfs 
unaided, cultivated about 160 acres. He has not married, but 
has a large family of relatives dependent upon him. He has 
shown a great deal of character for one so young, has sent all 
the children to school— the eldest being still at Hampton — 
and has won a good name for industry and devotion to a 
worthy purpose. 

Scholarship given by Dr. Kittridge's Children and John H, 
Nettleton, 



George Green, full-blooded Onondaga, from Onondaga Castle, N. Y. 
age 16. He was brought by Miss Remington, a missionary 
among the Onondagas, October 10, '82, and returned October 
6, '82, for weakness of mind brought on by epileptic fits. He 
died soon after at a hospital in Syracuse. 



SIOUX PARTY FROM SOUTH DAKOTA. 

Brought by Rev. Thos. L. Riggs, December 23, 1882. 

FROM CHEYENNE RIVER AGENCY, S. D. 

Edna Traversie, half-blood, age 10, daughter of Paul Traversie, and 
a bright little sister of Mary (See arrivals, Nov. '79). She re- 
mained four years, making good improvement and returned 
home with Mary July, '86. Mary remained to help the family 
and Edna returned to Hampton the next year, November, '87, 
and 'was one of our most promising girls until September, '91, 
she was called home by an urgent appeal of her parents and 
married November ist to John Frasier, a half-blood agency 
farmer stationed at White Horses' Camp on the Moreau. 
Edna is all that a good housekeeper should be, and her home 



392 TWEN L Y-TWO years' WORK 

can never be other than well kept and well managed. 

Scholarships given by Miss Harriet Brayton; May Flower 
Mission Circle, Worcester; John H. Nettleton, 
Felicia Rivers, quarter-blood, age lo, a bright child brought up 
among English-speaking half bloods. She returned after 
four years, July 6, '86, and soon after went to the Roman 
Catholic School at Crow Creek, where she remained nntil '90. 
She then went to fill a position in the hew Government 
Boarding School, opened in Pierre, S. D. She was well 
spoken of there, and in '91 married a young German laborer 
living in Pierre. 

Scholarship given by First Congregational Church, Meri- 
den. Conn. 
William Benoist, half-blood, age 20, uncle of Felicia Rivers, and a 
member of a large half-blood family of considerable wealth in 
cattle. He had never had any educational advantages and 
could not, even after he had learned their value, add a single 
column of figure:, but would add any combination of objects 
with the greatest rapidity and exactness, a result of experience 
in counting cattle after a method of his own. He was a very 
earnest scholar while here, but returned after six months, 
June, '83, for reasons of his own He returned to his former 
business, herding, and has been so successful that in '91 he, 
with his brother, had a ranch so large that they were able to 
supply a large part of the beef required at the issue of rations 
to the Indians. Since '90 he has been the regular agency in- 
terpreter, besides carrying on his business. He has been 
married by Indian custom, and though he dresses well and 
appears the gentleman in many ways, has not been able to in- 
fluence his people as wisely as could be wished. 

Scholarship given by Miss J. A. Owen's S. S. Class, N. Y. 



FROM LOWER BRULE AGENCY, S. D. 

Maggie Bullhead, full-blood, age 14, daughter of Chief Bullhead. 
A bright and interesting child, but so deformed by scrofula 
that she was a pitiable sight. She returned to her father's 
house May 26. '84, had it fixed up to suit her taste, and.though 
very delicate, won an excellent name and in a quiet way ex- 
erted a strong influence upon those about her. She died in 
'87. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 393 ' 

Emma, or Amy, Fallis, half-blood, age 14. A bright but delicate 
girl, who found health and wise training in the home of a lady 
physician in Massachusetts, where she remained a year and a 
half. She returned October 19, '86, lived near the agency 
with her old grandmother, repulsed in a very spirited way the 
attentions of some white men at the agency, and in '87 mar- 
ried an excellent young man, Morris Langdon. They have a 
a large farm near old Fort George, a good herd of cattle, and 
are considered very prosperous. Amy has won the name of 
being an excellent housekeeper — an enthusiastic Indian visi- 
tor exclaiming after leaving, " Cleanest house, good, fine !" 
and the children, only one of whom is now living, have always 
been well cared for in a Chrsitian home. 

Scholarship given by the Hampton Club, Springfield, Mass. 

Sarah Leeds, 'Wicahpe-wasttwin (Beautiful Star), full-blood, about 
30 years of age. She had been well trained in Indian ways, 
and though rather old to make rapid headway, was earnest 
and patient. She returned on expiration of time, July 6, '85, 
and soon after married Left Hand Thunder, a man long past 
the prime of life, and began homemaking on an advanced 
scale that was a marvel to her friends. They have a good 
house and farm below White River and two neatly kept 
children. They have also many conveniences not common 
among Indians, among them a sewing machine. As a Christ- 
ian woman, her influence is strongly felt, and her hold upon 
her husband's respect has made a new man of him ; in fact, 
he is so under the civilizing influence of his wife that he is 
occasionally seen in white gloves. 

Scholarship given by Mrs. Annie S. Hooper. 

Ida Rencontre, ZHkanaziwin (Yellow Bird), three-quarter-blood, 
age 17, daughter of the agency interpreter. She was not very 
strong and spent most of her time in Massachusetts until 
obliged to return to a blind and helpless mother November 
25, '84. In '85 she was married to Benj. Ohitika Brave (See. 
arrivals, October, '81), and after her mother's death went to 
live at St. Albans, where her husband was teacher and farmer. 
The next year he was appointed catechist and teacher at 
Driving Hawk's camp and she assisted there until '90, when 
they returned to St. Albans and their farm. She is highly 
spoken of, has a pleasant house, with quite a library and two 
well kept children. 



394 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 

James Rencontre, three-quarter -blood Sioux, age lo, brother of Ida, 
a bright little fellow, but exceedingly scrofulous. He was re- 
turned May 26, '84, and soon after sent to Hope School,. 
Springfield, S. D., where he has been more or less of the time 
since. In '90 he returned and has been employed as a car- 
penter at the Agency. He is now a strong, manly fellow, has 
a farm at St. Albans, quite a wheat field and excellent ideas 
of what an Indian citizen should do and be. 

Scholarship given by Fourth Ave. Pres. S. S., N. Y. 

Philip and Kate Counsellor, both full-blood, ages 25 and 19 re- 
spectively. They came with their little son Charlie, about a 
year old, and took up their abode in a large room prepared 
for them in Winona. Katie devoted herself largely to house- 
work, and Philip, though he attended school half a day, made 
excellent progress at the carpenter's trade. They returned 
May 26, '84, Philip taking a position at once as agency car- 
penter. Later he took up land at St. Albans, built himself 
what the agent calls " the best house on the reservation", was 
made catechist by Bishop Hare and placed in charge of the 
chapel there. Katie was made president of the Women's So- 
ciety, which in one year raised $220 for church and mission - 
ary work, and both have been leaders and helpers in every- 
thing good and progressive, winning the respect of everybody 
who knew them. Their home has been a centre of influence 
in the St. Albans' settlement and is spoken of by all visitors 
as a model of its kind. In the summer of '90, Katie died of 
consumption, mourned by the whole settlement. The next 
January Philip married Sarah White Cow, at one time a 
Hampton student, and reorganized the old home life, but only 
for a few months. Sarah died the following August. (See arri- 
vals, September, '83). 

Charlie has been at Hope School in Springfield, S. D. two 
years and is a bright and promising boy. 

Scholarships given by Miss Alice Longfellow and Con- 
gregational S. S., Southport, Conn. 

James GoODROAtt, Canku-waste, full blooded Sioux, age 15, half- 
brother of Bushotter. He did not seem strong and was re- 
turned the foUowmg June, after five months' stay. He 
entered the Government School as a pupil, but soon after 
ran away with one of the school girls, thus closing their ca- 
reer as scholars. After a time they settled down to right liv- 
mg, lames doing what he could until in '90 they went to 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 395 

Pierre and both became employes of the new (Government 
Boarding School there. In '91 they were still holding their 
positions well spoken of by the superintendent. 

David Saul, Hepan (Second Born); a full-blood Sioux, age 15, step- 
son of Wm. Saul (See arrivals, October, '81). He returned on 
expiration of his time, July 6, '86. He had learned the shoe- 
maker's trade here and earned enough to buy a set of tools 
besides. Instead of waiting for Government or his friends to 
find something for him to do, he went to work to help him- 
self. He wrote to Hampton : " I think I am going to have a 
little shop in our house this winter. I ask you to send me 
shoemaker tools." After this he was given a place as shoe- 
maker in the Government School, but not long afterward the 
building burned down and he had to take up his first plan and 
establish a shop in his father's house. Mr. Saul was trans- 
ferred to a mission post at Rosebud, and David left shoemak- 
ing for ''farming, finding that more profitable. For the last 
few years his record has been very unsatisfactory. 

Scholarships given by H. M. Kapp; Rev. W. H. Holman. 



FROM INDIAN TERRITORY AND NEW YORK IN 1883. 

Frank GOODBOO, quarter blood Miami, from Shawneetown,. Indian 
Territory, arrived by himself in February, '83. He had been 
reared among white people of apparently doubtful character, 
and was well versed in the language and life of that class. 
He improved a great deal here, and after his return, April 22, 
'89, was spoken of as " most gentlemanly and well-behaved." 
The life of clerk in the frontier stores of Oklahoma did not 
prove elevating, and in '89 he was hardly more than a wreck 
through intemperance and kindred vices. Though polite 
kind and well meaning, he was too weak to withstand the 
temptations he allowed himself to be thrown among. 
Scholarship given by Union S. S., Marlboro, Mass. 

Charles Doxson, full-blood Onondaga, from Onondaga Castle, N. 
Y., age 17. He arrived October 22, '83, on the basis of a work 
student, the Onondagas having no help from the Government. 
For two years he worked all day at the engineer's trade, at- 
tending the Night School with the colored work students. 
Such constant work and study proved too great a strain upon 



396 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

an Indian constitution, and he was taken into the regular In- 
dian classes and then into the Normal School from which he 
was graduated in '89 (See records, Class of '89), While here he 
had charge of the large Corliss engine at the mill, a position 
of considerable responsibility, and later, as janitor of the 
Wigwam, proved himself equally faithful and trustworthy. He 
returned home June, '89, and finding the position he had pre- 
pared himself to take filled by another, and nothing else to do, 
he decided to leave his own people, and, going to Syracuse, 
soon found employment as a stationary engineer in Sweet's 
Manufacturing Co., a good paying position which he has held 
until recently. He is now employed in the N. Y. Central Rail 
Road Shops, running the stationary engine. Through his in- 
fluence several excellent young men have come to Hampton 
on the work student basis, learned their trades and have been 
a credit to their friend and to the school. 

Scholarships given hj Congregational S. S., Beverly, 
Mass., and Wide Awake Society, Springfield, Mass. 

John Farmer, full-blood Onondaga, age 17, came with Chas. Doxson 
October 22, '83, and like him, received no help from the Gov- 
ernment. He spoke very little English and was not strong, 
so that after two years at hard work all day as carpenter and 
two hours of night school, his courage failed and he returned 
to his home July 23, '85. Reports show that he is industrious 
and well behaved and that he has done some excellent work 
at his trade. 

Scholarship given by Mrs. Benjamin Swan. 

Thomas Bowman, Aea-la-Jw-ra-ca (Horse-from-a-distant-country), 
a full-blood Pawnee, age 17, came alone from Pawnee Agency 
November 3, '%•}). A remarkably promising young man in 
every way, but though large and apparently strong, had con- 
sumption as an inheritance, and at the first signs of breaking 
down was returned July 6, '85, hoping a change might pro- 
' long so valuable a life. The reverse seems to have been the 
result, for the following. January he died, leaving the record 
of a true and earnest life in the hearts of all who knew him 
here or at home. He was very skilful with his brush, and 
many very fair water-color sketches of Indian life yet remain, 
treasured by the friends who knew and admired the young 
artist. 

Scholars hip given by Y. M. C. A. S. S., Lawrence, Mass. 
Gen. D. P.Wood. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 397 



SIOUX PARTY FROM SOUTH DAKOTA. 

Brought by Capt. George Le Roy Brown, September 22, 1885. 

FROM CHEYENNE RIVER AGENCY. 

Sophie Laundet, half-blood, age 12. A bright young girl who re- 
turned at the expiration of her term, July 6, '87, and the next 
fall entered the Roman Catholic School at Crow Creek. She 
remained there for three or four years and then married Chas 
Ducharme and went to start a home on the Moreau river, 
where she was still living in 1891. 

Scholarship given by G. D. Coleman. 

John Garreau, half-blood, age 17. An excellent young man and 
very promising, but the eldest son in a large family that felt 
it needed him at home. At the request of parents, mission- 
ary and agent he returned October 19, '86. He at once found 
employment at the military post, Fort Bennett, as a harness 
maker, and worked there, while living and helping at home. 
In '90 he married one of the best tramed of the St. John's 
School girls, Lily Yardley, and both have still been employed 
there much of the time, he as a man of all work about the 
school and farm. 

Scholarship given by Miss J. A. Owens' S. S. Class, N.Y. 

Theodore Little Boy Miller, Hoksina-czstina, full-blood, age 13 
A bright and interesting young boy, and one from whom 
much was expected, but whose health failed very suddenly 
He was sent home July 6, '86, hoping he might rally in the 
bracing Dakota air, but he died in a few months, leaving a 
good record. 

Scholarship given by Mrs. Hunting's Bible Class., N. Y. 



FROM CROW CREEK AGENCY. 

Rosa Blake, full-blood, about 12 years of age, daughter of Brother- 
of-all. A sweet faced, delicate child whose health would not 
allow her to stay long enough to fulfil her father's ambition 
regarding her. She returned home September 30, '84, and 
died a few months after. She was bright as a student, and 
after being here only a few months, wrote her father a let- 
ter that pleased him so much that he had it read aloud to the 



2g8 TWENTY- TWO YEARS' WORK 

Indians assembled in the agent's office. The agent, replying 
to the letter for the father, says to Rosa : " Your father wants 
me to tell you he loves your letter very much. He keeps it 
under his arm all the time. He is very proud of it. All the 
family are well. Your pony is fat and fine ; your dog has six 
pups. He hopes you are well and happy. He wants you to 
learn all you can and do what the teachers want you to do. 
He loves you in his heart and wants you to grow up a good 
and wise woman. He wants you to write to him in English. 
He shakes hands with you. This is from Brother-of-AU to 
his daughter Rosa." 

Hattie Cook, fuU-blOod, age 14. A bright but wayward girl, upon 
whom neither stern nor gentle discipline seemed to have much 
effect. After four years of patient training which showed so 
little result, she was sent home September 20, '87. She soon 
after married by Indian custom and has not made a good re- 
cord. 

Scholarships given by John H. Nettleton. 

Lizzie Unspesni (Don't-Know-How), full- blood, age 17, daughter of 
D. K. Howe and sister of Ziewie, one of the first girls to come 
to Hampton. She did not seem able to remain and was 
returned September 30, '84; soon after married by Indian cus- 
tom at Lower Brule and seemed to have gone back to Indian 
ways,externally atleast. About '87 she married, legally, a young 
man of character, for some time the agency blacksmith, and 
has since led a very different life. They now live on a farm 
at Cedar Creek, have a good house, two very nice, well dressed 
children, and both are highly spoken of. William is a "pro- 
gressive " and Lizzie vice-president of the Woman's Society, 
both throwing their influence on the right side. 

Scholarships given by a Connecticut lady through J. & S. 
Ferguson, and Mrs. Chas. N. Miller. 

Santee Single Feather, W iyaka-wanj ina, (Single Feather), or as 
he now signs himself, William Santee, full-blood, age 17. 
A very bright, handsome and interesting young man, but del- 
icate. He showed signs of breaking down, and was soon 
returned, May 26, '84. He had been in the carpenter's shop 
at the agency before he came, and returned to take the same 
position theie. He soon after married a Government School 
girl, Ida Briggs, and at once established a neat little home at 
the agency. In this matter he had to endure considerable for 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 395 

•conscience sake, for his wife was the granddaughter of an old 
woman strongly opposed to the white man's way of taking a 
wife without paying for her, and firmly refused her consent to 
the wedding, which was announced to take place in the 
church, until certain ponies should be given her. Santee as 
firmly refused to commit himself to any part of the Indian 
ceremony, but as the old lady finally learned to smile upon 
the affair, it has been surmised that by some unceremonious 
way an equivalent had been conceded by the young man's 
friends. 

Two or three years later he started a farm near the Crow 
Creek and went out there to live. He has done considerable 
carpentry for others, and his own little home, both within and 
without, shows the mark of skilful hands. The first siory of 
carefully hewn logs, the half- story above of lumber, and this, 
with its shingled roof, makes the very pretty cottage a model 
ol its kind. Every one speaks of the young man in the high- 
est terms, and in the church and progressive work generally, 
he is a valued helper. He has one little son, Oliver. 
Scholarship given by Miss Grace Learned. 



FROM LOWER BRULE AGENCY. 

Sarah Whlte Cow, or Fire Thunder, full-blood, age 20. She was 
badly afflicted with scrofula and considerabl}^ past the age 
when the primer hath charms, and her return home was 
thought best. She went May 26, '84, and for several years made 
her home with her brother,the Capt. of Police, whose namelFire 
Thunder, she took. Her life there seemed to be a happy and 
useful one, and she found considerable to do in the Woman's 
Society of the church and for others. She bore the Indian 
equivalent of " old maid " with dignity for nearly nine years, 
when her ideal seem to have been reached in the person 
of the Indian catechist of St. Albans, Philip Councillor, a 
Hampton student and a man of force and character (See arri- 
vals, December, '82). She married him January, '91, and 
lound a large field of usefulness in his parish, but her strength 
was not equal to the demands made upon it, and she died the 
following August. Before her death she made a will which 
bequeathed her household and. other property to friends, in 
such a way that it wonld be impossible for her heathen 



40D TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

relatives to burn or give away her belongings according to 
their old custom. 

Charles Hoop- Cloud, Mahpiya-cajikdeska, full-blood, age 16, a 
very bright and interesting boy who had been at school at the 
agency and knew a little English, He was found to be in 
consumption and returned home the following May. His re- 
cord at home was short but telling, and showed a noble 
Christian character. He died March, '85. 

Scholarship given by Indian Aid Society, Episcopal 
church, Providence, R. I. 

Looking Eagle, Wajiibdi-wakita, full-blood, age 19. A boy with 
few advantages, natural or otherwise, and directly from camp 
and camp life. He proved to be consumptive and scrofulous 
and was returned after eight months. May 26, '84. He was 
not strong enough to assert himself, and returned to his fam- 
ily and became one of them. Nothing has ever been heard 
against his character, but externally at least, he " went 
back to the blanket" until in '88 he married a Christian girl 
in church and started a place of his own at old Fort George. 
He now has short hair, wears citizen's clothes and belongs to 
the progressive party. 

Scholarship given by First Presbyterian S. S., East 
Orange, N. J. 

Felix Omana, or Omaha, or Bite-Off, Homna (Smells-of-Fish), 
full-blood, age 12. Returned September 30, '84, on account 
of scrofulous trouble with his eyes. He partially recovered 
and earned a good reputation for industry and right living. 
November , '88, he again came to Hampton, as Felix Omaha. 
He was still suffering from scrofula and application to study 
proved bad for his eyes, and he again returned July 30, '90. 
He found employment as clerk in the trader's store and was 
there most of the time until his death, December 20, '91. 

Scholarships given by Mrs. Mary Louise Joy; Mrs. Geo. 
R. Russell; Mrs. C. L. S. Dickson. 

Andrew Roberts, full- blood, age 21. A most earnest and devoted 
Christian young man. He had been a short time in the agency 
school and under Rev. Mr. Walker's especial care for some 
time before coming East, and spoke a very little English. His 
eyes had been so badly diseased that sight was rapidly failing 
and h'e was never able to study much. He, however, took 
advantage of every opportunity, and not only kept at the lead 
of his class, but gained a great deal of outside information. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 401 

His lungs being also unsound, he reluctantly turned 
his face homeward May 26, '84, and sought a home at the 
Government School there. He was put in charge of the 
boys, taught them what he could and managed to learn con- 
siderable at odd times. He was devoted to his old mother 
and did a great deal for her and her home until his death in 
July, '87. He was loved and respected by a large circle of 
relatives, old and young, heathen and Christian. 
Red Bear, Mato-luta, full-blood, age 17. Consumptive and scrofu- 
lous when he came, and returned November 25, '84. A good 
quiet boy, son of heathen parents, one whose opportunities 
were too limited to make much show, but whose life seemed to 
have undergone a decided change between the time of his 
coming and his return to the old home. His death, which 
occurred not long after, shows that even his one year in a 
Christian school was worth fully all that it cost. 

Scholarship given by Wm. G. Low. 
Red Fish, Hogan-Iutn, full-blood, age 17. Son of Chief Big Mane, 
a large, strongly-built young man, and what was still more 
unusual, dicidedly stout. He was quick, bright and very 
promising, but,when about to commence his second year, 
broke down suddenly and completely and was at once sent 
home wibh his friend, Red Bear. He lived hardly a month 
after, dying December, 1884. 

Scholarship given by B. H. Bartol. 
Andrew Sagyeonkte (Cane-to- kill-with), half-blood, age 15. He 
was found to be scrofulous and unruly and was returned Sep- 
tember 30, '84. He made his home with his brother, Long 
Turkey, who lived on an island opposite the town of Cham- 
berlain. Andrew helped his brother chop wood to sell in the 
town and made a good record until his death in March, 1885. 

Scholarship given by Mrs. M. W. Striker's S. S. Class, 
Holyoke, Mass. 
Stephen Voice of the Cloud, Mahpiya-hotona, full-blood, age 18. 
He was an earnest, rehable boy, but consumptive and obliged 
to return the next fall, September 30, '84. In his short stay 
here he managed to get considerable knowledge from books 
and otherwise, and on his return put into practice what he 
had gained being highly commended by all. He lived 
along, doing what he could, until February 13, '88, when he 
died. Miss Tileston, in writing from Lower Brule Agency, 



402 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

said : " Since his return he has borne himself straight and well 
as far as I can learn. Last winter he came to see us quite 
often, though living across White River. In the spring I re- 
member perfectly his energy at the plow, always bright and 
earnest as well as skilful in his work. I saw him the day be- 
fore he died, lying in a half unconscious state on the neatly- 
kept bed, a sheet over him, but his head uncovered and his 
clean shirt showing how, even to the last hour, he held his 
self-respect The room was carefully swept, although all his 
family are heathen Indians. His poor mother sat on her 
blanket a little way from the bed, utterly heartbroken and 
utterly ignorant of the little things she would have been only 
too glad to do could she have known. His old grandmother 
.sobbed with her face in her hands, and his little brother 
waited patiently beside him to do his bidding should he 
awake. Pinned on the white cloth which was stretched on 
the wall all about the bed was the picture of General Arm- 
strong, the only attempt at decoration in the b.ire room. He 
recognized me before I left, but could not speak. 

The funeral was from the school house, both rooms filled 
as they had never been before with people who seemed really 
to mourn the loss of a friend. 

One incident of his illness was a strikmg example of his 
life. His father wanted to call a medicine-man. Instead he 
asked all the Christian young men to come, and they spent 
the night in singing hymns and praying. His father never 
spoke to him again, and yet Stephen never showed a sign of 
regret that he had resisted the old Dakota custom. Surely 

I for such the words,' Well done, thou good and faithful ser- 

; • yant,' were spoken." 



WINNEBAGO CHILDREN, 

Brought by Julia St. Cyr, November 2, 18S3, 

FROM WINNEBAGO AGENCY, NEB. 

Carrie Alexander, full- blood, age 10. Very bright and interesting 
child, but consumptive, and on that account returned Sep- 
tember 30, '84. She died the following February. 
Scholarship given by Miss Mabel Bacon. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 



-403 



Fannie Earth, half-blood, age 9, daughter of My Soul. Returned 
January 21, '87, on expiration of time, at her parents" re- 
quest. A very wayward child at school, but improved very 
much, and would have been allowed to return, as she desired, 
the next fall had it been possible. She was married in '88 by 
Indian custom, and now lives to all appearances as does the 
rest of the tribe, though her letters show that a very different 
life is gomg on beneath, and that she can see advantages she 
has lost and urge them upon others as she could never have 
done had she not known them herself. Her husband, White 
Snake, is a tall, boyish-looking fellow.and they have a plump, 
well-kept baby about a year old. Both husband and wife are 
hardly more than children, and seem rather to be " playmg 
house " in their neat little mat-covered hut, than really liv- 
ing. A few years will doubtless find them much improved. 
. Scholarship given by Winthrop S. S. Holbrook, Mass. 

Grace Dkcora, full blood, age 11, daughter of Young Decora. She 
was a bright girl, with a very unusual taste and skill in music, 
but deformed by curvature of the spine and unable to do hard 
work. We would gladly have kept her longer, but it was im- 
possible to persuade her heathen parents that it was best, and 
we were forced to let her go June 2, '87. In the home to 
which she returned there is no chance for growth except 
backward, and life has been hard. In her letters she says : 
" I don't want you to think that because I live like an Indian 
I have forgotten what I have learned. I am Christian though 
my people are not." And agam : " I am outside like Indians 
but inside Christian still." In '91 she married an elderly man. 
Whirling Thunder, and is now more independent in her man- 
ner of living, and may yet be able to live a life that shall bring 
happiness to herself and credit to her training. 

Scholarships given by Missionary Society, Brick Church, 
Rochester, N. Y., and Caroline E. Cope. 

Angel Decora, half-blood, age 13, daughter of David Decora, a 
bright young girl who improved very much and returned June 
21, '87. She lived with relatives over a year and came back 
November 10, '88. and was graduated in '91. She has unusual 
talent for music and drawing and wishes to make that her 
specialty. She has been for a year in a pleasant home in 
Northampton. Miss. where she assists in the housework as an 



404 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

equivalent for her board, and attending Miss Burnam's Schools, 
taking a special course. She will remain East until qualified 
to hold some position that shall make her self supporting and 
independent of her Indian friends. 

Scholarships given b}^ Miss M. Griffith, Miss A. C. Lowell. 



PARTY OF GIRLS FROM CROW CREEK, 

Brought by Rev. J. J. Gravatt, April 5, 1884. " 

Mamie Snow, or Bowed Head, full-blood, age 8 years, neiceof Chief 
Bowed Head. She came with her sister Lora, but was a del- 
icate child, and on expiration of her term of three years, Sep- 
tember 20, '87, returned to Dakota, where she soon found a 
permanent home with Miss Grace Howard. Before the un- 
cle's death Mamie was formally adopted by Miss Howard and 
has since enjoyed all the advantages of a younger sister. In 
'91 she spent a winter in New York city with Miss Howard's 
family, sharing all that fashionable society there can afford a 
young girl. This new experience of luxury seems not to have 
had any ill effects, however, and life at Grace Mission later 
was taken up and carried on in the same quiet spirit of help- 
fulness as before. Besides being quite a housekeeper, Mamie 
is very skilful with her needle, and has certain responsibilities 
in the large household there that shows character and prom- 
ise of greater usefulness later on. In the fall of '91 she entered 
a large private school at Sioux Falls and is still there, the only 
Indian among a large number of white young ladies. 

Scholarships given by Miss Edith Rockefeller, Mr. F. B. 
Knowles. 
Emma Goodform, Tancan-waste, full-blood, age 19, daughter of 
Grease. She returned July 6, '85, on account of ill health but 
did so very well in every way, that her request to return, on 
the physician's recommendation, was granted, and she came 
back October 14, '87. She remained here three years longer 
returning July 30, '90. She found employment at once as a 
seamstress at Grace Mission, under Miss Howard's care, and 
has been making that her home ever since. She dresses and 
appears well and has made a good record for industry and 
character. 

Scholarship given by Miss Sarah R. Osgood. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 40$' 

Mabel Thrown-Away, or Gray, full-blood, age 14, daughter of 
Thrown-Away, one of the leading men at the agency. A 
beautiful girl, bright and interesting, but subject to severe and 
serious attacks of heart disease. She went home February 6, 
'85, to a large heathen family, and by tact and force of char- 
acter did a most wonderful work among her friends. Hef 
father became a Christian, also a judge ; the children were put 
in to school and the home changed as much as possible. Though 
she lived but a year, her influence has never waned and her 
whole family are still on the side of Christianity and civiliza- 
tion. Another instance of her influence appears in the life of 
a wild young cousin who, through love of her and respect for 
her new ways, gave up his dancing and other objectionable 
habits, opened up a farm, became an earnest Christian, and 
for her sake led a new life. Being a young man of strength 
and influence, he himself came to Hampton, and has returned 
to teach, preach and live what he has learned. (See Homer 
Clark, arrivals of November, '88). 

Scholarship given by " H. H. Club," Brooklyn. 
Amy Wizi, full-blood, age 14, daughter of Chief Wizi. A bright but deli- 
cate young girl, and an only daughter, whose parents were very 
anxious for her success. She was not strong enough to re- 
main longer and returned July 6, '85. She has been employed 
much of the time at the Government School and seems to 
have given satisfaction there. Her father, by virtue of his 
position, has a large frame house at the agency, and this has 
been so thoroughly reconstructed by the daughter of the 
household, that a chance visitor would find everything in the 
neatest possible order, sewing machines, books, pictures, and 
many little luxuries, making the room expressly assigned to 
her exceedingly homelike and pretty. In striking contrast to 
this stands near by an old-time log cabin, specially devoted 
to the old grandmother and others, who do not feel quite at 
home amid surroundings so refined and floors so very clean. 
In speaking about the reconstruction in his household, the 
father said to the Hampton students while on a. visit here: "I 
did not know my house was not clean, but my daughter, she 
knows it. She always sees and keeps things clean." 

Amy was married by the Presbyterian missionary to a 
worthless fellow, a Hampton student from Yankton, not 
legally divorced from his former wife, and finding out her mis- 
take returned at once to her father's house. She remained 



406 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

there quietly living down her misfortune until in '92, some 
time after her former husband's death, when she was again 
married, this time to an industrious young Hampton student, 
Henry Jacobs. 

Scholarship given by E. J. Moore. 
Yellow Star, Wicahpi-ziiuin, or Stella Black, as she is now 
called, full-blood, age 9, daughter of Black-in-side. She was 
exceeding!}' scrofulous by inheritance, and was returned July 
6, '85. After a time she was taken into the Government 
School at the agency, and later went to the training school at 
Genoa, Neb. In '91 she returned home and has since been 
living quietly with her father, near the agency. She is a neat, 
ladylike girl and speaks English easily and well. 

Scholarship given by Girls' Classical School, Northampton, 
Mass. 



PARTY OF SIOUX FROM DAKOTA, 

Brought by Rev. H. B. Frissell, June 28, 1884, 

FROM STANDING ROCK. 

Pretty Bird, Zitkana-wastcwm, full-blood, age 16, daughter of 
Cetan-kawinge. She proved not to be a promising pupil and 
was returned the following May. She soon after married 
Louis Sitting Bull, by Indian custom, and lived at Grand 
River. In '88 she left Standing Rock and went to Pine 
Ridge where she married and is still living. Considering her 
natural proclivities and meagre advantages she has done very 
well, and has won many friends by her willingness to wash 
and scrub, and to help wherever she is needed in private fam- 
ilies, a thing so hard to find an Indian woman willing to do. 
Scholarship given by the Misses Thurston. 

Celeste Pamant, full-blood, age 18, wife of Frank Pamani (See arri- 
vals, November, '78), and came with him to Hampton. Too 
delicate to remain long, they returned in '85, and after a time 
went to his old home at Crow Creek. Celeste has always 
done well, dresses neatly in the white woman's way, keeps a 
good house, and is verj' efficient in the woman's sewing soci- 
ety. Her childrien^have all died in infancy, and she has had 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 407 

much discouragement in regard to her husband, but appears 
not to have let it affect her bearing nor injure her influence. 
She has done exceedingly well. 

Joseph Arrow, Wahinkpe, full-blood, age 17. Not very strong men- 
tally and subject to most violent hysterical fits. Was returned 
July 6, '85, and soon after went to Santee to school. In 'Z^ 
he was at Grand River and well spoken of. Later efforts to 
find him have been unsuccessful. We hear that he has died. 

Benedict Cihila, full-blood, age 22, son of Rante-maza. He was 
an exceedingly earnest and thoughtful young man and made 
the very most of his year here. His lungs were diseased when 
he came, and though he was anxious to stay, it seemed best to 
send him back and he returned April 13, '86. Before he came 
he had married according to the Indian custom,' and on his 
return went back to his wife, making as comfortable and pleas- 
ant a home as possible. Shortly before his death the follow- 
ing January he had his marriage solemnized by the church 
and did his best to leave a good record in every respect. 

Scholarship given by Congregational S. S., Gt. Barring- 
ton, Mass. 

Lawrence Industrious, Bh'hcca, full-blood, age 18. He was earnest 
and promising, but too delicate to stand the strain of school 
life. He returned November 3, '85, to his home on Grand 
River and has done very well indeed. He was for some time 
with Miss Collins, as helper in her mission work, and did well 
there. He has asked several times to return to Hampton, but 
the health risks have seemed too great. In '90 he and his 
wife acted as driver and cook for Miss Goodale on her trips 
about the reservation inspecting schools, and won from her 
most cordial praise. During the Indian excitement he did 
nobly in resisting the entreaties of his heathen friends to join 
the Ghost Dance, and has since built himself a nice house at 
Pine Ridge and is doing well. He is said to be an "excellent 
character,"to be "temperate and reliable." 
Scholarship given by B. H. Bartol. 

Eugene Iron Necklace, Maza-wannapin, full-blood, age 17. Son 
of Maza-wannapin. He made good progress in his three years 
here and returned September 20, '87. He at once took up his 
land and went to work on it, "doing well," the agent wrote. 



4o8 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

In '91 he enlisted in the United States Army at Fort Yates, 
and it was said soon after, that for neatness and good English 
he would be made a non-commissioned officer. He was highly- 
spoken of by his officers and has altogether made a good re- 
cord as a progressive, industrious, reliable young man. 

Scholarship given by Second Congregational S. S., West 
Winstead, Conn. 

Charles Rabbit, Mastmcala, full-blood, age 19, son of He-sapa. 
Had never known confinement and though large and appar- 
ently strong, seemed to be breaking down and so was returned 
September 30, '84. He entered the agency blacksmith shop 
and worked industriously there, until shortly before his 
death in January, '92, giving every satisfaction. His wife is a 
member of the Blue Veil Society, an association of progressive 
women in the Roman Catholic Church, and conducts hei 
household in a civilized and Christian way. 

Lucas Shield, WahacMtka, full-blood, age 18. Rather a bright boy, 
but not physically strong. He returned July 6, '85, to his 
home at Grand River, and soon after married Julia Kathleen, 
a returned Hampton student (See arrivals, August, '86), and 
set up a home near Miss Collins' Mission, where he occasion- 
ally helped in school and religious work. Miss Collins writes 
in the Word Carrier of his tragic death •.- " Like many hand- 
some white boys he was spoiled by his friends and relatives. 
He went away to school (Hampton), learned to talk English, 
and when he returned was a great help in the church work. 
He became a Christian, united with the church and was mar- 
ried sacredly to one of our best girls, also from Hampton. 
His trouble began when he went away on a visit to another 
agency. A young half-breed girl, seeing his handsome face, 
began in many ways to influence him, and finally succeeded 
in winning him. He was fnarried to her. When the agent 
there found out that he was married to a good woman here, 
he ordered his return. Luke wrote a letter stating that he had 
disgraced himself and was ashamed to return here. And so, 
with a revolver, he ended his life. He leaves one little daugh- 
ter." 

Scholarship given by S. S. West Point, N. Y. 

Jerome Wosica, full-blood, age 21, son of Iron Eye, Lieutenant of 
Police. He was a thorough-going, honest man, and made 
the most of his opportunities here. He returned on ex- 



OF HAMPTON INfiTITUTE. 409 

piration of time, June 21, '87, and has since been steadily at 
work, first in the agency carpenter shop, then on the agency 
herd, and now on his own place and at the Blackfeet School. 
He has had good success and is respected by all. His home is 
neat and clean, his wife and child well cared for and he him- 
self very neat and exemplary in appearance and life. 

Scholarship given by Miss Susie McWilliams; Pearl St. 
Cong. S. S., Hartford, Conn.; Ivison, Blakeman & Taylor. 



FROM CHEYExNNE RIVER AGENCY. 

Albert Cedar Boy, full-blood, age 17, a former pupil of the Gov- 
ernment school and a promising boy, until inherited tenden- 
cies made themselves too apparent. He was kept here and at 
the Shellbanks four years, hoping to save him, but was finally 
returned May 28, '88. He appeared well always, was very in- 
dustrious, but did not make a good record otherwise. He 
died July, '89. 

Scholarships given by Pres. S. S., Catskill, N. Y.; Mrs. M. 
L. Joy. 

Arthur Crow Boy, Kangi-hoksina, full-blood, age 16, former pupil 
of the Government school. He was a delicate boy, but 
thoughtful and earnest, doing his best, which was very well in- 
deed, at both studies and work, until he broke down com- 
pletely and was sent home to clamorous relatives, who when 
he did get there, were helpless to so much as feed him prop- 
erly. He died three months later, January, '87. 

Scholarship given by Dana Hall, Wellesley, Mass. 

Louis Rattlini; Rib, full-blood, age 15, sonof chief Rattling Rib and 
former pupil of the Government school. He met with an ac- 
cident while here that made his return home seem best, and 
he went July 6, '85. He made a good record and applied 
to come back not long after, but it did not seem best. In 
'90 he again applied and his request was granted, but was 
so long in reaching him that when it did, he was holding a 
paying position in the agency shops and the agent advised 
his remaining there. He has since been interpreter for the 
allotting agent, earning good wages, but is still anxious to 
attend some school and improve himself. He dresses well, 
appears well and has manners quite equal to a young man of 
better opportunities. 



4lO TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

Charles Spotted Eyes, Ista-gleska, full-blood, age 19, large, strong- 
looking man, with weak lungs, who returned the next year 
July 6, '85. Not finding work at home he went to Crow 
Creek, found employment as a carpenter, and worked there 
pretty constantly until he took up land at the Big Bend, 
some forty miles away, and went there to live. He has a 
beautiful wife, Nellie, one of the Government school girls, 
and lives in a fairly civilized way. His record has, however, 
been poor. 

Scholarship given by E. C. Mack. 

Yuzpu, full-blood, devoted friend and protege of Spotted Eyes, 
gentle, delicate and unusually fine looking. He returned home 
the next March and died not long after. 

Harry Woodface,, Ite-can, full-blood, age 15, son of Iron Foot, and 
former pupil of the Government school. He did well here 
as a student, but returned after four years, September 25, 
'88, hardly established enough for success. The next year 
he was very ill and was reported to be dead, but in the fall 
of '91, while riding over the prairie, I met a fine looking, well 
dressed young man who had the unmistakable air of a 
Hampton student, and who proved to be none other than 
Mr. Woodface himself, bound for Fort Bennett, where he was 
about to enlist as a regular soldier. He has since been trans- 
ferred to Fort Meade and says he likes the army verj^ much_ 
Scholarship given by Mrs. Geo. Russell. 



FROM CROW CREEK AGENCY. 

Ellen Burt, full-blood, age 18, a gentle, sweet-faced girl who had 
been well trained in many ways by the missionary before com- 
ing here. She was so very delicate that, though she begged 
to stay, it was thought best that she should return, and she 
reluctantly gave up her chance of an education and went 
back the next September. She had, however, picked up a 
great deal in her few months here, and in the two years she 
lived after her return, did her very best to influence a large 
heathen family to adopt the new way. Her death occurred 
March 4, '86, but to-day every member of her family is in the 
Church and following, to some degree, the example so devot- 
edly set them. 

Scholarship given by Congregational church, Southport, 
Conn. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE, 4ir 

Nancy Begs-For-Her, full-blood, age about 30. She w_is [cund to 
be physically incapable of much progress, and so reairned tJie 
following September. She died not long after. 

Alice Sacred Iron, IVakan-maza, full-blood, age 17. A beautiful 
girl, bright and interesting, but exceedingly fragile and obliged 
to return the following September. She was a cousin of 
Pretty Hand, and came to Hampton through his influence. 
She returned to a heathen home and died about a year after- 
wards in '87. Her husband, John Voice, decided to come to 
Hampton (See arrivals, October, '87), and though he could 
not remain long enough to accomplish great things, yet is to 
some extent carrying forward the movement toward civiliza- 
toon which she would wish from him. 

Joseph Pretty Hand, Nape-waste, full-blood, age 21. A remarka- 
bly handsome young man, bright and earnest. He had never 
been to school and spoke no English, but made good pro- 
gress here in both school and wofk, and returned on 
expiration of time, June, '%"] . He found work at once in the 
carpenter shop — a trade he knew well -but was anxious for 
more education and came back the next fall. He was, how- 
ever, in consumption and obliged to return in less than a year, 
July 17, '88. Though never able to do heavy work he did 
much to help Miss Howard in her new mission at Crow 
Creek, and when he died the next November, at his sister's^ 
he left a work which no man can measure. He was the only^ 
Christian in a large and influential family, and his first thought 
and work was for them. His death seemed to break in upon 
the work he had hoped to do, but the seed he had planted _ 
watered and tended by Miss Howard, has borne fruit to such 
an extent that every member,but one, of this family of twenty, 
is in civilized dress and home, is a member of the Church and 
is bringing up his children in ways of civilization and Christ- 
ianity. 

Scholarship given by Calvary church, N. Y,, and Indian 
Aid Society Episcopal Ch., Providence, R. I. 

Alfred Crow, Artw^/, full-blood, age 16. A most peculiar and un- 
prepossessing subject, but one who improved very much 
in his three years here. He returned September 20, '87, 
hardly prepared for great things, but with a trade and 
a vocabulary well started. He has worked in the agency 
carpenter shops and on his farm, and has done fairly well in- 
dustrially. He has, however married by Indian custom and 
has not always been well reported upon. 

Scholarships given bv Mary Louise Joy; Holy Trinitv S. S., 

N. y. 



412 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

Eugene First Hail, Wasu-tokakeya, full-blood, age i8, son of Far 
Hail. He was a bright young man of excellent character, an 
apprentice in the agency carpenter shop. He was found to 
be in consumption and was returned the following Septem- 
ber. He took up his old work not long after, married and 
lived a very exemplary life. The furniture of his house was 
made largely by his own hands, and his record for mdustry 
was so good that it is said he " worked until he went to bed 
to die." 

Charles Le Clair, half-blood, age 21. The only son of Mrs. Antoine 
Le Clair — a widow of some property and influence. He had 
had some advantages and spoke English easily, but was not 
strong enough in any way to make his stay here seem advis- 
able and so returned the following November. The next 
summer he went to Standing Rock, married Fidelia Walking 
Medicine (See arrivals of Oct. '81), who had, a year before, 
returned from' Hampton, and brought her home to his moth- 
er's house. They had a very pleasant home together until 
in '88, the mother married and separate homes were estab- 
lished. This could not long remain, for the last of nine chil- 
dren, himself weakened by disease, was of necessity a 
" mother's boy," and the two homes were once more united. 
Charles was never able to do hard work, but hi 4 decided 
ideas of neatness and order had much to do toward making 
and keeping the house much above the average in the refine- 
ments of civilization. After long months of patient suffering 
he died Jan. 16, '92, and his funeral from the church was 
largely attended, the ceremony being particularly interesting 
and instructive. A Hampton boy, John Pattee, was in charge, 
and six Hampton boys bore the body to its grave on the hill, 
followed by a long line of Christian and other Indians. 

Charles McBride, half-blood, age 20, son of John McBride. He 
spoke English well and was a good student and worker, but 
was sent home for poor health and bad conduct in less than 
a year, July 6, '85. He worked for some time about the 
agency, and in '86 married Susan Carpenter, a Hampton 
girl (See arrivals, Oct., '81), and established a home and farm 
about twenty miles from the Agency. They were industri- 
ous, thrifty, and neat, had cni beautiful boy, Moses, and their 
home was always a pleasant place to visit. In '89, an unfortu- 
nate infatuation sprang up between the too susceptible hus- 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 



413 



band and a misguided young girl, also from Hampton, a di- 
vorce obtained of the agent, a marriage performed by a Jus- 
tice of the Peace, and a new home established at the Agency, 
where he was acting as clerk for the trader. In a few months 
he tired of his young wife and leaving her returned to his old 
home and family. His case is so well known throughout 
the country that the Indians and half-breeds have had an 
object lesson which will, it rightly conducted, be a valuable 
warning to both the ignorant. and unscrupulous. 

To those who would criticise this affair of " educated 
Indians," we would only say that had the same characters been 
unrestrained by the knowledge of better things, the affair 
would have been even more dishonorable, though probably 
much less conspicuous. 

Scholarship given by Cong. S. S., Southport, Conn. 



FROM LOWER BRULE AGENCY. 

John Buffalo, Tatanka, full-blood, age 25. He had come from 
camp life, was not mentally well balanced and not strong in 
body ; was returned the following March. He died the next 
year. 



PARTY OF OMAHAS. 

Brought by Frank La Flesche, Aug. 2, 1884. 

From Omaha Agency, Neb 

Marguerite La Flesche, half-blood, age 21. Daughter of Joseph 
La Flesche, chief of the Omahas. She had been to a white 
school in Elizabeth, N. J., learned considerable from books 
and spoke English well. She entered the Junior Class here 
and, though always delicate, went through the school regu- 
larly, being graduated in '87. She returned home soon after, 
taught at the Gov't school a year and then, June 28, '88, mar- 
ried Charles Picotte, a Sioux from Yankton Agency, whom 
she had met here as a student. 

Mr. La Flesche died in '88, leaving his own affairs^ and 



414 TWENTV-TWO YEARS WORK 

those of relatives whose property he held, in a complicated 
state, and young Mr. and Mrs. Picotte found abundant field 
for labor in the old home, though were never too busy to 
lend a helping hand to the many dependents and others who 
rtocked around them for aid and advice. 

Marguerite is not only one of the best Omaha interpre- 
ters, but has always been considered the " guide, philosopher 
and friend " of her people, and to her they go with all their 
difficulties and sorrows, thus giving her a wide and telling in- 
fluence. She is a natural leader, and, though often far from 
strong herself, has done nobly, not only in the way of direct 
help to her people, but by a large and scattered conespond- 
ence with societies and individuals that has done a great deal 
toward awakening interest and bringing material aid to her 
people. In '90, she took a position as teacher in the Gov't 
School, and is still there laboring faithfully for the best good 
of her people. Jn the church work she is invaluable as a 
leader, and in all matters of public mterest her energy and 
good sense are almost indispensable. 

Scholarship given by Mr. ] W. Davis. 

Susan La Flesche, half-blood, age 18, half sister of Marguerite, and 
had been to the same school before coming here. She en- 
tered the Middle Class and was graduated in '86, receiving 
the Demorest medal for excellence in elementary studies, and 
the honor of being salutatorian of her class. Through the 
Hartford Indian Association she entered the Woman's Medi- 
cal College in Philadelphia and completed the course there 
two years later. Being one of the six successful candidates 
for the position of house physician in the Woman's Hospita, 
in Phila., she remained East for that experience, until fall 
when she was appointed Government physician at the Omaha 
Agency School and went home in that capacity. She has 
been very successful in her work, gaining confidence of both 
Indian and white people. Besides her work as physician she 
finds a great deal to do for the people, advising the men in 
civil and political questions, is very enterprising about get- 
tmg up entertainments and societies among the young, and 
does a great deal in the homes of the people. In another 
year a hospital will doubtless be erected at the agency, 
and in that she will start a training school for young Indian 
nurses. 

Scholarships given by Mr J. W. Davis and Miss's Soc. 
Smith College. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 4I5 

Josephine Barnabv, quarter-blood, age 19. Had been to the 
Omaha Mission school and entered the Junior Class here. 
She was graduated in '87, and went to New Haven to take a 
course in nursing at the Training School there. She was very 
successful for about a year, then met with an accident which 
made further work of that kind unadvisable and prevented 
the completion of her course. She then went to Dakota as 
an assistant to Miss Collins in her mission at Grand River. 
There she learned considerable of the Dakota language, 
taught, and did general missionary work in the church and 
homes. During an emergency, m which the Standing Rock 
hospital had no one in charge, she was called there, and 
through over work broke down in health again and returned 
to her mother at Omaha. The next year she took a position 
in the Mission school where she had received her first in- 
struction and taught there a year, assisting Dr. La Flesche 
also, when necessary. Jan. 8, '81, she married John L. Von 
Felden, a white man of excellent repute, and is now living at 
Hermon, Neb. She has a pretty pleasant home there, is an 
excellent housekeeper and has a nice young baby. 

Scholarships given by North Cong, S. S., St. Johnsbury, 
Vt.; Mrs. B. W. Putnam's School and friends, Jamaica Plain, 
Mass. 

Nettie Fremont, He-a-we, full-blood, age 13, daughter of Wa-jae- 
pa, a man of strength and influence in his tribe. A quiet lit- 
tle grrl, bright but delicate, returned on expiration of time, 
July '87. She was anxious to come back but we advised her 
against it, and she went to Carlisle and then to a home in 
the country provided through the school's outing system. 
Scholarship given by the Misses Thurston. 

.Samuei, Baxter, T heumba^egt kae , (Flashing Liaihtning) full-blood, 
age 21. He had betn travelling with a show and had become 
so demoralized by the experience that physically and other- 
wise he was unfit for student life. He returned home in less 
than a year, June 22, '85, took up land, married, and now has 
a good place and the respect of his fellow citizens. In '89, 
he was appointed assessor of taxes for his county and strll 
holds that position. 

Scholarships given by Mr. A. H. Nye, and Richard K. 
Noyes. 

David Wells, Ingthunhimgasha, (Catching Thunder), full-blood, 
age 21 . He had been through an experience with the show 



4l6 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 

similar to Baxter's with much the same result, and returned 
July, '87. He had the good fortune to marry a nice sensible 
girl and has had that encouragement to work and live well. 
His record has been very good indeed, even more than that 
when the disadvantages of his old life is considered. 

Scholarship given by Mrs. C. Laud and Bethany Mission 
S. S., N. Y. 

George Ramsey, Onshrdtrwa/can, iull-hlood, age 14, son of Tae~on- 
kaha, one of the non-progressive Indian^ of his tribe, but 
who was very ambitious for his son. The boy was delicate 
and mentally undeveloped. In '85, we sent him with some 
others to a school in Philadelphia, where we hoped he would 
get along better, but he was so homesick for his Omaha 
friends that he was soon returned. He remained at Hamp- 
ton until July 17, '88, and then went home, a scrupulously 
neat, gentlemanly and well disposed young man. He has al- 
ways lived at home with his father, on a good farm, and has 
done well in many ways. His domestic relations have at 
times been rather confused, but are getting into better shape 
now. He has much to discourage him, but has done well 
under trying circumstances. 

Scholarships given by Mrs. C. W. Snow; Miss M. A. 
Wales; xMrs. C. Laud; Fifth Ave. Pres. Ch., N. Y. 

Gary Myers, quarter-blood, age 14, a half brother of Josephine Bar- 
naby. Bright, willing but unreliable, he was returned July 
21, '87. In '88, he went to Carlisle, where he became quite a 
leader and was for sometime spoken of as a very proraisipg 
young man. He was, however, expelled from there in March, 
'91. He has since travelled with a base ball club and in the 
fall of '91, went to Omaha City where he has found work as a 
book agent, but has now returned home, we hear. 

Scholarship given by Pres. S. S., Poughkeepsie, N. Y_ 

Susan Burt, full-blood, age 18, ^. girl who had had no advantages 
before, but who returned, July, '87, a complete contrast to her 
former self. She found employment at the Mission school 
for a time, and then married a very excellent young man 
from the Carlisle School, Noah Lovejoy. They have a pleas- 
ant home provided through the Conn. Home Building Assn., 
and are well spoken of by all who know them. 
Scholarship given by Mrs. Henry Pickering. 

Milton AND Nancy Levering, both full-bloods, ages 30 and 15 re- 
spectively, a most strikingly ill-mated couple. They lived 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 



417 



harmoniously here for three years, and returned on expira- 
tion of time, July '87. Very soon after, Milton met a bright 
young half -blood girl, who had been at Carlisle, and in the 
fall eloped with her, both, joining a show and travelling 
through the Western States. Nancy went to the Mission 
school where she found employment, and did very well in- 
deed. The Omahas had not long before been declared citi- 
zens of Nebraska, aud Nancy petitioned for a divorce on the 
ground of desertion. This being the first case of an Indian 
divorce it was slow in being considered and granted, but in 
'89, she was given legal freedom and allowed to take another 
name. She then left her position as employe at the school 
and came East again as a student. Milton knew that his re- 
turn to the Agency would brmg the law upon him and kept 
away until the divorce was granted, then returned and is now 
engaged in farming. 

Scholarships given by Mrs. C. A. Wakeman, and Youth's 
Miss'n Asso., Memorial Pres. Ch., N. Y. 



PARTY OF SIOUX FROM S. DAKOTA. 

Brought bv Rev. J. J. Gravatt and C M. Folsom, Nov. 4, 1884. 

CHEYENNE RIVER AGENCY. 

CORABELLE LITTLE Bl ACK- FooT, full-blood, age i6, a daughter of 
Little Black Foot, a man very anxious to have his daughter 
educated. She had been to school at St. John's Mission at 
. the agency and had learned enough to make her an appreci- 
ative pupil here, but her health was very uncertam and she 
was obliged to return home July 6th, '85, She went to her 
father's home, and, though not ab'e to do much, lived until 
March 18, '58, and left a good name for character and general 
influence. 

Edward Dupuis, half-blood, son of Fred Dupuis, a wealthy cattle- 
man with a large Indian family. He had never been to school 
much, and though his family opposed it until the last mo- 
ment, he bravely stood out for what he thought was best and 
came awav. He was earnest and reliable, but when .a letter 



415 



TWENlV-lWu YKARS WORK 



cams enclosing money, and saying that his m ither was very 
ill and wanted him at once, he could not wait for the neces- 
sary permission to be given, but started off without it, telling 
frankly before he left that he should not wait for the permis- 
sion that would of necessity delay him a day or two more. 
His mother's illness w-s relieved by his appearance and he 
has since lived at home on his father's ranch where he has 
his share of laud and stock, including domesticated buffalo. 
In '80, he married Mary Traversic, a Hampton girl, (See ar 
rivals Nov., '79), who had been teaching near his place for 
several years. They have a nice home, furnished with every 
comfort, and have the respect of those who know them. 
Scholarship given by Mrs. Geo. B. De Forest. 

Charles Marshall, full-blood, age 18, a young man with no advan- 
tages but deeply in earnest in his desire to attain them. He 
had come on horseback 30 miles to overtake the party at the 
agency, and finding it gone, had galloped after, overtaking us 
while we were waiting tor a boat to take us down the river. 
He would not be discouraged but re-mounting his pony 
sped back to the agency, and just before the boat arrived 
came flying back, bade his pony a most affecting farewell, 
and flushed with triumph presented, what he supposed to be. 
his passport, but which proved to be the physician's yerdict 
of " unsound," and therefore, quite the reverse. His disap- 
pointment when he lear.l:^d the words that the paper really 
bore was so intense and his avowal that he warned to go 
"even if he died there" s > apparently sincere, that we de- 
cided to take him on to where a more thorough examination 
was possible, and finally brought him on to Hampton. He 
proved to be slow, but patient, earnest and persevering, in 
school and work and remained four years without a break in 
his school duties for illness, returning Sep. 25, '88. He 
worked for a time at his trade in the agency carpenter shops, 
opened up a farm on Bad River and belongs to an associa- 
tion there which has for its object the promotion of civiliza- 
tion and Christianity. He has not married but lives with- his 
relatives. 

Scholarships given by Misses Edith and Mary Brycc; Mrs. 
Geo.B. De Forest. 

Wahacanka, (Shield), full-blood, age 19. Large, handsome, manly 
fellow, who clad in his buffalo coat seemed the very person- 
fication of youthful strength and dignity. He proved, how- 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. ^'g^ 

ever, to be unsound and failed so rapidly that he wa^s r^" 
turned in three months, Feb. 6, '85. He drifted down tfe^ 
Lower Brule, and in '88, was living there with relatives. HJfe' 
hair had grown long and he appeared much as he did before 
his little trip East. He is said to be a quiet, industrious 
farmer — on the progressive side as far as his influence goes. 

James Doffit, or Dolphus, half-blood, age 9. A bright litt'e fel. 
low who had been taught to dance and sing for public enter- 
tainment. His mother, an Indian, was so anxious to get him 
away from such associations that she brought him 30 miles 
and insisted upon our taking him under our care. 

The Indian school in Philadelphia was considered a bet- 
ter place for so young a child, and be was sent with three 
others, July i, '85. In '90, he returned home and when I 
saw him in Oct. '91, he was a tall, fine looking boy, helping 
his father on a large ranch by the river. He has written that 
he wants to come to Hampton now he is a big boy, and it is 
hoped that sometime he may do so. 

Luther Van Meier, quarter-blood, age 13, son of an excellent half- 
blood woman, who wished her son educated at a distance 
from his associates. He had been here only a few months 
when his father, a clever white man, wrote the boy, giving 
him every direction for running away, even to the minutes 
detail, and providing him also with money. The boy carried 
out his father's plan— except that he left the letter behind — 
and ran away, Feb., '85. A brother, John, was for a time 
in the Philadelphia school and had Luther with him there for 
a year or more. In '91, he was with his father in Montana, 
herding or driving cattle. 

CROW CREEK AGENCY. 

James Fire Cloud, full-blood, age 18, son of Daniel Fire Cloud, 
sexton and helper at the Crow Creek church and later a 
pupil here. (See arrivals, Apr., '85). James was a bright little 
fellow and we were sorry to lose him when it seemed best 
that he should return with his family. He has since been at 
Hope School, Springfield, S. D., and is now a big manly boy. 
Scholarship given by Morgan children, N. Y. 

Louis AND HiANNAH BuCK, full-blood, ages 36 and 25 respectively' 
with two children, Eugene, age 3, Eddie, age r. An earnest. 



420 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

indiastrious and interesting couple— typically Indian. The 
■'" baby was delicate and soon died, and the other child seemed 
"■ likely to follow; the mother, through anxiety and trouble, 
' broke down and all were returned the following February. 

Within a year afterward both mother and child died. 
Louis 'has worked most industriously since his return, has for 
several years been mail and stage driver between the agency 
■ and Chamberlain, and has a farm of his own. He is' now 
married again, has a good home, and is on the progressive 
side of social and religious questions. 



LOWER BRULL AGENCY. 

Edgar and Nellie Lee, full-bloods, ages 19 and 14, relatives of the 
Medicine Bulls. Edgar was hysterical and lazy and proved so 
troublesome that both were returned the next February. 
Nellie died suddenly in '86. Edgar has posed as a leader and 
reformer, but, having neither tact or true purpose, found his 
followers looking for wiser guidef. In '91, he enlisted in the 
U. S. Army at Ft. Randall. 

Margaret Hotoninyankewin, (Runs Shouting), or Fallis as she 
was afterward called, full-blood, age 15, a bright, strikingly 
handsome girl, especially in Indian dress. She had been a 
pupil of Samuel Medicine Bull, .and, though the reigning 
Jbelle of the camp, came away to school through his influence. 
She made quite remarkable improvement, but was consump- 

i -,tive and obliged to return home Jan. 12, '87. She at once 

became an object of attention among certain white men at 
Tthe agency, her home influences were poor and she earned 
ethe name of being a great " flirt," but showed a great deal of 
strength of character in the way she conducted herself and 
kept up to her new standard. By her own desire, however, 
she left home again and. went .to the Genoa school, remain- 
ing there two years. Soon after her second return home 
from school, '91, she married an excellent young man, Clark 
Spotted Bull, and both are doing what they canto make a 
pleasant and exemplary home. 

Scholarships given by Mr. J.. S. Hotchkiss and the Stoke s 
Children. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 421 

Julia Bear Bird, lapioiawin, (Many Words), full-blood, age i6. 
She came with her husband (See arrivals, Oct., '8i) improved 
very much, and returned home March 30, '86. She was not 
at all strong and died Aug. 23, '90, leaving a little daughter a 
few months old. 

Scholarship given by a Connecticut Lady, through J. and 
S. Ferguson. 



YANKTON AGENCY. 

Mary Lyman, quarter-blood, age 13, sister of Annie and Henry. 
Though industrious, kind-hearted and willing, yet because of 
her influence over the other girls, she was sent home before 
her time had expired Oct. 19, '86. Her record for a time was 
not good, but since her marriage in '87 to Samuel Packard, 
an industrious young man with some education, she has 
steadil)' improved and is now a nice housekeeper, a careful 
mother, and her house at the agency is well spoken of in 
every way. She is a very pleasant young matron to meet 
and has many friends at the agency. Her record has been 
one of encouragement. 

Scholarship given by Miss Mary A. Tappan. 

Daniel Bubuna, full-blood, age 18. He improved very much.but was 
obliged to return before expiration of time, Jan. 12, '87, 
because his health seemed to be failing. He has lived most 
of the time with his lather on their farms at Choteau Creek, 
married a sister of the Indian missionary, Philip Deloria, and 
has made a very fair record. He dresses and appears well 
and is most cordial in his remembrance of Hampton days and 
Hampton friends. 

Scholarship given by Miss Margaret E. Gale. 

Joseph Beaupre, fourth-blood Chippewa.age 24. He had been work- 
ing at the gency. was anxious to attend school, and 
came a distance to join the party. As permission had been 
given to bring Sioux only, he could not join the party as an 
Indian, but was so earnest about it that he was accepted on 
the basis of a work student, independent of Government aid. 
. Faithful and industrious, not brilliant, he remained Jour 
years, returning Sep. 25, '88,. He soon after went to Omaha 
to help Chas. Picotte, also a Hampton student, remained 



422 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

there a year or more, then found employment in the town of 
Bancroft, and is now living with Thomas Sloan, a Hampton 
student, running his place while he attends to his law prac- 
tice and surveying interests. 

Scholarship given by Roswell P. Flower. 
ChA-RLES Johnson, full-blood, age 19, bright and interesting boy^ 
but proved to be unsound and was returned July 6. '85, to 
h|is old home at Cheyenne River, where he died of consump- 
tion, Oct. 25, '86. He was never able to do much, but seems 
to have left the impress of an earnest character upon the 
memory of his friends. 

Scholarship given by " John Walker Scholarship," Theo. 
Sem. Alexandria. Va. 



PARTY FROM CROW CREEK AGENCY, S. D. 
Brought by John Archambeau, April 17, '85. 
Daniel and Emma Fire Cloud, Mahpiya-peta, full-bloods, ages 
30 and 28 respectively. They had two sons already here, and 
brought with them two more, Tommy aged 6, and Walter 
aged I. They occupied a little cottage built for them here, 
and won the respect of all, both students and officers, by the 
real interest and earnestness they manifested in everything 
that could by any possibility help them or their people. In 
less then a month after they came the eldest son, to whorti 
they had been so recently united, died very suddenly, and a 
succession of trials followed, but nothing seemed to shake 
their faith or purpose. A baby was born the next year, but 
soon died, and the mother's health failing, all returned home 
Oct. 19, '86. Mr. Fire Cloud was at once made catechist by 
Bishop Hare, and for a time assisted Mr. Burt in the 
church, where he had been sexton before coming away. Mrs. 
Fire Cloud died early in '87, and the home was broken up 
until in '88, he married an excellent Christian woman and 
was put in charge of a church at the Western Camp. His 
home is a model of neatness and thrift, and his church pros- 
perous and interested. James and Tommy have been attend- 
mg Hope School at Springfield, S. D , and are large,fine look- 
ing boys. Walter has died and two others have been added 
to the family since the return from Hampton. 

Scholarships given by Parish Aid Society, Christ Ch., 
New Orleans, La ; Ladies of St. Thomas Ch., New York; 
Miss Mabel Bacon. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 



423 



PARTY FROM DAKOTA. 

Brought by Johx Tiaokasin April 21, 1885. 
FROM STANDING ROCK. 

Matthew Young Eagle, Wambdi-cistma, full-blood, age 18, son of 
Chief Two Bears, a bright and promising young man. He 
returned on expiration of time May 20, '89, and found em- 
ployment for a time in the carpenter shop at the agency- 
Later he went out upon a farm near the Cannon Ball and 
has since lived there with his brother. He has always borne 
an excellent name, and is a young man of influence for his 
own and for his father's sake. 

The Congregational missionary writing of him says : 
" He is one of the most promising of the Hampton boys, but 
not physically strong. He is a young man of strong charac- 
ter and very popular. He is a lay reader of the Episcopal 
church and has been doing excellent work in building up the 
nucleus of a church on the Cannon Ball River." 

Bishop Walker of North Dakota, speaking of this work, 
told of a letter he had received from young Eagle asking him 
to come and advise them. " I went " he says " to this place 
on the Cannon Ball River, and there I found grouped to- 
gether about fifty men and women. 

Among them were three young fellows who had been at 
Hampton and one had been at another school. They had 
come back from school, and called the people together, and 
had told them of the happiness of becoming Christians. For 
a year or more they had gathered the people together week 
by week, and had read a part of the Episcopal service and a 
portion of the Bible, and had tried to tell them what it 
meant. They had come back with no special instruction to 
do so ; but they were impressed with the duty that rested on 
them as Christian men to be missionaries to their own peo- 
ple. They had sung and prayed and told the story of the 
gospel in their own tongue. It was to me a most touching 
sight as I saw these people. They said that several of the 
Indians wanted to be baptized. I hesitated about it. I asked. 
a great many questions ; and I found to my amazement that 
these young men who had been at Hampton had become so 
infused with the Chir.5tian idea that they were able to impart 
it to these heathen people, —for they were all pagans. They 
had taught them so much religion that I found I could safely 
admit all who presented themselves for holy baptism, and 



424 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

then and there I admitted them into the Christian Church. 
A report dated Apr. 13, '92, says of him : " He is a good 
interpreter and uses the English language willingly and well. 
He has been in the Congregational Mission Hospital for sev- 
eral weeks. He remamed at his work too long before putting 
himself under a doctor's care. He has been very sick but 
has improved so rapidly that he may be able to resume his 
work." 

Scholarship given by the " Lana Ac Tela Society," New 
York. 
Standing Crow, Kangi-naj in, full-blood, age 26, son of Left-Hand- 
Bull. He was faithful and earnest, but too old to learn rap- 
idly; an excellent worker, but not very strong. He returned 
April, 13, '86, and at once found work in the carpenter shop, 
where he is still employed, making six years of faithful serv- 
ice there. He is married to a nice girl, a member of the Blue 
Veil Society of the Catholic Church. He is a member of the 
Society of St. Joseph and is reported upon as " excellent " in 
industry and character, and that his influence is of a " very 
high order." 

Charles Ota Akdi, Brought-plenty, full-blood, age 18, son of Long 
Arms. Not brilliant, but faithful. He was returned July 6, 
'86, and in many ways merited the record given of him as 
"doing finely." The English language seemed a sealed book 
to him, until on one occasion, and only one, he went to a 
white town, and with others, became decidedly intoxicated. 
During this abnormal condition he spoke English with great 
fluency, showing that an impression had been made on some 
part of his brain, though it has never since been manifested — 
the same conditions not having been resorted to. OnOct. 14, 
'87, he came back to Hampton with a party of young men he had 
influenced to come also, and plodded on faithfully for three 
years until July 30, '90, when he again returned. He is said 
to be a " good young man," but slow and unprogressive in 
all save dress ; in this he is a model of neatness and taste. 
Scholarship given by 2nd Cong'l Ch. Chicopee, Mass. 

Four Swords. Sagye-topa. full-blood, age 20, son of Iron Bull. He 
had never had any advantages and was not strong enough to 
remain long. He returned April 13, '86. entered the harness 
;shop at the agency and was reported as " bearing a first class 
name." In '88, he worked for Major McLaughlin, winning 



CF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 425 

praise for his faithfulness. Later he re entered the harness 
shop, but left that for his farm about twelve miles awa}'. For 
one of his meagre advantages he has done exceedingly well. 
Scholarship given by the " Willing Worker?," East 
Orange, N. J. 

Ho-Waste, Good Voice, full-blood, age 20, son of Fool Bear. A 
bright earnest boy, but not strong enough to remain, and he 
turned |uly 6, '86. He encountered the severest ridicule 
from his friends, and many stories are told which show de- 
votion to his new way of living, and his efTorls at persuading 
his family and friends to follow his sxample. In '2>S, he was 
in trouble through thrashing, rather more Severely than was 
considered necessary, a man who ofifered insult to his sister, 
but was acquitted by the judges and rather applauded for his 
pluck He has taken good care of his widowed mother, has 
a farm of his own, and is reported upon as doing well. The 
Rev. Mr. Freeland writes : " We went to see Ho- Waste, 
whose wife was at home, and did the honors of their brand 
new house with a grace and manner which well set off her 
pleasant face and neat appearance. She must be a very fine 
woman, or her husbend mutt have made her so — for tidier a 
house could not be, and every article was in- its place, from 
the great horn spoon (presumably the original article) which 
hung above the table, 10 the dear little papoose ::winging in 
the tepee hard by." 

Lucy Huhana, full blood, daughter of Afraid-of-Soldiers. Strong 
and willing, but unreliable. She was returned July 25, '88, 
with the feehng thatit was useless to try longer to' help her. 
She made a bad record at home and in less than a year died, 
leaving however, many warm friends who we;e attracted by 
her kind heart and willing hand. 

Scholarships given by The Happy Helpers, Lowell, Mass.; 
First Cong. Ch., Ouinc;, 111. 

Alma Rajvisey, half-blood, age 17, a bright girl who got a great deal 
from 1 er three years' schooling. She returned Sep , 25, '88, 
and in '89 married Thomas Fly, a Hampton student who re- 
turned in '81, (See Uhakiumpa, arrivals of Nov. '78), and has 
influenced him to become an industrious man, and to make a 
comfortable home. With much against her. she has strug- 
gled on until now she has things much more as she has 



426 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 

learned to want them. In Dec. '91, her husband gave up his 
position as scout, and buying some Dakota books went out to 
an Indian village twelve miles away, and has, without a salary, 
been teaching the people t'> read the Bible in their native 
tongue. Alma's influence has also led her brother to come 
here to school, and in many ways she has shown the value of 
her training to herself and her people. 

Scholarship given by Emanuel Miss'y Soc. Rochester, 
N.Y. 

Maggie Goodwood, Tarca-skawin, (White Sheep) half-blood, age 
16, daughter of Good- Wood, and sister of Thomas. She was 
a quiet girl at first and not strong, but managed to learn 
English very soon On her return, Oct. 19, '86, she found 
employment in the family of the agent and remained in that 
kind of service until she a^in returned to Hampton, Oct. 14, 
"^l . Her health was better this time, and she improved ac- 
cordingly, until after two years she again showed signs of 
breaking down, and returned home, Sep. 25, '89. Rather 
than go into camp she worked for a white family at the 
agency awhile and thea married Mad Bear, son of the old 
chief Mad Bear, colleague of John Grass. She writes that 
she was married " in church," and has a happy home, near 
the Gov't Farm School. 

Scholarship given by H. H. Club, Brooklyn. 

Louisa Long Girl, W/nj'an-/tanska'zu/n,lu\l-h\ood,agc 18, daughter 
of Grasping Bear, a chief. Rather a handsome girl from 
camp life, bright at work and studious, but not strong. She 
was returned the following November, and not long after 
married James Wakpamni, a " progressive " leader with some 
schooling and familiarity with the English language. She has 
a very good home, dresses neatly in white woman's dress — 
and is bringing up her one little boy in Christian, civilized 
ways — even to the English language. She is reported to be 
a "good housekeeper," and in character and influenqe to 
have made an "excellent record." 

Scholarship given by Miss Serena Rhinelander. 

Agnes Red Eagle. Wambdi-dutawin, full-blood, age 18, daughter 
of Running Hawk, a friend and constant companion of Louisa^ 
but in consumption and obliged. to return at the same -time, 
Nov. 3, '85. She went to school at Grand River for awhile 
then married, made rather a discouraging record at first, but 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 427 

has since done very well. She is said to be very " particular 
to keep to civilized dress," has a good home at Grand River 
and belongs to the Woman's Society — an organization of 
Christian and civilized women started by Mrs. McLaughlin, 
the wife of the agent. 

Scholarship given by Miss Julia Rhinelander. 



PARTY FROM PHILADELPHIA, 

Brouht by Mrs. J. Bellanger Cox from the Boys' Education- 
al Home*, July i, 1885. 

Charles Clifford, half-blood Sioux, from Pine Ridge Agency, S. 
D , age 18. Had been about a year in Philadelphia, entered 
our Indian school and left from the Middle Class of the Nor- 
mal Department, May 28. '88. He at once joined his father, 
a wealthy ranchman, and has done well for himself. He has 
a nice home, an excellent wife, and is highly spoken of by 
those who have visited and known about him. 

During the ghost dancing in '90 and '91, he wrote us sev- 
eral interesting letters in regard to it. In one of them he 
sp»ke of his effort to show the Indians their mistake and of 
his lack of success, giving one a very fair idea of the difficul- 
ties these young people have to meet in their religious teach- 
ing. 

"The poor ignorants were made to believe that by danc- 
ing this Ghost Dance, after awhile the white men, who have 
stolen their lands and are now starving them to death, will be 
driven from the face of the earth, and that a new Christ will 
come and bring back with him the buffalo and all the variety 
of game in the old days. They were also told by their proph- 
. ets, (the chief Ghost dancers) that the new Christ will help to 
gain victories over all nations," 

" I do all I can to prevent the spreading of this false re- 
ligion, but the Indians wont listen to me at all. I have told 
them of our Saviour as far as I could, but I believe I made 
them believe in their new Christ all the better, because when 
I told them the story of our Saviour, they would compare 

This institution, origiaallir^ a home for soldiers' orphans, was reopened for 
Tvaifs and younff Indian boys in '83 or'-'84. Amotig their number weie some 
older boys not easily manag^ed there and so were brought here by Airs. Cox, 
the lady in charge, and left as pupils of this school. 



428 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 

it with the story of their Christ, and say that he is the 
same Christ come again the second time to save the Indians 
from the land of bondage, lil<e Moses saved the children of 
Israel from the hand of the Egyptians. They were told by 
their prophets that this Christ came to whites the first time 
to prepare them for the life to come, but they despised Him 
and hang Him upon a cross and put Him to death, so he 
gave up His work among the whites, who are now slowly 
starving the Indians to death to get them out of their way." 
In '91, he was made one of the Agency larmers, teaching 
the Indians to cultivate their land, and has also a good place 
of his own. He is interested in all progressive movements 
among the Indians and sets them a good example of a Chris- 
tian home and civilized living. 

Scholarship given by Misses Mary and Edith Bryce. 

John Poor Elk, full-blood Sioux, from Pine Ridge Agency, S. D., 
age 18. A very excellent young man, but in consumption, 
and returned home after a few months. He died not long 
after. 

Albert Marshall, half-blood Sioux from Cheyenne River Agency, 
S. D , age 20. Had been in Philadelphia about a year work- 
ing as a carpenter. He had had considerable experience at 
home as " cowboy," knew well the language and the ways 
of the rougher class, but had very few advantages beyond this. 
A poor student of books, passionate and restless, as well as 
consumptive, he was sent to Massachusetts, hoping he might 
get some good from a quiet life there ; but in a fit of temper 
he left his place, lound another, and finally left for home 
without the knowledge of the school authorities, Oct., '87. 
He has since been a herder at the Cheyenne River Agency 
and at Rosebud, has been interpreter for army officers, and in 
'91, was an enlisted scout at Ft. Bennett, S. D. His record 
in many essentials of civilized life has been poor. 
Scholarship given by Wm. G. Low. 

Paul Prairie Chicken, full-blood Sioux, from Cheyenne River 
Agency, S. D., age 20. A very large, stout young man, but 
consumptive. He learned some English and seemed very 
earnest in all his duties, but was obliged to return home for 
health reasons, Jan. 12, '87. .He has since lived at Bad River, 
but being both sick and unambitious has not done as well as 
was expected. In '^i, he had grown immensely stout, and. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 429 

though the nominal head of a. family, was physically unable 
to do much for their support, and has not the force of char- 
acter to overcome the many obstacles in his way. 
Scholarship given by Mr. Andrew Mills. 



PARTY FROM OMAHA AND WINNEBAGO. 

Brought by Noah La Flesche, July 26, 1885. 

Madeline Scott, quarter- blood Omaha, age 43, a widow who came 
to bring three nieces and learn something of industrial work. 
She was an intelligent and reliable woman and took advan- 
tage of her every opportunity, but was obliged to return 
April 13, '86, with her youngest niece. 

She did nursing among the people about Omaha Agency 
for a time, ihen went to the Osage Boarding School in Indi- 
an Territory as seamstress, and the next year was made ma- 
tron for the little boys. In '90, she married VVm. A. Stephen, 
but is still employed at the school as before. 

Scholarship given by Miss Susan Longstreth. 

Elsie Fuller, eighth-blood Omaha, age 15, daughter of Stephen 
Fuller, a broom-maker, and a nicce of Madeline Scott. She 
had been brought up among white people, and spoke English 
only. She spent two years in the Indian and one in the 
Normal Schools, returning May 28, '88. 

She soon after married Alfred Bruce, a young white man 
living at Barada. Neb., and gives the following sketch of her 
life: 

" Before I went to Hampton I always helped my father 
work in the field, and hardly ever worked in the house, as I 
had an older sister who worked in the house. I went to a 
district school two months and learned to read a little before 
I went to Hampton. Since I have been home I have been 
' very busy all the time. I came home in June '88, and helped 

my parents at home, and March 4th, '89, I was married. 
We live now on a rented farm, the house has only one small 
room and is a story and-a-half high, it is very unhandy and 
warm in hot days. I have one little girl, her name is Bes- 
sie, and when she is old enough to go to school, I shall send 
her t.o Hampton. If we raise good crops this year we hope 
to go up to the Omaha Reservation, and improve my land, 



430 TWEN'IY-rWO YEARS WORK 

if it is possible. My 40 acres are so very rough that there 
is only about 5 or 6 acres that could be cultivated at 
all. I don't know if I can get land for my little girl or not. 
If I can I will try and get it better than mine and we can live 
on it until she gets big." 

Scholarships given by Cong'l Churches, Mcriden, Ct. 
and Montclair, N. J. ', 

Emma AND Annie Fuller, sisters of Elsie, ages 8 and 6, bright 
children, but requiring constant care. Annie was not 
strong, and after a fall of thirty feet over the banisters, strik- 
ing on her head, she added headache to her other infirmities, 
and was sent home in charge of her aunt, Madeline Scott, 
April 13, '86. Emma remained until her time expired, May 
28, '88, and soon after both went to Grant Institute, Genoa, 
Neb., where they were still at school in the fall of '91. Em- 
ma is a large, strong girl, quite a favorite at the school; An- 
nie is still delicate, but has improved in many ways. 
Scholarship given by Mrs. Theo. Irving's School. 

Grace Pilcher, eighth-blood Omaha, age 16, daughter of John: 
Pilcher, interpreter and farmer. She was a quiet girl, spoke 
English well when she came, and returned from the Middle 
Class Sept. 25, '88, to take a position as teacher in the Govt. 
School. She taught there faithfully and acceptably until she 
was relieved by her sister Etta in 1890. She had married a 
young man from the Carlisle School, Wm. Springer, in March, 
and when her school closed in June, went to housekeeping on 
their farm. Both are well spoken of, have a good home and 
are influential in all progressive movements. 

Scholarship given by Miss Julia Rhinelander. 

James and Minnie Hamilton, full and eighth-blood Omahas, ages 
21 and 20, son of Sindehaha, a councilman, and daughter of 
• John Pilcher. They lived here in one of the small cottages, 
both going regularly to school for awhile, James in the Indian 
classes and Minnie, who spoken English well, in the Junior. In 
'87, a baby, Frank, was born, and at once became a general 
pet. James learned the carpenter's trade, and July' 17, '88, 
went home for the summer to see about his land and pro- 
spective home. He returned in November, and spent anoth- 
er year at his work and studies, and July 9, '89, all went 
home together. 



OF HAMPTON INSllTUTE. 43 1 

James availed himself of a loan from the Home Building 
Association and has built a nice two-story frame cottage on 
his land near Bancroft. They moved into it last fall and are 
now setting an example to all ab^ut them of industry and 
good living. Frank has grown to be a big brother to another 
baby, and has all the enterprise and daring that his baby- 
hood foretold. He rides a horse b?.reback with the greatest 
ease, though his little legs are hardly long enough to make 
. the operation at al! safe. 

Scholarships given by Mrs. Sarah M. Sage; Ladies Be- 
nevolent Soc. of 1st Unitarian Church, Worcester, Mass. 

Irish and Stella Leming, full-blood Omahas, ages 24 and 18. 
Irish had been travelling with a show, and was wild and 
broken down. Stella was of meek-and quiet spirit and also 
delicate in health. Neither were able to do much and the 
next April, (after the birth of a baby, christened Isabel Eu- 
tis) they were sent home. Both died within a year. 
Scholarship given by Mr. John H. Nettleton. 

Albert Fontenelle, half-blood, age 29. He had been to school 
before and spoke English well. He entered the Junior Class 
and did well there, but was unable to overcome his fondness 
for drink, and was returned the next January in company with 
another boy similarly affected. On their way through Wash- 
ington their plans were changed by the Commissioner, and 
they were sent to Haskell Inst., Lawrence, Kas. Fontenelle 
was graduated there, valedictorian of his class, the next year, 
and then returned to Hampton. He entered the Middle 
Class here, and was graduated in '89. He returned home 
soon aftf r and spent a year in a business college in Omaha 
City. In '91, he was with his mother at the Osage Agency, 
Indian Ty., and smce then we have not heard directly from 
him. 

Scholarships given by " A Friend ' in Church of Holy 
Trinity, N. Y.; First Congl S. S., Southing on, Conn. 

Eugene Fontenelle, half-blood, age 25, brother of Albert. He was 
graduated from here in '88, and after a summer at horne, came 
East to take a law course at Cornell University. He re- 
mained but one year, returning home to marry. He after- 
ward assisted Dr. Henschel in his work at the agency. In 
'90 and '91 , he was industrial teacher at the Oniaha, School. 
He has a charming young wife and two beautiful children, 
and every incentive to a useful life. 

Scholarship given by Calvary Baptist Church, N. Y. 



432 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 



WINNEBAGO. 



John Bear, fuU-blood Winnebago^ age 21, soji of Little Bear. He 
'' himself tells the story of his coming: " When I was 17 years 

old last time I was school out West. That time my mother 
die so I am stay the school. I try to help my sisters and 
brother to keep house, that reason I am stop the school. I 
don't know how long I was at the school. I went four, five 
and six months. Sometimes .whole winter I didn't go to 
•school.. That, reason I didn't learn much that time. We 
study reading books, arithmetic, and we write writing books. 
That is all we study out West, We never try to talk Eng- 
lish. And not very long after that I .heard this school. 
Then I began to think of the school again, because I didn't 
talk any English. I want to talk English, that reason I like 
to go to school some other place Sol am tried but no- 
body help me. Since that time I tried hard to come here. 
I told agent I wanted to go to school. He said I am too big 
to go to school. 

I didn't give up. I thought I try to pay for my own way, 
but I didn't know where I go get money. So think about. 
I know oneway. I had $5.00. I take that $5.00, I went to 
Sioux City. I buy some to eat candy, different kind nuts 
and some apple, SDOi^thinj else. Then get back home. That 
time Indian they have payment money. So I sold all those 
things what had buy in Sioux City. I gain $6 oo, so 1 didn't 
do anything with that little money. So I went to Sioux 
City again. I buy more than what I buy before, then next 
day I got back ai>ain I sold again. That I do all that sum- 
mer, last time was Fourth of July day. I gain thirty-two 
dollars. So I save hundred and thirty dollars. Not very 
long that Julia St. Cyr went back from this school. So I 
went to see her about this school, asked her all about it. She 
said she want me to come out here. So I did." 

He left from the Junior Class, returning chiefly to see 
about his land. May 28, '88. During that summer he married 
Cora Frenchman, a half-bl66d girl of little education, and 
returned with her to Hampton, Nov. 16, '88. (See arrivals of 
that date.) They lived in one ' of the small cottages and 
made a very pleasant home there, both attencling school. On 
Dec. 24th, a son' was born, named Thorrias Morgan, in honor 
* ■ of the Corrimissioher of Indian Affg-irs-, who Was hsre at the 
time. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 



433 



April, '90, they all returned home. John did some work on 
his farm, some carpentering, and in the winter came to Wash- 
ington with a party of chiefs on business. In '91, he had a 
neat little cottage near Emerson, and somewhat of a farm. 
A great deal has been expected of him, and he has not been 
all that his ambitious friends hoptd, but he has a clean 
record and has done infinitely better than would have been 
possible without the traming he has had. 

Scholarship given by Mrs. Chas. A. Miller. 
Charles Bonapak'I e, full- blood, age 20, a bright young man with 
considerable more English at command than his friend Bear, 
but not so steady or reliable. He did badly here and was 
sent home, Jan. 12, '87 He has since worked his farm, has a 
prosperous air, and is generally well-spoken of by those who 
know h'm, for his kindness of heart and generous impulses. 



SIOUX PARTY. 

Brikight p>v Rev. J. J. Gravatt, August 8, 1885, 

FROM CHEYENNE RIVER AGENCY, S. D. 

Claymore Arpan, half-blood, age 19, son ()f Pierre Arpan, a very 
intelligent and reliable boy, who the last year of h's stay here 
had charge of one of the divisions of the V\ igwam as janitor, 
which cuty includes superv'ision of the boys' rooms and their 
conduct in them. He returned from the Junior Class, Sept. 
25, '89, expecting to return ; nd finish his course, but instead 
oi the letter annout cing his plans, came one telling of his 
sudden death. He is most kindly remembered by all who 
knew him at home, as well as by a large circle of friends here 
and in the North. 

Scholarship given by Broadway Tabernacle, S. S., New 
York. 



FROM CROW CREEK AGENCY, S. D. 

Thomas Frost, .4;-,!'7£'cr;//v, (Frost-covered) son of Standing Bear. 
An earnest pupil, but past the school age. He made good 
headway at his trade, carpentry, and returned to Standmg 



434 TV'. ENI Y-TVVO YEARS WORK 

Rock, Sept. 20, '87, where he had a wife, and child. He at 
, once found employment in the agency carpenter shop and 

did well there, He was married by the priest of the Catholic 
r church and has a very fair home near the agency. He soon 

had his little boy dressed in full citizen's clothes, and earned. 
■ the name of being an industrious, earnest and leliable man. 

In '91, he enlisted as a scout and did good service during the 

trouble with Sitting Bull. He is now a regular enlisted acout 

at Fort Yates. , , ' 

Scholarship given by St. George's Ch., New York. 



LOWER BRULE AGENCY, 

Leon and Susan De Sheuquette, half-bloods, ages 22 and 19, a 
pleasant young couple who lived in one of the cottages here 
a year. Leon had trouble with his back, which prevented 
his doing any work, 'and they returned home July 6, '£6. In 
'87 and '88, they assisted Miss Goodale and Miss Reed in 
their school at White River Camp, as industrial teacher and 
cook, and later, when Miss Goodale became Supervisor of 
Indian Schools, travelled with her as driver and cook. 

In March, '91, Susan died very suddenly, and since that 
time Leon has been emplo3'ed at the agency, having charge 
of the stables and stock hi December, he married Mary 
Kenned3^ an excellent girl and former student of Genoa 
Their wedding in the church was one of unusual interest 
everything being conducted i'l the most approved fashion. 
Scholarship given by Ivison, Blakeman and Taylor. 

George and Thomas Tompkins, half-bloods, ages 20 and 15, 
brothers of Susan De Sheuquette. Neither were strong in 
health and both returned July 6, '86. George has since 
worked quite regularly in the agency blacksmith shops, and 
" Tommy " lived with the De Sheuquettes helping about their 
place when Leon was engaged at school. Both have since 
been married in church, have farms of their own and are 
well-spoken of by the agency people, 

Scholarship given by Mr. Henry Mackey. 

Van Metre Kennedy, half-blood, age 15. He had been to school 
before and spoke fair English, so that after a year in the In- 
dian School he was graduated from the Normal Department 



OF HAMP'ION INS'I 1 I'Ui E. 



435 



in '9F. He scon after left Hampton, and went to visit his 
father, whom he had not seen since a very young child, a 
white man, a blind broom-maker in western New York. In 
the fall he returned to his sisters at Lower Brule, and has 
since been doing what he can with the idea of improving his 
land there. , 
Scholarship given by Mrs, Geo. Wood's S. S. class. 

JOSEPH'AND Ei.LEN Ellis, half and full-bloods, ages 21 and 19, a 
mismated couple, who were returned home the next Novem- 
ber. They soon separated and went to different agencies, 
Joseph to Yankton and Ellen to Cheyenne. Joseph is re- 
ported upon as industrious,. upright and doing well. ' He has 
been much of the time in charge of the stables at Ft. Randall, 
and was highly spoken of by Capt. Conrad in charge there. 
Ellen, after reports of two marriages, has disappeared, we 
know not where. 

Wesley Hunts\[an, half-blood, age 22, a bright and enterprising 
youuii; man, but not very strong. He returned July 6, '86, 
obtained a responsible place in the agency stables, having en- 
tire charge of the stock connected with them. In '88, he 
married a white woman and they lived comforta'oly and pleas- 
antly at the agency until early in '91, when he gave up his 
position and went out upon his farm in St. Albans. There 
he built a neat frame house and there they were living ver};- 
pleasantly in the fall of '91. They have two bright children, 
and have a good standing among the progressive Indians. 

The "John Walker Scholarship," Theo. Sem , Alexan- 
dria, Va. 

SOLOMC'N Yellow Hawk, full-blood, age 10, not a tractable child by 
any means, but greatly improved on his return, Sept. 25, 
'88. He lived at home with his father for awhile, and, 
though he has had times of being very earnest and in- 
dustrious, has not done well on the whole, being careless 
about his personal appearance and conduct. He is 
however, young, and may improve v/ith experience. In 
April, '92, he writes that he has bought seeds and tools and 
is about to start a farm of his own. He says also that he 
■ has given his father money for seeds and that he also will 
have a farm this year. 



436 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 



FROiM YANKTON AGENCY, S. D. 

Samuel C. De Fond, Cinyekudan, (Little Brother), three-quarter 
blood, age 18, for three years a pupil of St. Paul's School, 
and of the Santee Training School, a young man of unusual 
promise in every way except in health. He was never well, 
but so earnest in his desire to succeed, that hampered as he 
was by hemorrhages, weakness and sleepless nights, he 
pushed on with unconquerable pluck, refusing to give up or 
to go home until forced to do so by the physician. He re- 
turned from the Middle Class, May 28, '88, and at once fourid 
a.good home with Mrs. Johnston at St. Paul's School. He 
taught thert as soon as he was able, doing very acceptable 
work for a year. He also assisted the Rev. Mr. Cook in 
translating Wayland's Moral Science into the Dakota lan- 
guage, and in doing other writmg. In '90, he became one of 
the agency farmers appointed to teach the Indians to culti- 
vate their allotments. In writing about this work he says : 

"There are ten farmers, and Cc^ch one has a district in 
which he visits and, instructs. They are thirty miles long 
and four wide. We went round visiting every day, and tell 
them to do this and that, and also tell them to dig wells. 
Now we have fifty wells dug on the reserve. Besides all this, 
we take down their property, number of land under cultiva- 
tion, locate their farms and houses, and many other things." 

Later, in June, '91, he was called to take a place of con- 
siderable responsibility at the agency, that of assisting the 
issue clerk, and is still holding that position to the expressed 
.satisfaction of the Agent. 

In Aug., '91, he married a bright young school girl, 
Sophie, and together they have established a pleasant and 
comfortable home in a little frame cottage at the agency. 

Though it had always been his hope to study for the 
ministry, he gave that up as soon as he knew he could never 
be well again, and has settled down to making the most of 
his life in other ways. He plays the organ at church, is an 
excellent interpreter and writer, and is interested in all things 
that pertain to the elevation of his people. Though never 
strong or well he has made the most of his life and has the 
admiration and respect due unlimited pluck, great earnest- 
ness of character and a perfectly upright life. 

Scholarship given by Trinity S. S., Boston. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 437 

Edwin Yellow Bird, Taukanwangapapi, full-blood, age 19, brother 
of Frank, who left in '8f, and did such good work at Lower 
Brule. Edwin had been a pupil at St. Paul's School, but 
since then too long his own master, and being not at all 
strong, was returned Oct. 19, '86. He worked on and off 
about the Agency, and in '89, went to Haskell Inst., Lawrence, 
Kas., where he remained about a year. In '91 he enlisted in 
an Indian Company tinder Lieut. Seay, U. S. A., and was 
stationed at Ft. Randall. His commanding officer spoke well 
of him. 

Scholarships given by Richard K. Noyes, and Mrs. A. H. 
Nye. 

Charles H. Jones, Tawamiciskaiia, full-blood, age 17, had been to 
the Gov't school a short time, and when he returned home 
Sept. 25, '88, went directh'- there again. He remained only a 
short time, going off with a " medicine show," and becoming 
so careless that in many other ways he made 'a poor record. 
In '91, he enlisted in the same company as Edwin Yellow 
Bird, and they have since been together at Fort Randall. He 
writes that he is " doing for straight," and has been promoted 
already to ist Corporal. 

Schola;rships given by Cong. S. S., Sufhcld, Ct.; Cong. 
S. S., Fall River, Mass ; the Rev. Samuel Scoville. 

George ESTES, Ma/oksn, quarter- blood, age 11, 3^oungest brother of 
Joseph. He had been, since a very young child, under the 
care of St, Paul's Mission at Yankton Agency and was a 
good scholar. He left here on expiration of time, Sept. 25, 
'88, from the Middle Class. We had hoped he would gain 
inspiration and earnestness at home and come back, but he 
seemed to prefer the freedom of the reservation to the school 
room, and has since been most of the time with his relatives 
at Lower Brule Agency, where he has been helping on their 
farms, and since November, 'gr, has been a clerk at the 
agency trader's store. His record has been good. During 
the trouble with the Ghost Dancers in '90 and '91, he wrote 
us a very interesting sketch of the affair, giving the song • and 
illustrating the costumes by drawings of his own. 

Scholarship given by Willie and Charlie Kittridge. 
FROM FLANURAU, S. D, 

Hannah Arrow, full-blood, age 16, daughter of Francis Arrow, a 
citizen Indian. She improved very much in her three years 



438 ^WENTV TWO years' WORK 

here, and returned Sept 25, '88. In '89, she married an excel- 
lent young man, John Lovejoy, and they have a good home 
and farm near the town of Egan, S. D. They seem to be do- 
ing exceedingly well in every Avay. Hannah has two jolly 
little children just like herself, whom she manages with the 
most charming abandon, and yet so wisely, that in health and 
neatness they show very plainly the mother's care they must 
receive. 

Scholarship given by Mrs. Annie L. Thorpe. 

FROM SISSETON AGENCY, S. D. 

William Stevens, WaJwhiin, full blood, age 20. He had been a 
pupil at the Santee School, and made a good record here 
until his health required his return home, Oct. 20, '86. He 
has worked some at his trade — blacksmith— and has the 
name of being " industrious and pleasant in manner." It 
is said that "everyone likes him," but in more important 
ways his record has been far from good. 

Scholarship given by Woman's Home Miss'y Ass'n, 
E- Somerville, Mass. 

JOHN T. Walker, Mahpiyaiahepiya, full-blood, age 22, a fine maniy 
fellow who came with Stevens from the Santee Normal 
School, but was not well and returned the following Novem- 
ber to his home at the Sisseton Agency. In March, '91, he 
writes from there : " I am now attending school in S. I. I. B. 
S:hoDl. I wa5 mirried la?L tw3 years ajfo. but shs died on 
August 27, 1889." His own health was never good and June 
5, '91, he died, Jan , '91. 

FROM PONCA AGENCY, NEB. 

Logan Spider Weston, full-blood, age 16, son of Elijah Spider, and 
brother of Lizzie, one of our first Indian pupils. He had been 
to school before, made good progress here, and bore an ex- 
cellent character. He returned Sept. 25, '8S, on expiration 
of time, and soon after went to the Santee School, where he 
was employed for a time and did very well. He later went 
to Grant Inst., Genoa, Neb., in a short time became an as- 
sistant in the harness shop, and is still there, highly endors- 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 439 

ed by the Superintendent. He has hoped to return to Hamp- 
ton to complete his education, but is so successful with his 
trade, that his friends have encouraged him to keep on with 
that His record of character has always been excellent. 
. Scholarship given by Mrs. A. M. Van Santvoord. 
Cora Rulo, one-eighth blood, age 15. sister of Zallie and Charles. 
She returned from the Junior Class; Ma)' 28, '88. but did not 
do well, She was married in '90, to David Sherman, and 
now lives at Ponca Ag■enc3^ 

Scholarship given by " Fishers of the Bosphorus," Con- 
stantinople, Turkey. 



PARTY FROM STANDING ROCK, N. D. 
Brouciht by Miss Grace Howard, Nov. 8, 1885. 

Carrie Elrow, full-blood, age 19. a bright, pretty girl, industrious 
and earnest, but delicate in health. She spent a year in Mass- 
achusetts, and returned much improved in every way. She 
spoke English freely and was quite skilful in housework and 
sewing. She returned home, Sept. 25, '8S, and was not long after 
married to Thomas Goodwood, a Hampton student, well pre- 
pared to make her a comfortable home. (See arrivals, Nov., '81). 
A visitor to their house at Cannon Ball, says that it is " as neat 
as any house could be ; pictures, books, lace curtains, clean 
sheets on well-made beds, etc ," adding also that " Carrie is 
not looking well, but seems very happy." In the summer of 
'91, she received a sewing machine as a reward for keeping 
the " neatest house on the reserve." The Agent speaks of 
bath Thomas and Carrie as " excellent in every way, and very 
helpful." 

Scholarship given by the Misses Caroline and Olivia E. 
P. Stokes. 

Kate Running Girl, full-blood, age 20, had had'no advantages and 
. was too delicate to get much from the school. She returned' 
after eight months, July 6, '86, and in '87 was reported as 
having been " married to an excellent husband," young chief 
Bear Coat, who is also a policeman, and as a "good woman, 
doing well," and keeping one of the "neatest houses on the 
reservation." 

Scholarship given by Miss E. W. Davenport. 



440 'J'WRNTY-TWO YEARs' WORK. 

Charles Pretty Flute, full- blood, a^e 20, bright, earnest and am- 
bitious. H2 return3d on expiration of tim^, May 28, '88, and 
at once found employment as wheelwright and carpenter at 
the agency. For the past yeir he has been living on his 
farm at Cannon Ball, working at his trade only'occasionally. 
He is said to speak " goad English," to have an " excellent 
record," and to be " remarkably superior to those about him 
in camp." He is married, and his wife, though uneducated, 
is a helper also in the society started by Young Eagle, Pretty 
Flute and others at that camp. 

Scholarship given by Mrs. G. W. Bramwell. 

Jack Blue Boy, full-blood, age 23. He returned on expiration of 
time, Sept, 88, and soon after found work in the harness 
shop at the agency, where he has remained steadfastly ever 
since. As the report says, " this speaks well for his faith- 
fulness and skill." He is married, speaks English and has a 
" clean record," they say. 

Scholarships given by Mrs. Harriet A.Campbell and Mrs- 
Geo. A. Hoyt. 



PARTY FROM INDIAN TERRITORY. 
Brought by Dudley Talb:)t, Aug. 21, 1S85. 

John" Haus, half-blood Pottawattomie, age 15, had had almost no 
educational advantages before coming here and was slow as 
a student, though an excellent worker. He was offered a 
position as assistant instructor in the Technical Shops here, 
but decided to return home instead, leaving in Nov., '90. 
He went to his father, a store -keeper in Lexington, I. T., and 
assisted him in the capacity of clerk for awhile. Leaving 
there he went to his mother at Sacred Heart Mission, and 
has been interesting himself in his own .and his brother's 
land. 

Scholarship given by Eddie Browning. 

Robert Bald an, quarter-blood Pottawattomie, age 2r, a quiet, 
earnest young man, but not at all strong, and was returned 
July 6, '86, He lived quietl}^ at home with his family, at 
Shawneetown and with his brother, ran a farm of over one 
hundred acres, until in the winter of '91, he fell a victim to 
an epidemic that visited his agency and died. 
Scholarship given by Miss Grace H- Learned. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 44 1 

Daniel Chilson, quarter-blood Pottawattomie. a<?e 15, from 
Shawneetovvn. He hil been to school about three years. 
and having gDod coni:Tiaii of English, was graduated after 
four years here. (See records, Class of '89.) He went from 
here to Washington, secured apposition as principal teacher — 
the place vacated by Thos. Alford — and returned home, Jul)?- 
9th. He worked in a store until school opened, and then 
resigning his position in tavor of a lady of superior age and 
experience, to3k the place she had formally filled as assistant. 
He taught there until Januarv, when, through trouble for 
which he was responsible, he left and has since been work- 
ing as clerk and farmer about Shawneetown. In '91, he 
married a nice girl, Mideline Tupan, and has since done bet- 
ter. J n' December he wrote: "Young friends, those of you 
whose homes are in this pirt of the country, prepare vour- 
selves — now is the time — for you will not hnd this territor}'' 
the same as when you left it. " We have towns now erowina: 
up in this country, and you all know what comes with towns, 
saloons — whiske3'S comes, you all know what an evil that is, 
and what a curse it is to our race. So arm yourselves while 
there, that 3-ou may stand against the evils and temptations 
you will meet after you return, and also to help others." 

Scholarship given by Cong. S. .S., New Milford. Conn. 
Am33 Foreman, eighlih-blood Delaware, a^j 2t, Eirnest in his de- 
sire to improve, but not physically strong enough to remain. 
He was returned the next November and died in '85. 

Charles Foreman, eighth-blood Delaware, age 15, brother of Amos. 
A bright boy, brought up among a rough class of white peo- 
ple, and with much to unlearn. This was slow and hard work, 
but a good heart and perseverance have brought about a decid- 
ed change The summer of '8g. he spent with iVlr. Farrar, in 
Lmcoln, Mass, and in '93. went a^^ain, remaining there ever 
since. On expiration of his time, Aug '90, he was dropped 
from the school roll, and is now independent. Ve is spoken 
of as "con 5cientious, trusty, reliable," and as a "faithful 
worker," 

Scholarship given by J. E. Fisher and C. B. Knevals. 



442 TWENTY-TWO YEARS .WOKK 

, Reuben TowNSEND, full-blood Wichita, age 17, a former pupil ol 
Chilocco. He was a good scholar, and in every way an ex- 
cellent boy, but physically unable to do hard or confining 
work. He spent every summer in the North, and the whole 
of his fourth year with the Gold family in Cornwall, Conn.- 
where he improved so much that he -returned to Hampton 
comparatively well It was thought best that he return to 
the Territory and he was sent back July 9, '89. Instead of 
going to the place he called home as was expected, he got 
off the train at Arkansas Cit)^ and went to the Chilocco 
School where he was taken in at once as a pupil and won much 
favor there. When the school reopened in ihe fall, he was 
so much impressed with the lack of religions exercises, such 
as he had been accustomed to here, that he obtained permis- 
sion to institute a prayer m2^tin^2:, which he did. His success 
in this, and in other ways, showed unusual earnestness, tact 
and devotion, ani when he died, April 26, '93, he was 
greatly missed by both teachers and schoolmates. 
Scholarship given by Miss Helen Porter. 

Henry VVali,ace, half-blood Comanche, age 20 or more. Had 
had a peculiar wandermg life which seemed not to have done 
him harm, only as it gave him most peculiar ideas of people 
and things and made the spirit and life of the school almost 
incomprehensible to him. He spoke English fairly well but 
knew nothing of books. His health was not good, and in '87 
he returned to the West, and for a long time nothing was 
heard from him. At last, in '89, a touching letter came from 
him written in Texas, but the reply sent to the address given 
was returned unopened and simply marked '■ dead." In '92 
came a letter ^n English so broken as to be almost unintelli- 
gible, showing kind remembrances of old friends but giving 
no personal news, and no address other' than Washington, D. 
C. It is surmised that he is again with a travelling show. 
Scholarship given by Cong'l S. S. Southport, Conn. 

Thompson Wildcat Alford, full-blood Absentee-Shawnee, age 
14, a brother of Thomas who came in '79. His second 
name' seemed so much more appropriate, and expressed so 
well the youth's nature, that in spite of all efforts to adopt 
the more dignified one, he is still known as Wild Cat 
by all his old friends — and all were friends of the impulsive, 
mischievous, honest and open-hearted boy. Many and various 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 443 

were his sins and punishments, but his happ)^ good nature 
always brought him out smihng and willing to be good as 
long as he could. He went home July, '89, to work a year 
and " steady down " a little, and, if he made a good record, re- 
turn again. The record was good, but as no party came East 
he went to Chilocco instead, where he is still a student and 
very highly spoken of by the superintendent. 

Scholarships given by South Ch. S. S., Andover, Mass.; 
Cla-s cf boys, Park St., S. S., Boston ; J E. Fisher and C. B. 
Knevals ; Ladies of Dana Hall, Wellesley. 

Samuel Perry, full-blood Absentee-Shawnee. age 19. Not promis- 
ing as a student, but industrious, ambitious and earnest. He 
realized his inability to succeed through books and gave 
' his time to his trade— tailoring — and English. He returned 
July 9, '89, on expiration of time, but finding his father had 
died, and himself practically homeless, he went to Haskell 
Inst., Lawrence, Kas , with a p^rty, and remained there for 
several months. He organized there a student's prayer-meet- 
ing or Y. M. C. A., and debating society, something on the 
Hampton plan, and was very highly spoken of by teachers 
and superintendent until the next winter, when suddenly, 
without apparent cause, he disappeared. He has since been 
livmg at Shawneetown and Skiatook, is married, and has a 
farm. His domestic relations have been unfortunate and 
bad.' 
Scholarship given by Misses Ellen and Margaret Collins, 

Bex Rich, full -blood Otoe, age 23, had been to school in Nebraska 
and spoke Engl sh well, but was wild and ungovernable and 
was returned as soon as possible, Feb. 2, '86. He has since 
been in jail under charge of killing his wife. 

Joseph Leclair, half-blood Pottawattomie and Ponca, age 23, a 
student of Chilocco, speaking very fair English. He seemed 
anxious to learn, but had not been suitably endowed by na- 
ture and returned, Nov, '85, to the school from which he 
came. In '89 he was still there as a student, but has since 
left and ha^ been wandering about, first working awhile at 
one place and then at another, generally at Sac and Fox. 

William Masters, full-blood Pawnee, age 18. He had been travel- 
ing with a show and was unfit for school or work and returned 
home the following February. He is married and is said to 
be a farmer. 



444 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

Rush Roberts, full blood Pawnee, ;8, a tall.slenderyoung man with 
very little strength of body, but earnestly desiring to improve 
himself. He was returned Sept. 22, '87, and died not long 
after. 

Scholarship given bv Payson Church, Easthampton. 
Mass. 

Ernest Lushb.^ugh, full-blood Pawnee, age i5 or more. Good 
character but weak body. Was returned Nov. 3, '89 to the 
school from which he came — Chilocco — and in '89 was still 
there as policeman, whose duty it is to bring back run-away 
boys. He has for the past year been a'so night watchman at 
the school, and the superintendent speaks of him as 
an " earnest Christian man 'and industrious as far as his 
health will allow. In '92 he writes, on the typewriter.that he 
is an assistant in the office. He says : " I received your little 
note and the view of Hampton and was very much interest- 
ing to see the view of my school. Well, this is my work 
which I will show you, I am trying hard to get a success to 
my work. I am thankful that I accomplish in my work, and I 
am sorry that I not stay to finish my study in that school. 
But still remember the Hampton boys and girls too, and I 
thank our Father which is in heaven, that he gives us in our 
life to be happy. ... I am very glad to say this, that I am a 
Christian of the Y. M. C. A., of the Chilocco Indian school." 



Richard Powless, age 20, Oneida, from Green Bav Agency, Wis- 
came alone Oct. i, '85, entered the Junior Class and was 
graduated with the Class of '88 (See Record, CI ss of '88) and 
returned home the following July. He taught a year or more, 
being very successful in building up .an enthusiastic school 
where old methods had hitherto prevailed. He later joined 
the party of surv.-yors sent out to survey the Oneida Reserv- 
ation and to allot the lands. There was considerable contro- 
versy at the lims regarding this measure, and Richard found 
ample need of all his knowledge of white people and their laws 
i-1 explaining, and helping to a satisfactory conclusion, the 
-'.vork of the Government and the people. In the summer of 
'89 he went to the Pacific coast, but returned home after a 
few months and in '90 obtained a position at the Riverside 
Press, Houghton, Mifflin & Co., in Cambridge, Mass , and in 
'91 was earning good wages, reading regularly in the Y. M 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 445 

C. A. Library and attending some lectures at the college. He 
has been earnest, hard-working and plucky, and has ev^ery 
prospect of success. 

Scholarships given by B. H. Bartol, and Young People's 
Aid Society, Portland, Maine. 

Albert Morgan, full blood Omaha, age 13. Had been to school 
in Baltimore, and was brought here because too delicate and 
homesick to remain there. He was ill most of the time here al- 
so, and returned home [uly 6, '86. He was a gentle, quiet 
■ child, and his letters from home to his friends here have been 
full of appreciation and love for the school. He has asked 
several times to come back, but his condition would not war- 
rant the risk. In '91 he was travelling with a show of the 
Wild West nature and has not been heard from since. 



PARTY OF SIOUX FROM STANDING ROCK AGENCY.. 

Brought bv J. H. McDowell, Aug. 19, 1886. 

James Bear Robe, Matohasma, full-blood, age 18, son of Thunder 
Hawk. A remarkably exemplary boy in every way. but in 
poor health. He returned much against his wishes. May 28, 
'88, and immediately went to a Catholic School in Minne- 
sota, but his health failing there too, he returned home and 
went to work in the carpenter shop. He has built up his 
own home, done a great deal for the young men about him^ 
and has accomplished a work among his people such as few 
others have been found equal to. He applied several times 
to return to Hampton, but it did not seem best, knowing the 
condition of hi-s lungs. The Missionary says of him : " For 
the first two years after his return from Hampton he was 
one of the best dressed boys on the reservation. He kept his 
uniform looking new and bright for over two years. Soon 
after his return from Hampton, he made two good ash bed- 
steads for his mother's house, which would be a credit to 
the Workmanship of any journeyman carpenter. He worked 
for several years in the agency carpenter shop and was a good 
and industrious workman. Last spring ill health compelled 
him to give up his work and be out of doors more of the 
time. He died in September, 1891." 

Scholarship given by Mr. E. E. Hardy. 



446 TWKNTY-'IWO years' WORK. 

Claud Bow, Itazipa, (Jumping), full-blood, age 23, son of Pretty 
, .Bear. He had been teaching the very little that he knew, to 
a small camp school, and came to hampicn for a fresh sup- 
ply, lie had been injured in childhood zvA was badly de- 
formed, but, though rather eccentric at times, had a steady 
purpose lor which he worked very faithfully. He returned 
home on expiration of time, July 9, 'S9, after awhile started a 
tailor sl;iop on his own responsibility and started out in busi- 
ness for himself by making unilorms for the base ball club, 
most of whom were Hampton boys. He did not find his 
trade sufficient for self-support and is now on a farm at Can- 
non Ball. He is one of the leaders in the Ind an Christian 
Association spoken of more fully in Young Eagle's record. 
As secretary of the socieiy he has recently sent us a long 
list of names of the Indians, 56 miCn and 43 women, who are 
full members, saying by way of mtroduction : " 1 have no- 
tify you with my true words, so that you will examine to our 
society. Since 1890 we arrive with our association am.ong 
Qur people on the Cannon Ball River, N. D. Since that time 
we have no help or any missionary to our societ}^ except our 
Bishop Walker from Fargo, N. D. I'm very glad to report 
that he is always trying to help us long with our society and 
gave us many hymn books and. some prayer books, so that 
we will be stronger than we ever before." 

Scholarship given by Olivet Mission, Brooklyn. 

Antoine De Rgckbrain, J/r?/<:"<^;/, (Dare), half-bleod, age 15, son 
of Chas. De,Rockbrain. A bright boy, with some English. 
He returned on expiration of time, Sept. 25, '89, and has 
done remarkably well. He himself writes : '" I first worked 
with the agency Doctor as interpreter, but soon went to 
teaching one of the agency schools.- While I was teaching 
the Sitting Bull fighi began, so I had to stop. Then I was 
enlisted as a scout at Fort Yates, and I was sent out last win- 
ter with the 8th Cavalry. Now I am back teaching my same 
school again. ■ My attendance is 48, including boys and girls, 
and I am glad to say that I am doing well." And again 
May, '92, •• 1 was more than happy to hear from my old 
Hampton home again. I am very glad to hear that you are 
all pleased with my work out here. I feel encouraged to 
hear from my friends and I thank )'ou very much for the ad- 
vice you gave me." " I am getting along very nicely with 
my work at the present time. My salary has been increased 



OF HAMPrOJI INSTITUTE. 44/ 

since 1 wrote to you last. 1 am now getting §60.00 per 
montlT. I am studying all the time while I am tt aching. I 
study every night, and I have learned a good dewl s'nce I re- 
turned. I think if I returned to Hampton now, I will be able 
to make the Middle Class. I learned- by studying different 
books." 

Tlie missionary, Mr. Reed, says: " He is now teaching 
in a Govt, day school at Spotted Horn Bull's camp, on the 
Grand River, about 60 miles from its mouth. There are 
about thirty pupils in the school. He makes some use of 
the Kindergarten methods. I think he has in him the mak- 
ing of a good teacher. 

The general appearance of the school was good. The 
shawls of all the girls were taken and hung on nails near the 
teacher's desk, and the boy's hats were not used as cushions, 
but hung on nails also." ■ 

Another report says that he speaks" perfect English, is 
neat and tidy, self-supporting, and looks like an mdustrious 
white man." 

Scholarship given by Plymouth S. S., Rochester, N. Y. 
Paul Elk, /////(r//, full- blood, age 20, son of Holy Elk Face. He 
was in consumption and returned after two months. He 
had never had an}' advantages before coming, and his life 
'has not been materially changed by his trip East, though he 
is said to be " doing as well as his health will permit." 
Casslmer'Fire Elk, Hcrakapi-hi, full- blood, age 23, son of Red Fox- 
He had been a medicine man and besides being consumptive 
and a great care, made considerable trouble attempting to 
-practice his art here upon the students. He wds returned 
in two months and has not made much of a record in any 
way — is sick much of the time. He is said to " dress neatljr 
in white man's costume," but to be " rather indolent." 
Martin Hawk. Ccian, full-blood, age 22, son of Bear's Ear. He was 
too unbalanced and hysterical to be a promising pupil and 
■ returned home Sept. 25, '88. He worked at the Agency for 
a time as a blacksmith and did some farming, making a very 
lair record for industry. He married properly and had a fair 
home near the Agency — a log house with boar-d floor. The 
Agent speaks of him as " very good " in character and influ- 
ence. 

Scholarships given by Miss Bertha VaugMan and Miss 
Leslie W. Hopkinson. 



448 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

Jerome Iron Bear, Mafo-masa, full-blood, age 12, son of Shave 
Head, one of the police killed during the capture of Sitting 
Bull, Dec. 15, '90. Jerome was never strong here and re- 
turned home, Jan. 12, "87. After his father's death he at 
once assumed the responsibility of the household, farm and 
stock, and has done remarkably well. He speaks English 
freely and is highly spoken of by all. 

John Runnino-With, Agna-inyanke, full-blood, age 23, son of 
Scattering. He did fairly well here and returned on expira- 
ration of time, Sept. 25, '89. He soon found work as black- 
smith at the Agency, dressed neatly, spoke English readily, 
and became quite prominent in the St. Joseph's Society of 
the Roman Catholic church. In '91, he went to Fort Peck 
on a visit, found work and has since remained theie. His 
influence is said to have been "very good." 
Scholarship given by Mr. Andrew Mills. 

James Shot Twice. Nonpaopi, full-'blood. age 19, son of Short Face. 
A big, strong, young man, slow at books, but faithful at his 
work. He was at first called by his Indian name, but its us- 
ual pronunciation sounded so much like " No Puppy" that 
it invariably caused a smile, and he adopted its English 
equivalent. He returnd on expiration of his time, Sept. 25, '89, 
and made, by his earnest determination to do the best he 
knew how, a very fair record for industry and purpose. He 
at once built himself a house, married, started a farm, and, 
though very much handicapped by his lack of English, was 
reported by the Agent as " exercising an actively good in- 
fluence." The Congregational missionary says, " Early in 
the spting of '89, he was working for a larmer at the mouth 
of the Cannon Ball, planting corn, and, being ambitious and 
not accustomed to the work, over-strained himself and was ver}'- 
sick for a month or more. He was up and about, but gradu- 
ally grew worse, until he died," in July, '91. He was a mem- 
ber of the Christian Association, and has left a good name. 
Scholarship given by Bethany Mission S. S., New York. 

Mary Bird, Z/taua-.uin, full-blood, age 17. A strong, hardworking, 
earnest girl who improved much in many ways. She re- 
turned on expiration of time. Sept. 25, '89, to a poor home 
and degrading influences, but rose above them and made a 
decided stand for beiter ways of living. She married a 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 449' 

young blacksmith or harness maker, James Wapobleca, taught 
him English and made as good a home as possible. They 
are said to be a " model couple " always doing well. The 
agent is quoted as saying that Mary is " one of the very best 
girls who has returned from Hampton." James died after a 
long illness, Feb., '92. 

Scholarship given by " The Margaret Shepherd Society" 
of Cambridge, Mass. 

Fannie Cross Bear, Psicawin, (Jumping), full-blood, age 17, daugh- 
ter of chief Cross Bear. She returned on expiration of time, 
Sept. 25, '89, but only lived a few months. The missionary 
wrote : ■' She was a great sufiferer, but patient in her suffer- 
ing and her Hampton training was not lost." 
Scholarship given by Mrs. Sam'l Lawrence. 

Katherine Cross Bear, age 14, sister of Fannie. She was a beau- 
tiful young girl, gentle and ladylike always, but not very 
strong. She returned to a home presided over by her fath- 
er's two wives, and, though she had much to contend with, 
was spoken of in the highest terms by both agent and mis- 
sionary. She is now well married to Leo Kutepi. A visitor 
to her home sajs that her "house is clean and herself neat 
and ladylike — not at all Indian in appearance or manner" 
also that though she " has no moral support where she is 
she has ' stuck it out' remarkably," 

Scholarship given by Students of Bryn Mawr College. 

Madeline Currier, Tawahintka, full-blood, age 18, daughter of 
Red Track Dog. She was a bright, pretty girl, quiet and 
well-behaved. She returned on expiration of time, Sept. 
25, '89, and not long after was married by Indiand cus- 
tom to Thomas Paseca Ashley, (See arrivals, Oct., 'i"]^, a 
young man whose advantages would lead one to expect bet- 
ter things of him. Their house was neat and clean, showing 
excellent housekeeping; both spoke English well and had in 
many ways an excellent influence. After a few months, 
Madeline left Thomas and went to Fort Peck, remained 
there some time, and then went to Poplar Greek, where she 
was still living when last heard from. 

Scholarships given by Misses Thurston ; H. H. Club, 
Brooklyn. 

Annie Eagle, Wambdiwin, full-blood, age 16, daughter of Chief 
Shot-the- Enemy. A bright but wayward girl, her home 



450 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

record has been in keeping with that made at school. She 
returned Sept. 25, '89, and was married soon after to a young 
man. Bull Far by name, and, surrounded by a large unpro- 
gressive family, has not had much chance to show her capa- 
bilities. She writes often to her Hampton friends and seems 
to feel a warm appreciation of what they have done for her. 
Her record has never been worse than inability to rise above 
her surroundings. 

Scholarships given by Mr?, Henry Pickering; Lyndon 
Hall School, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 

Happy Road, Tacankn yuskipiwin, full-blood, age 16, an unhappy 
misncmer. She wept for two months, night and day, and 
then returned home, Oct, '86. Her record is that of the or- 
dinary Indian woman, 

Clara Virgin. Wiiasnawin, full-blood, age 21. She was a warm 
friend of Happy Road and so much in sympathy with her 
that she, too, wept most of the time, and being also con- 
sumptive, was returned with her friend two months later. 
She is well married and living at Standing Rock, where she 
is said to be a good househeeper, and to exert a decidedly 
progressive influence, 

Julia Kathleen, .SW<5£ra-/2//'«, full blood, age 21, daughter of Kill 
Many. She returned to her home at Grand River, June 21, 
'87, and soon alter married Lucas Sheild, (See arrivals, June 
'84) and both assisted Miss Collins in her mission work there 
until 1S90. After the loss of her husband she went to friends 
at Sisseton Agency. She is now married there and has al- 
ways made aj.ood name and record. Soon after her hus- 
band's death she wrote : " "^hen you write to me it makes 
my heart sad, for I remember i.ampton and I wish to go 
back. Nothing is so good for our people as schools. I had a 
little daughter three years old that in my heart I gave to 
Hampton, but she is dead and my heart is sad. The old 
Dakota customs are bad fur our people. They hold us back 
from the new life. I never enter into them any more. My 
child is in heaven and it is my desire to live so that I shall 
meet her there. I have lived like a Christian ever since I re- 
turned from Hamptpn, 1 always go to school and to church. 
My husband is dead. He committed suicide. I am now alone. 
1 want you to pray for our people. We bless the name of 
' Armstrong.' " 

Scholarship given by Mrs Mary Dorman. 



or HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 451 

Lucv No Ears, N&ga=~^amca, half-blood, age 15, sister of Jennie, 
who came in '81, and did such excellent work until her deaths- 
Lucy was a kind-hearted, faithful girl, but weak in mind, and,, 
though kept until May 20, '89, was returned with the feeling" 
that her life was destined to be an unhappy one. Her record 
of character has been exceedingly bad, but the" Agent is 
hoping to get her into an institution, where she can have the 
protection she needs. 

Scholarship given by Mrs. Samuel Lawrence. 

Annie Red Cane, Tasagye-luia, full-blood, age 14, daughter of 
Runs After. She seemed to be much needed by her friends^ 
in May, '88, and was returned to her mother at Crow Creek. 
She not long after contracted an unhappy marriage there, 
and, leaving her husband, returned with a party to Hamptorl 
without permission or approval, Nov. 10, '89. She did better 
during her second term, but was returned again July 27, '91. 
So far her lecord has not teen gcod, but we hope she may 
redeem it. 

Scholarships given by Wm. E. Dodge ; Mrs. Mary D.- 
Ellison. 



PARTY OF OMAHAS 

Brought by Marguerite La Flesche, Oct. 15, 1886, 

FROM OMAHA AGENCY, NEB. 

Thomas Sloan, eighth- blood, age 23. He had been about the world 
a great deal, having had rather an adventurous life, and 
enough schooling at odd times to enter the Junior Class here, 
being graduated in '89, (See record. Class of '91). He re- 
turned home soon after, fixed up his place, and being ap- 
pointed County Surveyor, took up that work with energy, 
earning nearly a hundred dollars a month. He had read a 
little law while here, and continuing it under direction, was 
admitted to the bar April, '91, and, forming a partnership 
with his instructor, entered regularly into legal practice. 

The firm of Chase and Sloan, Pender, Neb. has been en- 
terprising and successful and promises greater things later on. 
In Jan. '91, he married a young white woman from St. 
Louis, and since then they have a pleasant and comfortable 



452 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

home in the town. 

Scholarships given by Dr. Ingersoll Bodwitch ; Hamp- 
ton Ind. Assn. of Harvard Annex. 

George Adams Parker, full-blood, age i8, or more. He was son 
Jf heathen parents and had had no educational advantages 
whatever. Being both physically and mentally incapable of 
much progress he was returned Jan. 12, '87. Always anx- 
ious to do well, he has by faithful, hard work and determined 
purpose out stripped many better equipped men. To quote 
from a translated letter : 

"Since I returned from Hampton, I have never worn a 
blanket, or worn long hair, or dressed in Indian clothes, but 
1 have always tried to be neat and have dressed in citizen's 
clothes. I am not married. There are over ten in our family. I 
do what I can to help my people, and I told the Omahas not to 
go to the dances, but go to work, as that was the only way in 
which they could get a living. Some of them do not like me 
because I told them that, and I also told them to behave 
' themselves and do right. 

I united with the church here over four years ago, and 
attend the church and prayer meeting just as regular as I can, 
I went to the eastern land because I wanted to get an educa- 
tion, but my strength gave out. Some days it makes me feel 
very sad, because I think, now I might be working and know 
something. Sometimes when I hear how well some of the 
Hampton boys are doing, it makes my heart feel sorry, be- 
cause I had to come back before I learned anything. I shall 
try hard all the time and work. Then I shall be able to 
make something for myself." 

Charles Moncravie, half-blood, age 17, He had a serious and 
contagious eye trouble which forbade all work, and after 
three months' treatment was returned home. He afterward 
went to the Carlisle School, in Pennsylvania, and was highly 
spoken of for some time, but was in '91, expelled from there 
with others. He has since been with his mother at Osage 
Agency, Indian Territory. 

Henry Moncravie, age 14, brother of Charles, but far less promis- 
ing in character. He was kept here until expiration of his 
three years' term, and returned for bad conduct and harmful 
influence. He soo& afterwards went to Carlisle, and seemed 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 453 

to improve for awhile, but was finally expelled from there 
with his brother in '91. He too is with his mother in Indian 
Territory. 

Scholarship given by Mr. James M. Brown. 



PARTY OF PAWNEES. 

Brought from Indian Territory by Walter Battice 

Oct. 24, 1886. 
FROM PAWNEE AGENCY. 

Julius Cesar, full-blood, age i6. He had been to school a little 
and was very earnest in his desire to learn, but, though brave 
and manly in spirit was not strong in body, and obliged to 
return on expiration of time, Sept. 24, '89. He has since 
worked steadily at his trade, carpentry, and has won a good 
name for industry, character and influence. 

Scholarship given by Unitarian S. S. Germantown, Pa. 

Peter Sun Chief, full-blood, age 15. A boy with a character simi- 
lar to his friend Ceasar's, only subdued by disease, more 
gentle and patient. He returned home after a year here 
Sept. 20, '87, and died not long after. 

Scholarship given by State St. Bap. Bible School, Spring- 
field, Mass. 

Alfred Murie, full-blood, age 19, brother of James, one of our early 
Indian graduates. He had been to two schools, giving him 
six years of training before coming here, and, when he was 
returned from here after another three years, Sept, 24, '89, 
he had not advanced beyond the Indian school. His record 
at home has been rather unsatisfactory, though he has worked 
well at times on his farm and at freighting. He married by 
Indian custom soon after his return, but afterward had the 
marriage solemnized in church, and has tried in many ways 
to do well. 

Scholarship given from " Murray Fund," through D. S« 
Taber. 



454 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

PARTY OF INDIAN TERRITORY. 

Brought by Dudley Talbot, Nov. 14, 1886. 

FROM SHAWNEETOWN. 

Frank Foreman, full-blood Absentee-Shawnee, age 18. He had 
been to school at home and was capable, but indifferent. He 
returned on expiration of time, Sept. 24, '89, and soon after 
went to Haskell Inst., Lawrence, Kan. His record has been 
fair. 

Scholarship given by Mr. J. B. Houston. 

Harry Hunter, half-blood Absentee-Shawnee, age 20. He had 
been to White's Institute, Wabash, Ind. and was well started 
on the road to success, but lacked the steadfastness of pur- 
pose to keep on at any very encouraging pace. He was re- 
turned after three years, Sept. 24, '89, and has since made a 
record in keeping with that made at school. He has been 
clerk and salesman in a store at Shawneetown and it is said 
" would be steady if he got steady work." He has married 
according to the Indian custom, and thus thrown his moral 
influence on the wrong side, though in many ways he has 
tried to do well. 

Scholarship given by Miss Grace H. Learned. 

Andrew Johnson, quarter-blood, age 14, son of Jacob Johnson. 
He had been to school at Wabash, Ind., and made a steady 
and marked improvement each year while here. He was 
graduated in '91, and soon after went to Indian Territory, 
where he had an appointment in the Boarding School at 
Otoe Agency. An attack of chills and fever prevented his 
taking any work, and, though he has done what he could on 
his own place, has not yet been able to do the work he had 
prepared himself for. He is earnest and intelligent, and it is 
expected that he will make his life tell strongly for good yet; 
Scholarships given by Mrs. Whiting's Bible Class, N. Y. 
" A Friend '' ; and First Pres. S. S. Orange, N. J. 



FROM SAC AND FOX AGENCY. 

Charles Conally, half-blood, age 25, or more. He had been a 
policeman at the agency, and, though earnest in his desire to 
'learn, was not physically capable of much advancement. He 
was returned the following September, took up the position 
he had left on the police ferce, and attended to his duties as 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 455 

long as he was able. He died within a year after his return. 
Scholarship given by Mr. Henry Mackey. 

David Bad Fish or Avery, full-blood, age 15. He had been to school 
six years, but was too lazy to amount to anything, and added 
here very little to his store of knowledge. He was kept un- 
til the expiration of his time, and returned Sept. 24. '89. He 
not long after went to Haskell Inst., Lawrence, Kan., and, 
though spoken of as exceedingly unsatisfactory, was still 
there in the spring of '92. 

Scholarship given by Mr. H. M. Knapp. 

Frank Kt OCUK, three-quarters-blood, age 15, son of Charles, and 
grandson of the chief, Moses Keokuk. He was bright as 
a student, but inherited so much that w.as weak and bad, that 
there was little hope for real success. He was returned after 
four years' trial here, and has since been living at home. He 
has become very deaf and is given over to dissolute ways. 

Scholarship given by Mrs. Robert Townsend and Friends 
Syracuse, N. Y. 

Alice Moore, quarter-bloed, age 18, daughter of Rienzi Moore. 
She made fair progress here and returned two years later to 
fill the place left vacant in the houshold by the death of her 
step mother. The next fall she entered the Govt, school as 
laundress and did very satisfactory work there, keeping her- 
self and her department up to a high standard of neatness 
and order. In '90, she married an industrious white man and 
has a good home at Econtuchka. From the first she has tak- 
en a strong stand for the better way, and has done well. 
Scholarship given by Miss Mary A. Tappan. 

Cassie McCoy, quarter-blood, age 20. She had been married, and 
through many trying experiences in life, and though ambi- 
tious to do well, was not fit for student life. She spent a 
year at the Hartford Training School for Nurses and re- 
turned home Sept., 24, '89. She worked out for a time, but 
old associations were too strong for her unsettled resolves, 
and her record has been far frOm satisfactory. She is mar- 
ried to a white man by the name of Eaton. 

Scholarship given by Girls' Classical School, Northamp- 
ton, Mass. 

Lydia Monroe, half-blood, age 18, a half sister of Cassie, but an 
utter contrast in character. She had been to White's Inst., 
Wabash, Indiana, and was well fitted by training and charac- 



456 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

ter, to become a useful and helpful woman, had not an inheri- 
tance of scrofula made any outlay of physical strength im- 
possible. Through discomfort and pain she worked on here, 
and would have been glad to remain had it seemed best to 
keep her. Soon after her return, Sept. 24, '89, she found 
work in a private family and did well in every way. In '90. 
she married a white man, Mr. Hamblin, and has a comfort- 
able and pleasant heme. Her record has always been good. 
Scholarship given by Miss Susan Longstreth, 



Frank Gautier, half-blood Menominee, age about 17. He came 
at his own -expense Oct. '86, with Michael Oshkeneny of the 
class of '82, from Green Bay Agency, Wis., and returned 
home as independently a few months later, Jan. 4, '87. He 
had had school advantages before, and after his return be- 
came clerk in his grandfather's store at the agency. He mar- 
ried a white woman not long after, and they had in '88 a very 
pretty and pleasant home near the store where he now has an 
interest beyond that of clerk. 



PARTY FROM DAKOTA. 

Brought by the Rev. J. J. Gravatt, Nov. 26, 1886. 

FROM CHEYENNE RIVER AGENCY. 

Edwin and Ellen Phelps, full bloods, ages 32 and 30. Both had 
been missionary helpers under the American Missionary As- 
sociation, but needed more English and a larger experience 
of civilized life. They came to Hampton as helpers in the 
Indian department, but it was soon found that they were bet- 
ter qualified for pupils than instructors and were regularly en- 
rolled as such. The)' had three children when they came, 
Matteos aged 10, Gideon aged 9, and Ella aged 4, the latter 
deaf and dumb. They were given a cottage to themselves 
and kept house under supervision. A child was born in the 
winter which lived only a few days, and in June 2r, '87 they 
all returned to a mission station sixty miles from the agency 
where they have remained ever since, the younger boys at- 
tending school at Oahe. They are both highly spoken of by 
the missionaries, under whose supervision they are working 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 457 

Mr. Phelps is the son of Elizabeth Winyan, one of the 
early converts while the Sioux were still in Minnesota. Dur- 
ing the Indian uprising of '62 she won the lasting gratitude 
of her mission friends, by swimming the river to carry food to 
them while they were in hiding, risking her life at every ven- 
ture. She was always one of the most faithful workers of 
the mission and took great pains in the bringing up of her 
son Edwin. 

Scholarship given by Miss E. W. Davenport. 

James and Antoinette Paypay, half and full bloods, ages 21 and 18. 
James was the son of Mrs. Geo. Paypay, wife of the native 
Episcopal minister at Cheyenne River, and had been well 
brought up. Antoinette had been a pupil of St. John's 
School. They lived here in one of the cottages, James 
working half a day at the carpenter's trade, and Antoinette 
attending school when not engaged in family duties which 
were increased in '87 by the advent of a son, whom they 
named Fred. In July, '89 all returned home, but soon after 
separated, James remaining at the agency as carpenter, 
where he is well-spoken of as industrious and reliable, and 
Antoinette going to her friends in camp. Neither have made 
a very satisfactory record. Fred has been adopted by Carrie 
Half and has a good home with her. 

Scholarships given by W. F. A. and The Misses Sill; 
The Lana Ac Tela Society, N. Y. 

Carrie Half, full-blood, age 16. She had been for some time a pu- 
pil of the St. John's School for Girls at Cheyenne River and 
showed her excellent training. She was hardly strong enough 
for school life and returned on expiration of time from the 
Junior Class. Very soon after her return she married the 
native Episcopal clergyman, Rev. Geo. Paypayf and be- 
came a very enthusiastic helperin his parish. Her letters to 
Hampton friends are always bright and cheery and full of the 
work she finds to do for her people. Their present parish 
is sixty miles from the agency at White Horse's Camp 
There they have a. nice little church, a pleasant home neatly 
and prettily furnished and kept, and are a telling influence 
for good in a community where their work is much needed 
and well appreciated. 

Scholarship given by Hampton Club, Springfield, Mass. 



458 ' TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 

Moses Icato, also called Oluka and Galloping, full blood, age 20, 
son of Short Runner, a large, strong looking man, earnest 
and industrious, but with no educational advantages. He 
seemed to be breaking down two years later and was returned 
to his home at Bad River, Sept. 25, '88, He improved in 
health, started a farm, and with some other Hampton boys 
formed a Y. M. C. A. on a small scale and did considerable 
good work. In '91 he met with an accident to his foot and 
was for several months very ill. 

Scholarship given by the " Lana Ac Tela " Society, N. Y. 



FROM CROW CREEK AGENCY. 

Lucy Little Eagle, full blood, age 18. As Lucy Winona she was 
of the bright class of Indian girls, but as Mrs. Little Eagle 
sadly deficient in what her husband considered essential to 
their future happiness and prosperity. For her sake and his 
own he brought her to Hampton (See arrivals Oct. '81) and 
she well repaid him for his wisdom. Since their return home 
with their baby Martha, Sept. 25, '88, they have lived in three 
or four places but everywhere Lucy is spoken of as a good 
housekeeper, and a helper among the women. Mrs. Burt, the 
missionary, speaks especally of her work in the women's so- 
ciety and her skill in cutting and making garments. They 
have now two children and live in a comfortable, neatly kept 
house surrounded by a fence, something seldom seen in that 
free country. 

Scholarship given by Parish Aid Society, N ew Orleans 
La. 

Edward Little Eagle, full-blood, age 18, brother of Henry. He 
was a faithful student,but, unlike his brother, slow and unen- 
ergetic. He returned on expiration of time, Sept. 25, '89, as- 
sumed charge of the home affairs and has done exceedingly 
well there. He dresses nicely, appears well, attends church 
regularly and has shown more character than his School 
friends had expected. 

Scholarship given by Mrs. A. T. E. Kirtland. 



FROM LOWER BRULE AGENCY. S. D. 
Joseph La Roche, half-blood, age 20. A most excellent young man 
who came to learn more of the trade he had commenced in 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 459 

the agency blacksmith shops. He returned on expiration of 
time, Sept. 25, '89, and immediately went to work a.gain at the 
agency. Later he went out to the Bijou Hills and started an- 
independent shop there, but sickness (inflammatory rheumat- 
ism) interfered with that and he returned with his pretty 
young wife, Hope, to the agency, where as soon as he was 
able he again entered the shops. In the fall of '90 he was 
still working hard at his trade, and living in a cottage not far 
away. His child, a bright little girl, he has named, in grateful 
remembrance of his school day friend, Josephine Richards; so 
with such parents and such a namesake, there is reason 
to expect great things. One most striking proof of Joseph's 
skillful hands is a box buggy of two seats, arranged for two 
horses, made entirely by himself, wood work, iron finishings 
and all. This he owns, and when driving his family behind 
his own team, he looks like a well-to-do gentleman; no one 
can gainsay his right to self-respect at least. 

Scholarship given by Scott B. and Mrs. S. J. Hurtt. 



FROM YANKTON AGENCY, S. D. 

Pierre Archambeau, half-blood, age i8, brother of John, but very 
different in character, being a gentle, quiet boy. He returned 
for ill health Sept. 25, '88, and was taken in by Mrs. Johnston, 
matron of St. Paul's School, and tenderly cared for, until in 
the winter he went to his home some distance from the agen- 
cy and died there Jan. 1889. 

Scholarship given by ist Pres S. S., E. Orange. 

John Bruyier, half-blood, age 20. Had been a pupil of St. Paul's 
School, Yankton, and at Jubilee, 111., and entered the Junior 
Class here. During his Middle year he had an opportunity 
to assist in the Bureau of Ethnology and spent several 
months in Washington, helping with translations, etc., in the 
Dakota language. Very musical in his nature and attain 
ments, he was here a leader in all musical efforts, a membe 
of the choir of St. John's Church in Hampton, and often or- 
ganist there. 

He decided during his second year to study medicine 
and after graduation in '90 and a summer in charge of 
the Wigwam here, he went to Meriden, N. H., to 



460 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WQRK 

better prepare himself for medical studies. He is hoping by 
another year to enter a medical school. 

Scholarship given by Mrs. Robert Treat Paine, Jr. 

James Garfield, full-blood, age 21. He had been a pupil of the 
Government School and at the Santee Normal, and did 
well here. He returned on expiration of time Sept. '89, and 
was soon after employed by the Rev. Mr.Williamson as a teach- 
er at White Swan. He did good work there, but has since 
given it up for his farm and other duties. 

Scholarships given by Cong'l S. S., New Milford, Conn.; 
Geo. C. Lord and Chas. Dean. 

Char les Kealear, half-blood, age 16. He had been a pupil of St. 
Paul's School at Yankton Agency, and at Jubilee, 111., enter- 
ered the Junior Class here and was graduated in '89 (See 
Record Class of '89). He returned home the following July, 
and soon after went to Standing Rock to assist the Episco- 
pal missionary there in his work at St. Elizabeth's. He 
acted as interpreter, organist and teacher — some of his pupils 
coming to Hampton through his influence and help. In the 
spring of '90, he went home to help his father with farm work, 
and in the fall took the position of industrial teacher ac the 
Government School, leaving there to assist as teacher at St. 
Paul's, where he had formerly been a pupil. In the summer 
of '92, he helped the representative of Grant Institute in get- 
ting up a party for that school and, joining it, went there him- 
self to assist in the industrial department. 

Scholarships given by Mrs. John E. Lodge; Mr. Frank 
Wood. 

Baptiste Lambert, three-quarter blood, age 32. A man brought 
up in Indian ways; his education neglected until late in 
life. Exceedingly earnest in his desire to improve himself, he 
soon outstripped many a more favored youth. He had been 
for two years a pupil at a white school in Jubilee, III, where 
he " improved every moment," says one of his teachers there. 
He entered the Indian School here and left from the Junior 
Class, July 9, '89. He was a faithful Bible student and an 
earnest worker among the boys at Hampton, leading them in 
their Y.M.C. A. meetings. Soon after his return he was made a 
catechist ander the Rev. Joseph W. Cook and assisted him 
in his work at the agency. He married not long after and 
with his bright }-oung wife, Annie Ellis, a girl educated and 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 46 1 

trained b3'thb missionaries there, set up housekeeping in a 
pretty little cottage at the agency, belonging to the Mission. 
In '81 he was temporarily removed to the church at White 
Swan and put in charge of the work there. He is now a can- 
didate for deacons orders, has the respect of every one, white 
and Indiari, and is doing a strong and telling work among 
his own people. The history of his life is exceedingly inter- 
esting, and goes to show what real sincere effort can do for 
these people even when '■far beyond the so-called school age. 
Scholarships given by Frank Wood ; Trinity S. S., Bos- 
ton ; St, George's Church. N. Y. 

Fred La Rochelle, eighth-blood, age 15. He had been to St. Paul's 
School and as a pupil was bright and promising, but his char- 
acter was such that it was thought best not to keep him long- 
er and he returned home Aug. 17, '88. He has since been 
living at home working occasionally. 

Scholarship given by Miss Abby W. May. 

Henry H. Lyman, IIoA^snm,ha.U-hlood, age 19. Had been for years 
a pupil, and a teacher, at St. Paul's School and one year at Ju- 
bilee, 111. He entered the Junior Class here and'was gradu- 
ated m '89. (See Record Class, of '89.) He did not wish to re- 
, turn home, but went North hoping for an opportunity to study 

further. Law was his choice and in the fall the way was opened 
for him to enter the Law School of Yale University, and he 
graduated there in '91. Of him the Dean wrote : " The Fac- 
ulty of Yale Law School have found Henry Lyman studious, 
thoughtful, conscientiously faithful in attending upon the 
School exercises, uniformly correct in deportment, respected 
and self-respecting, and quite up to the average of his class 
in intelligence." After a winter in New York, doing office 
work, an attack of grippe brought on lung trouble, and, at his 
physician's advice, he returned after a visit to Hampton in 
the spring, to Dakota, where the air is expected toretore him 
to health and usefulness. 

Scholarships given by Mr. Justuss Hotchkiss ; Mrs. 
Henry Dexter; Miss Margaret E, Gale. "John Walker's 
Scholarship," Alexandria, Va. ; 

Charles Rulo, quarter- blood, age 18. He had been to several 
schools before coming, but entered the \^idian School here. 



462 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK. 

In '90 he returned heme for the suttittief ahd in June '91, left 
from the Middle Class and went North to earn his own liv- 
ing. He has had various experiences, but in the spring of 
'92 was a paper hanger in New York City. He returned to 
the West June, '92. 

Scholarship given by Ladies of First Church, Bostoir.. 

Jeanette Stricker, Pte-dutatLtn, full- blood, age 16 or more. Sh© 
had been to schcol before a^ White's Institute, Wabash,. Ind.,, 
and, though delicate in health, managed in a quiet, earnest: 
way to keep up fairly well with her work in and out of school. 
As she did not improve it was thought best to send her back, 
to the West and Sept. 20, '87, she returned home, and sooni 
found employment in the Government School there. Natur- 
ally dignified and holding herself rigidly to her new standard 
of dress and deportment she was nicknamed "The Queen," 
and referred to as an "old maid " but she only smiled and 
kept en as she had begun, in '89 she went to Grant Institute 
Genoa, Neb., and was assistant matron there until her health, 
failed, and she again returned home in '90, and again found' 
employment in the Government School, this time as assistant, 
matron. She is still there, still nicely dressed, still precise: 
and proper in manner and address, and still setting an ex- 
ample of patient persistence in improving herself and her peo- 
ple. She herself gives a bit of her history. She says • " The 
first I went to school is at White's Institute, Wabash. Indi- 
ana. I have been three years and returned home but I have 
no place to work any at home so I went to Hampton to study 
more again and learn more things. And then I go back to 
the reservation and teach them what I learn from the school. 
When I can talk English and dress like whites, then I 
thought of myself way back in the old Indian ways as I was 
before; the Indian had paint their face, wear beads around 
the neck ; as they do, just the same I did before those things; 
and Indian dance, it was when I was thirteen years old. 

When 1 came home from Hampton I stand towards my peo- 
ple and teach them what I learn from the school and to do 
what is right before my people and behavior constantly. I 
have been teach that, is only half an year to teach, but my 
health is not strong again, so I put down my work and stay 
at home to wait until when I get well again. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 463 

When I was at home I go to visit round the reservation 
to see how they Indian live; the Indian some of live in nice;, 
houses but whether nobody did not clean up ; these things 
are not clean. 

I am dress like whites, never seen my old Indian dress since 
I been school. I never take off my citizens clothes eight or 
nine years, I wear citizen's clothes constantly at home and 
every place I go." 

Scholarships given by Britain Miss. Soc, Smith College. 
First Cong'l Ch. Nashua, N. Y. 



FROM FLANDREAU, S. D. 

Mosis CULBERTSON, half-blood, age 19, step son of David Weston,, 
a catechist of the Episcopal church, one of the most pro- 
gressive of the older Indians. Moses was a former pupil of St. 
Paul's School and made good progress here. He left from the 
Middle Class July 19, '9c, because of failing health, and re- 
turned to his home, hoping to find benefit from the change,. 
He taught occasionally through the winter, played the organ 
during the organist's absence, became interested in a band 
and baseball club, and rather a leader among the young men. 
He invested his share of money, paid by the Government for 
land sold many years ago, in land, and sowed it with wheat 
which brought him a good interest. During the harvest he 
drove a three horse self-binder in the hot sun for some fime 
and undid in a short time much of the gain in health accomp- 
lished before. He was still enterprising and "planning to 
make the most of his life and talents^when he was finally 
obliged to give up. Shortly before his death he had a friend 
write to Hampton for him. asking that he might have a word 
of reply from his old " home " before his death. The wish- 
ed for letter was sent at once, but returned with the sad news 
that it had come just too late. He died March 11, '92. 

Scholarships given by Miss Alice M. Longfellow; Union 
S. S., Marlboro, Mass. ; Cresent Ave. S. S„ Plainfield, N. J. ; 
Miss Susie W. McWilliams, 



464 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

OMAHAS AND WINNEBAGOS. 

Brought by Rev. H. B. Frissell, July 14. 1887. 
FROM OMAHA AGENCY, NEB. 

Lucy and Ida Mitchell, full-blood, mother and daughter, ages 25 
and 7. Lucy had been left a widow, and, feeling the need of 
an education, came on, bringing her child with her. She 
made excellent progress herself, and the child, though pain- 
fully diseased at first, improved under wise care until she was 
really a promising girl. Lucy would have been glad to re- 
main longer, but her mother needed her care and she was in 
duty bound to go. In the fall after her return, July '90, she 
took a position at the mission where Ida could attend school, 
and worked there faithfully until her health failed and she 
was obliged to give it up. She then married Charles Wells, 
an excellent young man who cared for her most tenderly un- 
til her death in the spring of '92. Ida is expecting to come 
to Hampton, it being her mother's wish that she do so as 
soon as left an orphan. 

Scholarships given by Mrs. Dean Sage ; Mrs. C. W. Dav- 
enport ; Mrs. Annie L, Thorp. 

Eva Mitchell Cox, full-blood, age 25. She had had no advant- 
ages and was in many ways unfit for school life. She spent 
nearly two years in an excellent family at the North and re- 
turned July 9, '89. She has had considerable trouble since 
then, and though she has not the respect due an upright char- 
acter, is said to be an excellent worker and improving her 
' record. 

Scholarship given by Miss Annie C. Lowell. 

Etta Pilcher, eighth-blood, age 14, daughter of John Pilcher and 
sister of Graee who was still here when Etta arrived. She 
had been at school before, spoke only English, was a good 
scholar, and was graduated in '90. She returned home soon 
after and taking her sister's place as teacher at^the Omaha 
Government School, remained in that position until the 
spring of '92, when she was to give place to an older teacher, 
one who could better control her pupils. Etta has done well 
and deserves much credit for the stand she has taken and 
continues to hold. 

Scholarship given by Miss Florence Browning. 



OF HAMPTOJf INSTITUTE. 465 

George and Mary Miller, full and half-bloods, ages 23 and 25, 
Mary, being the daughter of Louis San Souci, the old inter- 
preter, had the advantages of knowing the English language, 
but George had had no such help, and was very anxious to 
learn to read and write, to speak English, and to learn the car- 
penter's trade. They lived here in a cottage, attended school 
and learned a great deal, though family cares kept Mary much 
of the time at home. They had two children, Eddie, aged 3, 
and John, aged 1%, and later a little girl was added to the 
family. They all returned Nov, '88, and for a time lived with 
Mary's parents while George worked at the school as carpen- 
ter. The next year the Bureau of Ethnology wanted a native 
helper and George came on, spending some months in Wash- 
ington assisting in work upon the Omaha language. 

During the winter of '91, and '92, Mar}^ was ill with rheu- 
matism and George had to take care of wife and children, do 
all the cooking and, in the intervals of housework, chop wood 
to sell. He has a farm started and has done exceedingly 
well in every way. 

Scholarship given by State St, Baptist Bible School, 
Springfield, Mass. 

Fred Mongravie, eighth blood, age 13, brother of Charles and Hen- 
ry and of the same character. He remained until expiration 
of his three years, term and returned home, only to come back 
East to Carlisle where his brothers were at that time. He 
ran away from there in '91 and has since been with the rest 
of the family in Indian Territory. 

Scholarships given by Boys' Mission Circle, Bridgeport, 
Conn,, and Mr. George F. Winch. 



FROM WINNEBAGO AGENCY. 

John Clay, half-blood, age 18. He had been to school at Mt. Ham- 
ill, Iowa, and spoke English well, but had formed drinking 
habits which he had not the strength of character to over- 
come. 

He was returned after a summer with helpful friends in 
the North, Oct. 24, '88 and has since been traveling with 
a show, working at the agency, and at times doing very well. 
Scholarship given by Mr. Henry W. Farnum. 



466 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

Reuben Dan Rice, half-blood, age 18. He had also been to the 
Iowa school and spoke good English, but though straight- 
forward and honest, was addicted to drink and so uiagovern- 
able that only bars could keep him within the bounds of 
propriety. He exhausted the discipline of the school and was 
returned Sep. 25; '88. He soon after went off with a show and 
has led a wild life since. He seems to remember Hampton 
most kindly, and has asked to come back and try again. 

William Henry Harris, half-blood, age 17, old friend and school- 
mate of Dan Rice, and in sympathy with him in all bad habits, 
but unlike him, a hypocrite of rare talents in that particu- 
lar line. He was returned with Dan Sept. 25, '88, and soon 
after started with a party to Carlisle, but his character being 
found out, he was stopped and returned to the agency. He 
has since posed as a leader and general adviser, but has done 
nothing more practical in the helpful line. His record has 
been bad. 

Walter Decora, full-blood, age 19, a friend of the above set, but 
disposed to do well. After their return he improved very 
much and returned home Sept. 30, '90 well started in industry 
and education. He soon after went to Grant Institute, Ge- 
noa, Neb., and is still there, making good us3 of his time and 
being well spoken of by those in charge. 

Scholarship given by Mrs. Elizabeth B. Stevens. 

Frank Tebo, full-blood, age 18, son of Stagoyheka. He was not 
considered at all promising as a pupil, but was industrious, 
and faithful, willing and obedient. He returned Sept. 25, '89 
went to work at once, and has made quite a remarkable rec- 
ord as the first Winnebago to get a marriage license and mar- 
ry according to Christian and civilized custom. His wife, a 
very handsome girl, had been a pupil at Genoa, and being in 
sympathy with him in his desire for the best things, has made 
their home considerably above that of the average Indian 
farmer's. In all respects Frank has done well and is an ex- 
ample to the young men of his tribe. 

Scholarship given by Indian Association, Worcester, 
Mass. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 467 

SIOUX PARTY. 

Brought by Rev. J. J. Gravatt, andC. M. Folsom Oct. 14, 1887. 

FROM STANDING ROCK, N. D. 

James and Eagle Face All-yellow, full bloods, ages 21 and 20- 
They had started life together but a short time before coming 
here, and, though hardly fit for the responsibility, were put 
into a cottage here to keep house by themselves under guid- 
ance. The wife was ill much of the time, and both were re- 
turned the next year, Sept. 25, '88. Mrs. All-Yellow died in '90, 
leaving a little boy about four years old. James has been do- 
ing well at his trade, working faithfully in the agency carpen- 
ter shop, and in the stables. 

The agent sajs he is one of his " most helpful and relia" 
ble employes." 

Scholarships given by Arthur Dixwell ; Students of Bryrr 
Maur College. 

Peter Black Hawk, Ceiaii-Sapa, half Sioux and half Negro, age 
14, brother of Frank who came in '81. He returned after 
four years, July 30, '90, and has really done far better than 
was expected. He lives most of the time with his brother 
Baptiste, looks neat and appears well and has earned consid- 
erable money as laborer and office boy. The agent speaks of 
him as " very good." 

Scholarships given by 2nd. Cong'l S. S., W. Winstead, 
Conn. ; Cong'l S. S., New Milford, Conn. 

Barney Red Stone, Bdoka, full-blood, age 17. He was an earnest- 
hard working fellow here, and alter his return, July 9, '89' 
did very well, most of the time "exerting an influence" that 
was said to be " very good." In '91, he was not doing quite 
as well, and in January '92, was shot by a jealous Indian and 
killed. The missionary writes : " Barney seems to have been 
careless of appearances though many say he had given his 
slayer no just cause for jealousy. He was well liked and 
worked for some time in the carpenter shop at the agency." 
Scholarship given by ist. Pres. S. S.. Poughkeepsie, N.Y, 

Frank Wankicun, half-blood, age 18, son of Frank La Framboise. 
He was an earnest, industrious and exemplary young man. 
He remained here four years and returned, July 30, '90, to 
help his widowed mother, who seemed in special need of her 



468 TWENTY TWO YEARS* WORK 

son. He went to work immediately on his mother's farm, 
hoping to get things so ordered that h,e might return in the 
fall, but it was impossible. He has built a good house, has a 
large crop of grain, corn, and potatoes and considerable stock. 
He has never married, but lives quietly with his mother, earn- 
ing the respect of all, and exerting a strong though quiet in- 
fluence for good. In character, industry and influence his 
record as given by the agent is written " excellent. " 

Scholarships given by Miss Helen Porter ; The Little 
Dorcas Soc, Providence, R. I. 

Martin Tiakan, Changi7ig Thunder, full-blood, age 14, son of Chief 
Changing Thunder. A gentle, sweet faced boy who won sym- 
pathy and respect for his plucky struggles with pain and dis- 
ease. He returned home June 16, '90 and died a few months 
later. 

Scholarships given by Ind. Ass'n., Gt. Harrington, Mass.; 
Cong'l S. S. New Milford, Conn. 

Joseph Pleets, Hoksila, half-blood, age 15, brother of John and 
Rosa. He was the most stubborn boy ever known at the 
school, but remained here four years returning much improv- 
ed in many ways, July 30, '90. He at once found work at his 
trade in the carpenter shop. He is now living with his sister 
' and working with his brother at the agency stables. He is 
said to be " neat and clean " and to have made a " fine record 
as workman in every way." 

Scholarship given by Pres. S. S., Syracuse, N. Y. 

John Left Hand, Heytihara, full-blood, son of Left Hand Bull. 
He was consumptive and returned May 28, '88, going to his 
father's house and living there quietly for some time. He 
has since married by Indian custom, and, though he has a 
farm and works at times, has not made a very good record. 



FROM CROW CREEK. 

Bessie Swift, half-blood, age 18, a bright young girl and former pu- 
pil of the Government School. She was neither strong nor 
earnest and returned Sept. 25, '89 on expiration of time. She 
■ was taken into the Grace Mission by Miss Howard and re - 

• mained there most of the time until the following August. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 469 

She then became entangled in a flirtation with Chas. Mc- 
Bride (See arrivals June, 84) and, after allowing him to ob- 
tain a divorce from his wife, was married to him in June '91. 
Before this very serious mistake, she had shown herself de- 
voted to the best interest of her people, had gotten several 
children into school, and nursed with great patience and de- 
votion a long and serious case among the less civilized of the 
Indians. She is neat in dress, ladylike in manner, and ex- 
cept for this misguided step, has made a good record. 

Scholarships given by Smith College; Mrs. Browning; 
Winthrop S. S. Holbrook, Mass. 

John Red Hawk, Cetan-duta full-blood, age i8, brother of one of 
our early students, Fidelia Wftlking Medicine. He had 
been visiting her at Crow Creek and came from there to 
Hampton, He returned on expiration of time July 30, '90 to 
Standing Rock where his parents are living. He is now married 
and seems to be doing well. 

Scholarships given by Miss'y Soc. Smith College ; Ladies 
of Dana Hall, Wellesley. 

Hei^iry Jacobs, half-blood, age i8, an orphan. He returned on ex- 
piration of time July 30, '90, not far advanced in studies, but 
with his trade well started, and soon after found employment 
in the agency carpenter shop. He was still working there in 
the summer of '91, was neatly dressed while at work, and 
unusually well dressed while off duty. He lived in a tipi by 
himself near his work, until in '92 he married Amy Wizi (See 
arrivals, April '84) and has since had a nice home under skill- 
ful hands. Henry has always borne a good name for indus- 
try and devotion to the best interest of his people, and much 
is hoped from this union of Hampton trained forces. 
" The Warren Scholarship," Brooklyn. 

Henry Long Feather, Wiyaka-hanska, full-blood, age 19, a good 

' ■ student and worker, but not strong enough to remain longer 

and was returned Sept. 25, '89. Unwilling to give up his 

education, he' went to Grant Inst., Genoa, Neb , remaining 

there until he was again obliged to return home in '90. 

- - Not long after, he was put upon the police force at the 

" ■ agency, and was still serving acceptably in that capacity in 

■^ the summer of '91, He then seemed well and strong, and ap- 



47° TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

peared very manly, as, dressed in the uniform of a Govern- 
ment policeman he rode about on his large, handsome 
horse, his revolver hangmg conspicuously from a well cartridg- 
ed belt. 

Scholarship given by Miss C. H. V. Cockcroft. 
John Voice, Htj/ikiyap/, iuWhlood, age 26, rather old for the first 
steps of an English education, but with a devotion to his wife's 
memory (Alice Sacred Iron, arrival of '84) that led him to de- 
sire advantages he had learned to value through her. His pro- 
gress was neither rapid nor striking, but his quick observation 
took in enough to show him where he had been wrong, though 
it did not supply the remedy. He returned on expiration of 
time, Sept. 25, '90, to his old friends. He did some work, but 
a chronic lameness prevented anything very active, and he 
naturally drifted back toward the old way. He married Alice's 
sister, a bright and pretty young girl with no education, and 
lives' with her father's family near the agency. They have a 
pretty baby, nicely dressed and neatly kept, showing an effort 
at better things for their child. John at one time jomed the 
Indian dances but has since give them up and works when 
he is able. 



ONEIDAS. 
Brought by Dr. A. L. Johnson, July 9, 1888. 
FROM ONEIDA, WIS. 
Amelia Skenandore, age 17, daughter of Solomon Skenandore. 
She had been to schojl before, spoke English well, and made 
good progress here in school and other duties. She returned 
May 19, '91, to a home where she was very much needed 
and has made the record of a bright womanly girl, not afraid 
of hard work. She has been very helpful in sickness to oth- 
ers outside her own family, and is highly spoken of for her 
devotion to the mother of a friend still at school. 
Scholarship given by Miss Annie L. Thorpe. 
Ellen Baird, age 19, daughter of John Baird. She had been to 
school before but knew so little English, that her progress 
here, though excellent, was not very rapid. She was a gentle, 
sweet-faced girl, earnest in her desire to improve herself 3.nd 
very helpful to others. She returned on expiration of time 
to help her family, and in Feb., '91,^ surprised her Hampton 
friends by marrying Jonas Skenandore. (See next record.) 
Scholarship given by S. S., Church of the Pilgrims. 



DF HAMPTON INSTITUTE.' 47 1 

Jonas Skenandore, age 21, son of Nicholas Skenandore. He had 
been to school, spoke English fairly well and was anxious to 
learn the machinist's trade, but a taste for liquor which he 
seemed unable to control, always put his influence on the 
wrong side, and he was returned June 17, '91. He has since 
worked well, and in Feb., '91, married Ellen Baird, a very 
lovely girl, and it is hoped that better influences will bring 
about better results. 

LvMAN PowLEsS, Taiietolus, age 19, son of Peter Powless. He had 
been to school, spoke English, and made a very good record 
here, leaving from the Middle Class. In the summer of '91, 
he went home at his own expense and returned in the fall 
with a bride. Complications in the case made their turn home 
seem best and both went back Dec. 17, '91. They have since 
been living on a farm and are said to be doing well. 

Scholarship given by " Willing Workers," Orange, N. J- 



Kate Henderson, lVino7ia, [First-born], full-blood, age 19. She 
had been left a little orphan, adopted by a Mr. Henderson, 
and sent away to school when quite young. She was brought 
here by a friend, July g, '88, from Poplar Creek, Montana, 
and remained three years, being graduated in '91, salutatorian 
of her class. The story of her life has been a pathetic but 
hopeful one, and she left the school, July 27, to join Mrs. and 
Miss Gorten and take the position of assistant teacher in a new 
Government school at Fort Belknap, Montana, to which they 
also were going as matron and teacher. Her work there has 
been a success and she intends to continue it in another 
place where circumstances will be more favorable. Besides 
quite a gift for teaching, she has had a good musical training 
which adds much to her value as a helper among her people. 
Scholarships given by Mrs. VV. H. Camp; The Misses 
Thurston. 



FROM INDIAN TERRITORY. 

Brought By Dudley Talbot, Oct. 13, 1888. 

Thomas Pratt, half-blood Pawnee, age 18. He was not a promis- 
ing boy in any respect and was returned July 30, '90. He 



472 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

soon after went to the Chilocco School, from which institu- 
tion he had come to us, and was still there when last heard 
from, working well in the tailoring department. He is said 
to be a " professing Christian, out a little irregular in his de- 
votions." 

Scholarship given by Roswell P. Flower. 

Henry Ward Beecher, full-blood Pawnee, age 20. He had been 
to school some before coming here, but was consumptive and 
obliged to return, Sept. 24, '89. He did some farm work and 
earned a good name before his death the following December. 
Seholarship given by Soc. Christian Endeavor, ist 
Cong'l Ch., Danbury, Conn. 

Wilson Moore, full-blood Pawnee, age 17. A most promising boy, 
earnest and ambitious, but consumptive. He remained as 
long as possible and returned, July 30, '90, full of enthusiasm 
and earnest purpose, which seems not to have been greatly 
diminished by the difficulties he has had to encounter. He 
has been doing what his strength will allow on his farm, and 
exerting an influence toward education and Christianity thct 
has won high praise from those who know him. 

Scholarship given by State St. Baptist Bible School, 
Springfield, Mass. 

William Mo'^re, Neconwatuck, quarter- blood Sac & Fox, age 17, 
son of Rienzi Moore and brother of Alice. He had been a 
student at Chilocco, but entered the Indian classes here, 
leaving, March 29, '92, from the Middle Class. He returned 
to his friends at Keokuk Falls, Oklahoma, and, though he 
finds the outlook rather discouraging, still hopes to be able 
to use his education to some purpose. 

Scholarships given by Misses Edith and Mary T. Bryce, 
E. A. Williams. 

Cooper Wilson, full-blood Shawnee, age 20 or less, grandson of the 
old chief of the Shawnees, White Turkey. He was an unus- 
ually bright and handsome fellow, but an inherited tendency to 
insanity made itself apparent during his second year here, and 
he was returned Sept. 24. '89. He has times of being perfectly 
sane, but keeps himself apart from his friends, living alone in 
a little house on his grandfather's land. 

Scholarship given by Bethlehem Missionary S. S.,Uni- 
■/ versity PlaceCh., N. Y. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 473 

Mary Charley, full-blood Shawnee, age 15, a bright and capable, 
but headstrong girl, who returned on expiration of time, July 
27, '91. She went back to encounter many discouragements 
and temptations,'but has held herself remarkably well, hop- 
ing to return again to Hampton. Earlv in. '92, she went to 
Chilocco and is still there continuing the education she has 
learned to value. 

Scholarships given by Miss E. Candler; Dr. Morgan's 
Children. 



FROM gUAPAW AGENCY. 

Mary Jane White Crow, three quarters-blood Seneca, age 16, 
daughter of White Crow, a chief of the tribe. She 
had been to school most of her life, and, though 
always delicate, improved very decidedly during her three 
years here. An illness during her Senior year put her so far 
behind in her studies that she gave up the hope of gradu- 
ating, and took a position in the practice teaching school. 
When an application for a teacher to take Mercy Conger's 
place at Yankton Agency was presented she decided to ac- 
cept it and went out alone to Dakota. May 19, '91 bravely 
determined to succeed in her work among a strange tribe 
and with a class of Indians of whom she knew neither the 
language nor customs, She has had her discouragements 
and hardships, but is still at work there most successfully, 
highly commended by those capable of judging her work. 
She is a girl of rare intelligence and character and will al- 
ways succeed wherever placed. 

Scholarships given by Smith College ; Children's Mis- 
sionary Society of Turkey and Bulgaria. 



SIOUX FROM DAKOTA. 

Brought by Rev. J. J. Gravatt, Nov. 10, 1888, 

FROM STANDING ROCK AGENCY. 

Daniel Issador Delay, or Daniel D. Ankle, full-blood, age 19, a 
bright, earnest and most promising boy, but delicate in 
health and obliged to return for a year, June 16, '90. He 
went to work at once on his farm, devoting himself to his 



474 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

mother and her family, seiit his younger brother Matthew 
back here to school, and by earnest, faithful work has won 
warm praise from those who have been watching him. " He 
is a manly, self-respecting fellow, neat and gentlemanly " 
writes one ; " Good in character and excellent in influence'' 
says another. In Sept., 'gi, he enlisted in the 22nd Infantry 
stationed at Ft. Yates, and, as interpreter for the command- 
ing officer, has had a chance to make himself very useful. 
He writes that he enjoys his work and shows a very real in- 
terest in the affairs of his Company. In speaking of the 
other students at the Agency he says, " I am the only un- 
lucky man among them, all are married except I." 

Scholarship given by the Happy Pilgrims, Shekomeko 

'; N. Y. 

Maurice Martin, full-blood, age 18. He was a bright boy but not 
strong enough to remain longer and returned June 16, '90. 
He went to work on his farm near Oak Creek and has been 
very successful with his corn and hay. He has not married, 
but lives by himself in his own house, and assists at the 
Episcopal Mission near by. During the excitement in 
connection with the ghost dance and Sitting Bull's capture, he 
wrote most interesting letters from an Indian's standpoint, 
telling the stories just as the heathen Indians told them to 
him, but adding, " I try hard and tell them the true Christ 
and try to lead in the right way my people much as possible, 
and will tell them our Saviour has come to save all the world, 
and I will be strong and brave and patient for the right as 
: you tell me." He has lived up to his determination to a re- 

markable degree, and his record is one of great encourage- 

. ' ment, showing how much may come from one seemingly un- 

prepared even for small service. The Agent reports him as 
•' excellent " in character and influence. 

Scholarship given by Misses Mary and Edith F. Bryce. 

Herbert Welsh, Mahpiya-mato, (Cloud Bear) full-blood, age 22, 
son of Chief Two- Packs. He had been to school a little, 
just enough to show him his need of more education, and 
was so earnest in his desire to improve himself for the bene- 
fit of his people, that though past the school age, and not 
physically strong, he obtained special permission and came 
to Hampton. The first year here he gained forty pounds in 
weight, which filled out to normal proportions his six-and-a- 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTF. 475 

half feet of height. A most earnest and industrious student, 
he let no opportunity for self improvement pass by, and at 
the end of his three years here had gained a great deal and 
returned home with unabated earnestness. He at once found 
work as catechist at St. Elizabeth's Episcopal Mission on 
Oak Creek, and, when the Rev. Philip Deloria was called 
away, took up his work and has carried it on most success- 
fully. The lady in charge writes of him : " You will be in- 
terested to know that he acts as my interpreter and gives the 
boys a daily drill exercise after their recitations are over. I 
wonder if I can write anything to his praise to you who have 
known him for three years, when he has only been a few 
months with us.' He has been all you said, earne t, reliable 
and steadfast. He takes his meals at the school and rooms 
at the mission house ; practices church music with us on 
Thursday evenings, instructs the children in the church cate- 
chism on Friday evenings, and on Sunday evenings is with 
us occasionally when we meet to sing for the children's pleas- 
ure. In this way we see so very much to commend ! " 
Scholarship given by Miss Mable Learned. 
Joseph White Plume, Itecinhin-ska, full blood, age 20, son of White 
Plume. An earnest, intelligent young man who did his best 
here for three years, and returned at the doctor's advice, 
much against his own wishes, but with the hope of return- 
ing after a year. He has been steadily and faithfully at work 
on his place near his cousin, Jerome Wosica, also a Hampton 
boy, and has remained unmarried for the express purpose of 
keeping himself free to return to school when able. Besides 
his farm work, he has found opportunity to help Herbert 
Welsh in his mission work, and has been generally an influ- 
ence for good. 

Scholarship given by Miss Minnie Wilcox and Miss Mol- 
lie E. Bruce. 
Paul Porcupine, Pahin, full-blood, age 19, son of Red Bull. A 
peculiar mind, and character but faithful and industrious. 
Though he absorbed English readily and learned to under- 
stand it fairly well, he was never able or willing to use the 
simplest sentences, and went home practically as ignorant as 
when he came. He has worked well on his place near the 
Episcopal Mission and is said to be very neat, tidy and well 
disposed. He is the kind of boy who often surprises his 
friends by doing remarkably well. 

Scholarship given by Mr. Arthur Dixwell. 



47^ TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 

John Lariat, Ikanwicake, (Throws the Rope), full-blood, age 22, son 
of Chief Eagle. He had been to school a short time and was 
an earnest student here. His family moved down to Crow 
Creek, and both parents being ill he was needed at home and 
returned on expiration of time, July '91. He has not been 
very well since, but is well spoken of by those who know 
him there. 

Scholarship given by Mr. Arthur Dixwell. 



FROM CHEYENNE RIVER AGENCY. 

Thomas Lee, full- blood, age 18. He was in consumption when he 
came, but did his best in school and work until his return 
Sept. 25, '89. He died about two months later, and a letter 
sent to him was acknowledged by his father and his family 
some time after his death as follows : 

" You gave a letter to Thomas Lee, and in it you re- 
membered him with goodness. That woke up my mind and 
I am very glad. My son Thomas Lee died on the 23rd of 
Nov., '89, therefore I am sad yet. That is all I am going to 
say. We shake hands with you with gladness, 

Samuel Lee, White Buffalo, 

William Lee. 

David Lee. 

Harry Lee. 

Joseph Lee." 
Scholarship given by Mr. John Sparhawk, Jr. 

George Grey Cloud, Mahpiya-hoia, full-blood, age 24. son ©f Red 
Crow. He had never had any educational advantages, but was 
so earnest in learning everything possible, that despite seri- 
ous eye trouble, he kept ahead of many younger boys, and 
when he was obliged to return July 27, '91, was well advanced 
for a three years' scholar. He went to his home where civi- 
lization had not yet entered, and began by having his share 
of the house and its belongings neat and clean and well or- 
dered. He has worked in the agency shops and hopes- to 
return to school another year and get a little more education 
the better to prepare himself for a stronger and broader 
- work later on. * 

Scholarship given b};- Mrs. Harriet A. Campbell. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 477 

John Pattee, half-blood, age 21. He had been for three years a 
pupil at Wabash, Indiana, and later a carpenter in the agency 
shops at home. The happy possessor of a large, strong frame, 
a good mind and an irreproachable character, he soon be- 
came a natural leader here and of service to the school. He 
went through the three Normal classes without repeating, 
was graduated with the class of '91, and soon after returned 
home, stopping at Cherokee, N. C, to see Lottie Smith (See 
arrivals, Aug., '89), and take her back home with him as Mrs. 
Pattee. For more than a year he had been saving money 
and making plans for this event, and when the time came had 
a position awaiting him in the agency carpenter shop and 
everything well ordered. 

He found things at home not quite as represented, but 
though disappointed, he was not discouraged. He took up 
land, worked regularly in the carpenter shop, built an addi- 
tion to his little house and as soon as possible founded a 
home there on the best possible basis. He is a trusted help- 
er to the missionary, has established an agricultural and stock 
raising club, and another of a social nature, helping the 
young men to better business ideas and the young people 
generally in ways of Christian civilization. 

Scholarship given by Mr. Arthur Dixwell. 



FROM CROW CREEK AGENCY, S. D. 

Homer Clark, Hoyuze, (Fisher), full-blood, age 18. He had been a 
wild young man of a heathen family, but through the influ- 
ence of a young cousin returned from Hampton, he had 
given up the old way and was anxious to prepare himself for 
work as a catechist. He was most earnest as a student, but 
constantly hampered by ill health, and reluctantly returned 
home, July 30, '90. He was at once made 'catechist under 
Rev. David Tatiyopa and given a district known as Box-El- 
der, where he has ever since been laboring with conskierable 
success. He was soon after his return elected one of the 
three judges by the Indians and served a year in that capaci- 
ty, though, because it interfered with his religious work, he 
resigned the position the next year. Every member of his 
family except his father has been brought into the "church 
through his influence, the 4ast to come being his father's two 



478., TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

wives. Since then the father has been very iH, attributing^ 
his misfortune to his son's bad influence over his wives. In- 
stead of living in a more congenial place, Homer still makes 
his father's house his home, hoping in time to overcome the 
old man's heathen prejudices and complete the work he has 
undertaken. 

Scholarship given by Miss Sally Fairchild. 



FROM LOWER BRULE AGENCY. 

Joseph De Smit, half-blood, age 25, son of John De Smit, an Indiarr 
judge. He was a tall, strongly made young man, but deaf 
and consumptive. He was returned the following July, and 
soon after went to Cheyenne River Agency. Both troubles 
increasing, he has since been incapable of doing anything, 
even for himself. 

RUEBEN Thompson, full-blood, age 18, brother of James, one of the 
early Hampton students. He was not physically able to re- 
main and returned home July 30th, '90. He has since worked 
well when able and has done what he can toward right living 
and exerting an influence for good. 

Scholarship given by Bethany Chapel Miss'n Soc, of 
Reform Ch., Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Peter Bear Heart, Cante-mato, full-blood, age 18, son of Bear 
Heart. A quiet, faithful student, he made fair progress here,, 
and returned to his father's home at St. Albans. He has 
worked there ever since, doing well and winning a good 
name. He is exceedingly neat in appearance, very polite and 
gentlemanly in deportment and a helper among the Christian 
Indians at the settlement where he lives. 

Scholarship given by Miss G. H. Learned. 

Robert Big Mane, full-blood, age 16, son of Matthew Big Mane, 
one of the progressive chiefs at that agency. He had been 
to school before, and made good progress here until the 
summer of '91, when he showed the first signs of breaking 
down and was at once returned, July 27th. He has not been 
well since, but has lived quietly at home with his parents,, 
helping in the lighter duties of the farm and home. 
Scholarship given by Mr. H. B. Silliman. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 479 

FROM YANKTON AGENCY, S. D. 

Angelique Cordier, half-blood, age 21. She had been to school 
before, had been an assistant in Miss Collin's mission work 
at Standing Rock, and was earnest in her desire to make the 
most of herself. She returned on expiration of time to her 
brother's home near Armour, S. D., and was just in time to 
help them through a trying crisis in their family affairs. 
While here she had made dressmaking a special study and is 
well skilled in that art. In '92, she went to Crow Creek to be 
with Lottie Pattee and has made herself especially valuable 
there by her knowledge of household duties and general use- 
fulness. 

Scholarship given by Girls' Classical School, Northamp- 
ton, Mass. 



FROM SISSETON AGENCY, S. D. 

Gabriel and Elizabeth Robertson, half-bloods, ages 19 and 22. 
Gabriel was the son of Daniel Robertson and Elizabeth the 
daughter of Rev. Charles Crawford, both helpers in the mis- 
sion work at the agency. While here they lived in one of 
the cottages devoted to such couples, but did not prove 
promising or strong, and were returned the following July. 
Neither have done especially well. 

Norman Robertson, half-blood, age 22, son of Thomas Robertson 
and cousin of Gabriel. He did well here and returned from 
the Middle Class on expiration of time, July 27, '91. 

The Agent writing about him in June, '92, says : " He 
has assisted at the desk in this office much of the time, writes 
a fair hand and is quite accurate in copying both figures and 
and writing. I am of the opinion that his influence is good 
with the other young men here." 

Scholarship given by Mr. Arthur Dixwell. 



FROM WINNEBAGO AGENCY, NEB. 

Cora Bear, half-blood Winnebago, age 19, daughter of John French- 
man. She had married John Bear soon after his return from 
Hampton (See arrivals, July, '85), and finding herself un- 



480 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 

skilled in household arts such as he desired, gladly came 
with him to Hampton to perfect herself in his eyes. They 
lived in a cottage here and both made good progress. Not 
long after the advent of a son, Thomas Morgan, all returned 
home, April i, '90, and have, since their house was finished, 
been living near the town of Emerson, Cora has much to 
contend with in relatives who are constantly interferring and 
making trouble, but with few exceptions their domestic life 
has been satisfactory. 

Scholarship given by Mr. John Nettleton. 



FROM ONEIDA, WIS. 

Mary Anton e, age 10, daughter of John Antone. She had been to 
school in Keshena, and came on with a large party, most of 
whom are still here. She returned home because much 
needed there, March, '82, and has since been devoting herself 
to the needs of her family. Quite a large number of young 
people have applied to come to Hampton through her influ- 
ence. 

Scholarship given by Mrs. Moses Pierce. 



PARTY FROM INDIAN TERRITORY. 

Brought by C. M. Folsom Oct. i, 1889. 

Peter Bourassa, three-fourths Pottawatomie, age 19, from Qua- 
paw Agency, Ind, Ter. He had been a student at Chilocco 
and was at that time an employe in the carpenter shop. Dr. 
Dorchester, the Superintendent of Indian Schools, was an- 
xious that he should have the advantage of Eastern training 
added to his Chilocco education and urged his coming to 
Hampton. Not wishing to be helped by Gov't when he was 
able to pay his own way, he came at his own expense, using 
for this purpose half the monery he had earned at Chilocco. 
The following November his step father died and his mother 
needed him to settle up affairs on a large ranch, and so re - 
gretfully he turned his back upon the education he had learn- 
ed to value, and went home, also at his own expense. He 
had hoped that after a few months he might return to school 
life, but he was unable to make satisfactory arrangements at 
home and so gave up his cherished plan, and settled down to 



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•LoGATION-i^OGCUPATIOlS- of RETUI^NED INDIRN^- 

FROMTHf Hampton KahdA.Ih3titut&, Hampton,"Va. 



Indian Kesepvations 

i n D a\ota , "N etr-as k;a , 
and Indian Territofy, 
Showing iheloeatiori 
at present of Hamplor\ 
Students, reported upon 
in Twenty-iwo years work 
of Hampton Institute ", 
(a book of 350papes 8f 
4 maps, printed attt\e 
Normal School Press, tlamp\oi\,Va. 
PKice^ioo . 

^■J^j * Represents "teachers, Caiecliisbs, 

I? '^ I'i/ ui '*"'' a^tlioriJ-ed miss'ionaTies 

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OF HAMPTON INSlITUTE. 481 

the duties devolving upon the head of a family. In '90 he, mar- 
ried an educated giri, had a good farm and herd, and in "92, 
writes, " I still practice my trade, carpentry, and have plenty 
of work," adding "I am blessed with good health and a pleasant 
wife who makes a cheerful home." 

John Block, half-blood Caddo, age 15, son of Philip Block. He 
had been to Haskell and Chilocco and came here from the 
latter school, where he was highly recommended. He was 
very bright and promising in every way. but heir to a violent 
temper which at times he was unable to control. After two 
outbursts here he was taken to Wabash, Ind., where they 
were willing to give him another trial. He did well there for 
a while, but after a few months got into trouble and left, re- 
turning to his old home at the Cheyenne & Arapahoe agen- 
cy. He has been hard at work there and regrets more and 
more his lost opportunities. 

John Whistler, Wethena, eight-blood Pottawatomie, age 20, son of 
Joseph Whistler. He had been to school several years and 
entered the Middle class here, being graduated with honors in 
'91. He was anxious for further education and after a sum- 
mer working at his trade at the Riverside Press, Cambridge 
Mass., he went to Meriden, N. H., where, through a scholar- 
ship and his own labor, he is preparing himself for higher 
studies later on. His record has been excellent, and being 
bright, independent and reliable he will undoubtedly do weil. 
Scholarship given by Mr. Justus S. Hotchkiss 



Lottie Smith, three-eights, Cherokee, age 19, daughter of the chief of 
the Cherokee band in North Carolina. She had had a romantic 
history and came away through the influence of Prof. Paint- 
er who had been visiting the schools there. She arrived 
Aug. 29, '89 well grounded in the three Rs, was quite an ac- 
complished musician, having a sweet voice and playing the 
piano, organ and guitar with unusual skill. She was also a 
girl of rare strength and sweetness of character and, though 
never strong, made excellent progress here in every way. She 
left from the Middle Class Feb. 12, '91, to attend through 
a serious illness, the missionary who had for years stood in a 
mother's place to her, and after this friend's recovery took a 
position as teacher in the school where she had once been a 
pupil. 

While at Hampton she had become engaged to John 



482 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

Pattee (See Arrivals, Oct. '88) and after his graduation in 
June '91, he went to Cherokee, and after a pretty ceremony 
on the rose covered porch of the Mission School in sight of a 
large gathering of Indians, she was borne away to the " Land 
of the Dakotas." The Rev. and Mrs. Burt opened hospitable 
doors to them, and until their own little house was complet- 
ed, they found a pleasant home with these friends, Lottie as- 
sisting with the house-hold duties and winning Mrs. Burt's un- 
stinted praise and friendship. A little cottage near the shop 
was added to, and fitted up, by John himself and they have 
now a model home where they are of necessity the observed 
of ail observers. Both are natural social leaders and their 
home is the centre of attraction for Hampton and other 
returned students. In church and other needed work they 
are able and willing helpers and wield an influence for good 
that none can measure. On April i8th a little daughter came 
to claim a share in their interest and' she seems to have 
brought much happiness with her, not only to the young fath- 
er and mother but to the two Hampton friends who were 
there to bid her welcome. Miss Porter and Angelique Cordier, 
Lottie's old friends. 

Scholarship given by Hon. Byron Weston. 



FROM ONEIDA, WIS. 

July 20, '89. 

George Hill, age 18, son of Peter Hill and brother of Electa who 
who had come the year previous. He had been to school at 
Martinsburg. Va , was a fair student, a good Worker and had 
he been able to control his appetite for liquor would have 
done well. After a fall of this kind in Dec. '91, he left the 
school rather than be found out and punished, and going to a 
small place where he was unknown, found work and wrote 
back to Hampton that he should not return to school or 
home until he had made a record that neither his friends nor 
his family need be ashamed of. He was still at work on this 
line durmg the spring of '92. 

Scholarships given by W, F. A. and the Misses Sill. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 483 

FROM ONEIDA. N. Y. 

Oct. II, '89. 

Nl'CH'GLAS Skenandore, a full-blood, age 19, son of Abram Sken— 
andore and brother of Chapman, who had been here a year.. 
This tribe having no government aid, he was obliged to en- 
ter the school, like his brother and others, on the work stud- 
ent basis, working all day and attending night school until 
enough money had been earned to pay the tuition of succeed- 
ing terms. He was very earnest, and by hard study and 
work made fair progresss. Going North to work at his 
trade, lor the summer he was so successful that he has since 
remained there a well-paid employe of the Edison Electric 
Works in Syracuse, N. Y. 



FROM ONEIDA, WIS. 

Oct. 20, '89. 

Tames Skenandore, age 18, son of Jacob Skenandore. He had been 
to school at Martlnsburg, Va., and was a promising boy in 
many ways. His father had died and it seemed the son's du- 
ty to return to his family and in July '91 he went. His rec- 
ord at home has been that of a dutiful son. 

Scholarships given by First Presb. S. S., Rochester, J{. 
Y.; Hampton Indian Ass'n. Harvard Annex. 



PARTY FROM DAKOTA. 

Brought by Rev. C. W. Freeland, Oct. 28, '89. 

FROM STANDING ROCK, N. D. 

Benjamin Goodfur, full-blood, age 21. He came with his sister 
Mary and would have remained longer but his health would 
not permit. Since his return July 27, '91, he has been at 
work on his place at Oak Creek, near the Episcopal Mission, 
and has done very well in industry and mfiuence. He always 
dresses neatly, uses all the English he can command and in 
his quiet way is doing exceedingly well. 

Scholarship given by Misses E. and M. Collins. 

Kill Crow Indian, or Crow Man, full-blood, age 21. He was di- 
seased when became and never able to do any thing atj 



TWENTY-TWO YEARS \\ ORK 



school or work. He was returned July 27, '91, and has since 
been living near the farm school. He is not well and has not 
had a chance to do much yet. 

Scholarship given by Y. P. S. C. E., Montclair, N. J. 



CHEYENNE RIVER, N. D. 

John and Irene High Bird, full-bloods, ages 17. They had been 
married by force and were not at all congenial or happy to- 
gether. After several months of domestic unhappiness here 
they were returned to separate. John found work in the 
carpenter shop and, being a well disposed young man, has 
done fairly well. Irene returned to her family and has since 
married again. Her record has never been good. 

Scholarship given by Parish Aid Society of Christs Ch., 
New Orleans, La. 

James Crow Feather, Kaiigi- Wiyaka, full-blood, age 20, son of 
Crow Feather, a bright and earnest young man but not strong 
enough to keep up with his school duties. He was returned 
home the next July. He has since been doing very well, has 
worked hard on his own place and for his father and has 
won a good name thus far. 

, Scholarship given by Misses Mary and Edith Bryce. 



FROM CROW CREEK, S. D. 

Wallace Ashley, full- blood, age 18, son of Muskrat. He did well 
here at school in every way and returned to his father's 
home July 27, '91. He was much needed there and has found 
plenty of work to do. His work and influence have been good, 
and he may return again to Hampton. 

Ida Stone, Tuncan, full-blood, age 20, daughter of White Face. 
She returned after two years, having spent one year in the 
North, and went at once to her brother, the Rev. David Tat- 
iyopa, and to Grace Mission where she found employment at 
times. A few months later she married Gray Bear, a man 
considerably older than herself and is said to have a well kept, 
orderly home. 

Scholarship given by Mrs. M. B. Phillips. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 485 

FROM LOWER BRULE. S. D. 

Philip Big Mane, Majuuizcakm, full-blood, age 15, son of chief Big 
Mane. He came while his brother Robert was still here and 
developed rapidly into a large strong boy, rather too unset- 
tled for a model pupil, but on the whole doing well. During 
the spring of '91, he showed signs of breaking down and was 
returned home with his brother July 27, '91. He has been 
living at home with his father, an excellent man of the pro- 
gressive order, and has been doing well as far as known. 
Scholarship given by Mr. J. S, and Miss C. J. Curtis. 



FROM STOCKBRIDGE, WIS. 
Lizzie and May Palmer, ages 17 and 14,. Two sisters who came 
alone Oct. 31, from their home among the Stockbridges of Wis- 
consin, They were nearly white and had been brought up 
mainly among white associates. The elder was capable but 
indifferent, the younger delicate and unable to do much, and 
both were returned the next August. Lizzie has married, 
not well, and May has been living at home with her parents, 
anxious to return to Hampton, or to enter some other school 
and complete what she has learned to value — an education. 
Scholarships given by Mrs. M. E. Mossman, N. Y.; Mr. 
Arthur Dixwell. * 



THOSE WHO HAVE RETURNED FROM PARTIES 
BROUGHT BY REV. C. W. FREELAND, 

Aug. '90, and Sept., '91. 

William Sky, full-blood, age 19, from Santee Agency, Neb. An in- 
teresting character but hampered by a diseased body. He 
was never able to attend school or do any work, and, though 
he made many friends by his pluck and amiable ways, was 
obliged to return home May 19, '91. He went soon after 
to Flandreau, where he had friends, and in February, '92, 
died there. A very short time before his death he wrote in 
acknowledgment of some Christmas remembrance, saying 
that he could live only a short time longer and sending his 
" best wishes " to all his Hampton friends. 

Minnie Wilgus, full-blood, age 17, from Crow Creek Agency, S. D. 
She had been a pupil of the Govt. School at the agency, but 
was not fitted to remain here and returned home July 27, '91, 
She has since married Joseph Williams, a man of doubtful 
character, but has herself been well spoken of. 
Scholarship given by Mrs. Sarah Osgood. 



486 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

Augustus Green, half Sioux half Oneida, age 19, came from Oneida, 
Wis. Sept. 13, '91. He was an eccentric character and so 
diseased that his speedy return was decided upon. His 
friends and allotment being at Fort Totten, N. D., he was 
returned there March 15, '92. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 487 



SUlV|IVl/\F(Y- 



In reducing the foregoing individual records to figures 
we follow .our yearly custom and grade each record as 
excellent, good, fair, poor or bad. 

The Excellent are either those who have had exceptional advant- 
ages and used them faithfully, or those who by great earnestness and 
pluck have won an equally wide and telling influence for good. 

The Good — the great majority — are those who have done their best 
and exerted a decidedly good influence, even though it may not have 
been very wide. They have married legally, have been honest, indus- 
trious and temperate, and lived a life to which we can point as an ex- 
ample for others to follow. 

The Fair are the sick and unfortunate, those who have had few 
advantages and from whom no better could be expected. 

The Poor are those who have not done as well as they should ; 
have married after the Indian custom while knowing better; have 
fallen from weakness rather than from vice; and some who are recov- 
■ering themselves after more serious falls. 

The Bad are those who have done wrong while knowing better, 
yet, with few exceptions, those from whom no better was expected.' 

According to this grading the record stands: 
ExceUent, 98 \ "] 

Good, 219 |- Satisfactory, 408 | 
Fair, 91 ) \ Total, 460. 

Bad!"' 17 \ Disappointing, 52 j 

From this we see that over 88 per cent, have done as 
well as could be expected, more, as will be seen from the in- 
dividual records, exceeding our expectations than falling be- 
low them. And here I must add that the grading is done 
from a more minute knowledge of individual character than 
the printed records can be ma'de to show. I have tried to 
make each one faithful enough to insure a reasonably fair 
judgment in the mind of the casual reader, but that I shall 
have succeded in every case is most improbable. Things too 
detailed for so brief a record and others not suitable for such 



488 TWENTY-TWO YEARS' WORK 

a publication, often shade a seemingly o-(7(?^ record into a low- 
er grade, or q. fair record into one considerably higher. The 
average in either case will be about the same. 

There has been necessarily so much changing about in 
regard to trades and occupations of various sorts that statis- 
tics in regard to past employment cannot be made to mean 
much; I therefore give simply the table as it has stood for 
the past year — that of '91 and '92. 

Teachers 9, School employes 9 - - - - - 18 

Attending other schools - - - - 17 

Attending higher schools in the East - - - - 5 
Supporting themselves at the East - - _ 8 

Regular Missionaries 3, Catechists 12 - - - - 15 
U. S. Soldiers 6, Scouts 3, Postmaster i, Mail Carrier i, 11 
Agency employes, viz : 

Physicians 2, interpreters 4, issue clerk i, police 4, dis- 
trict farmers. 2, in charge of stables 3, herders 2, carpen- 
ters 16, wheel-wrights and blacksmiths 7, harnessmakers 
2, tinsmith i, miller i - - - - 45 

Independent workers, 116, viz: 

Engineers 2, surveyors 2. lawyers 2, merchants 4, clerks 
6, carpenters 5, printers i, painters i, freighter i, loggers 
4, laborers 7, house servants 2, ranchers 6 - - - 43 
Farmers -"""-- 73 

Girls married and in good houses ----- 46 
There has been — not counting the present class of '92 — 31 
normal graduates, to girls and 21 boys, all of whom 
are now living. Of this number 17 have taught from 
one to six years, 2 are now physicians, 2 lawyers, 4 in higher 
schools and all but two doing credit to their training in some 
field of usefulness. Add to these seventeen graduates wha 
have made teaching their profession, the 27 under-graduates 
who have been regular teachers, some five, six or seven years, 
and the much larger number of school employes, mission as- 
sistants, catechists and ministers, and we find that Hampton 
has had a large per cent, of students engaged in carrying on 
its work in a directly educational way. 

That the Indian does appreciate his advantages is shown 
by the fact that of the 460 students returned, many of whom 
were physically incapable of continuing their school life, 165 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUlC. 4?g 

have voluntarily remained at the School after their time had 
expired; 56 have returned for a second term of years and 70 
have gone to other schools after leaving Hampton. 

The spiritual side of the work received its test in the 
ghost craze of '91 and came out victorious; light and truth 
had triumphed over darkness and superstition in a may to 
surprise even the most sanguine. At Standing Rock where 
Hampton had the largest number of returned students and 
where the excitement was strongest and most personal, only 
one, and he from another agency, was in any measure drawn 
into the trouble. 

In regard to it, Major McLaughlin, the agent there for 
many years wrote: 

" I have the honor to state that all the returned (Hampton) stu- 
dents remained loyal to the Government and firm friends of law and 
order throughout the excitement, except Andrew Fox. who is natural- 
ly a worthless fe low, Sitting Bull's secretary, and consequently one 
of his supporters. All the other returned Hampton students at the 
agency are doing very well. 

The Rev. Mr. Reed, missionary at the same agency, bore 
similar testimony, saying : 

" The longer I remain in this Indian country the less reason I 
have to lind fault with returned Hampton students. Their conduct 
here during the late Indian trouble was admirable. I know of only 
one who had any sympathy with the ' Messiah craze.' They had a 
marked influence which kept their parents out of it. You have no 
need to be ashamed of your boys. You hear from them now ; you 
will hear from them in the future. They are bound to be a blessing 
to their people." 

The Rev. Mr. Cleaveland of the Episcopal church writes 
at about the same time; 

" My investigation was especially with reference to the late war. 
I found but one Hampton student who had gotten mixed up at all in 
the ghost dance craze and kindred evils. The rest seem to have all 
firmly stood their ground and tried faithfully to convince their peo- 
ple of the untruth, danger and evil of the craze." 
Bishop Hare of Souih Dakota says : 

" 1 cannot shut my eyes to the incalculable service which well 
conducted Eastern boarding schools have done the Indians, and I am 
filled with alarm when 1 hear it su.wested that their work should be 



49° TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

either discontinued or crippled. " " They have placed a practical 
argument in favor of Indian education before which skepticism 
has fled, and they have sent back to the Indian country a large 
number of young people who have been of great service intellectually, 
morally and practically to their people." 

I am aware that much testimony can be produced on the other 
side. The reasons are not hard to discover. Some students do turn 
out badly, and such cases make deep impressions. 

Indian youth, like white young people, when they come back to 
their homes from school or college, are apt to have an exaggerated 
sense of their own importance and want to have their way. They 
have ideas of their own, and are harder to manage than ignorant In- 
dians : a disagreeable thing to incompetent guides. They know too 
much to be easily cheated, and they have too much independence to 
submit to being treated like dogs. To some this is inconvenient. 

In a word, these students are in their green-apple stage. People 
who bite them of course make faces. But let them alone or give them 
the sunshine of a kind and considerate friendship, and they will be- 
come ripe and mellow. 

Bishop Walker, of North Dakota, in an address delivered 
at Washington, said : 

" There are men who ask me if it is not a fact that the Indians 
when converted in Eastern schools, lapse on returning West. My an- 
swer is that a converted Indian is generally a truer Christian than the 
average white man. I speak from practical knowledge. I find they 
are willing to make sacrifices for their faith that the white man is not. 
When they know what Christianity brings to them in this life and in 
the life to come, they long to have their friends know the truth that 
is such a source of peace to them. I was called to a place on the Can- 
non Ball River, and there I found grouped together about fifty men 
and women. Among them were three young fellows who had been 
at Hampton, and one who had been at another school. They had 
come back from school, and had called the people together, and told 
them of the happiness of becoming Christians. For a year 
or more they had gathered the people together week by week, and I 
found to my amazemant that the^e young men who had been at 
Hampton had become so infused with the Christian idea, and had 
taught them so much religion, that I could safely admit all who pre- 
sented themselves for holy baptism and then and there I admitted 
them into the Christian Church. That shows that the influence of 
that school goes out in ways we know not of." 

Miss M. C. Collins for i8 years a missionary among the 
Sioux says most emphatically: 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE. 49I 



"The Hampton Stadents here have no cause to be ashamed. I 
wish there were a hundred where there is one. There would then be 
no Indian problem and soon we missionaries could go home." 

Miss Alice C. Fletcher, for so many years a worker among 
Indians of different tribes says : 

" The record has been such as to demonstrate the advantage 
which their few years of dwelling in the dense atmosphere of civiliz- 
ation at the East has been to these young persons." And later. — 'I 
desire again to bear testimony to the advantages which an education 
off the reservation gives to an Indian man or woman. The difference 
between the young people of the same age and apparent ability, who 
have had the different kinds of training, has been marked in my ex- 
perience here. This tribe (Nez Perce ) were wholly unprepared for 
my advent, and could not believe that 1 had been sent to allot them, 
they never having asked for allotment. I read and explained the law, 
but the returned students took the law, read it for themselves, assured 
the people it was true, and recounted how they had heard of it while 
at school among the white people. These students are a great help 
to their people and to my work.' " 

Miss Grace Howard, founder of the Grace Mission for 
girls at Crow Creek, S, D. says : 

" I could show you home after home, occupied by Hampton stu- 
dents, built by themselves and beautifully kept. The young men and 
women in them are models — anybody might be pround of them. 
They are object lessons to their own people and show to others what 
can be made of Indians." 

Dr. Dorchester, the Government Superintendent of Ind- 
ian schools, after four years of constant contact with returned 
students at their homes says: 

" I have been on the lookout for returned Indian students, all the 
way from the British Line way down to the San Carlos Agency, [Ari- 
zona.] I want to say concerning Hampton students —and I must be 
careful not to make this statement a reflection on other Eastern 
schools — they have not been exceeded at least, by any, for the charac- 
-ter, stamina and religious bearing that they have manifested on the 
various reservations. To say there have been no failures would be to 
say too much, and these teachers would not want me to say this ; but 
to say that there are very many bad failures I could not ; they could 
be numbered very easily. As compared with students of white col- 
leges there have been fewer failures of students from Hampton than 
in students who have gone out to their homes from the white colleges, 



492 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

and I believe there is a larger per cent, of students who are doing well 
than from most white colleges." 

General Morgan has recently struck the key note of the 
whole work by saying: 

"If we take into account the changes which have been wrought in 
public sentiment and individual lives on the reservations where re - 
turned students are found living in any considerable numbers, we shall 
find that they have represented a force uplifting, strong and enduring 
enough to prove the value of their education from every standpoint. 
These influences, if continued for a few years and reinforced by the 
pupils who, hereafter returning home from Hampton, will add to the 
nucleus of civilizing work, cannot fail to be powerful levers in the up- 
lifting of their respective tribes." 

Of the 640 students returned in thirteen years, no 
have died. This at first seems a large number, but on com- 
paring it with other schools and colleges it is not extraordi- 
nary. Miss Collins, for eighteen years a mission worker 
among the Sioux in the capacity of preacher, teacher, nurse, 
and doctor, says in reply to the question 

WHAT KILLS THE INDIAN? 

" I think, if it is looked into fully, as many die in ard frcm th 
boarding schools and days schools at home, as from Eastern schools. 
In my village one returned student has died in three years. In that 
time three children have died who attended the day school, and twen- 
ly-one persons who had never attended any school ; all but eight of 
those were over school age. Five were grown young men, and one 
young woman, and the others of school age. Now, my experience is 
this, that it is not the school nor the climate that kills. 

Fanny Crossbear [from Hampton] is dead. She went to school ; 
while away one brother here died. Since she returned, another died, 
and now a third half grown brother is suffering from epileptic fits, 
and will soon die. Those three never went to school. 

Harry Little Eagle returned from Santee school and died ; but 
while he was away, two nearly grown cousins and a five-year old 
brother died, who never attended school. 

It is now p'ain to our Indians who think, that it is not the schools 
nor the climate that kills. I can tell you what it is, in part. 1st. It 
is the ration system. These people here draw their beef on Saturday, 
their bread, sugar and coffee, etc., on Monday. On Saturday and 
Sa.bbath they gorge themselves with beef. They add quantities of 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE 493 

coffee, strong as lye, to it on Monday, and they eat until all is gone 
constantly. Then, for about five days, they have almost nothing to 
eat, often eating boiled corn alone for days; and as this year's corn is 
scarce, they go hungry. This, of course, weakens the system and 
brings on disease. 2d. In the past, they had tents, always good air 
and when the slops thrown on the ground made the tents filthy it 
was an easy matter to move it. Now they have the cabin, and the 
slops are thrown on the ground as usual, but the house is never 
moved, and this foul, disease-breeding air is taken into the lungs con- 
stantly. In winter the cabin is kept hot as a furnace, and the air 
hick with diseased germs. Will any one say that such surroundinos 
are healthy? No, indeed. The home is the place where disease is 
contracted. 3d. There are other Causes which are well known, 
which I will not mention. Unless Christian homes are built amono- 
the people, and the people taught the value of cleanliness and pure 
air, they will all die. 4th. The old time Indian here smoked, but not 
tobacco. He had the bark of the red willow. The Indian of to-day, 
from the five-year old boy to the great grandfather, will smoke tobac- 
co pipes and cigarettes. This brings to the children the worst form 
of nervous disease. I can assure you that I have no faith in the doce 
trine that the children are healthier in the home school. 

Talk about students dying ! The Indians will all die if somethino- 
is not done soon to make them respect the laws of man and of God, 



494 



TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 



THe iNdiaN HeALtH QUESTION- 

\A paper presented at the Lake Mohonk Indian Conference?)^ 

BY DR. MARTHA M. WALDRON, 

Resident Physician of the Hampton Institute. 

The Indian health question is one of acknowledged im- 
portance, not only touching our sympathies for the race, but, 
in a practical way, the question of what it is possible and best 
for us to do for the Indian, to make his future hopeful, or, 
perhaps, to insure his having a future. 

The experience of the Eastern school physician touches 
the subject at the interesting and often repeated question: 
" What is the effect of education and civilized training, East- 
ern training in particular, upon the Indian youth? How does 
it find him, and what does it do for him?" The question is 
vital, for the hope of the youth is the hope of the race. 

Since taking the medical charge at Hampton, ten years 
ago; four hundred and ninety-nine Indians have been under 
my care, from many different tribes and agencies, chiefly from 
Dakota, and of ages varying from infancy to twenty-five years 
or over. One encouraging point may be noted, to begin with: 
the condition of Indian pupils on arrival at Hampton has 
greatly, improved within the past ten years. This is due 
chiefly to the following causes : greater experience in select- 
ing material and less difficulty in obtaining it, greater thor- 
oughness on the part of agency physicians in some localities 
and the fact that blanket Indians are now seldom brought. 

In the first party, of J^orty Indians, which I was called up- 
on to examine at Hampton, in October, 1881, there were three 
boys in confirmed phthisis, — one so far advanced that he was 
never able to enter school. There were many other cases of 
incipient phthisis and active scrofula. It is not probable that 
such a party could now pass inspection and reach Hampton. 
It is now exceptional for Indians in confirmed phthisis to be 
sent to Hampton, although in every party there are many 
who show an unmistakable tendency to the disease, and oth- 
ers in whom it has just begun. 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE 495 

As a rule, students who are sound on arrival at Hampton 
do well ; and many instances might be cited of individuals, 
who have arrived unsound, who have improved constantly 
under treatment, and who have finished the course satisfact- 
orily. 

Immediately on the arrival of a party, after baths and 
clean clothes have been given, each new comer passes through 
a careful medical examination, with special reference to con- 
dition of heart and lungs and evidences of scrofula. No Ind- 
ian is marked unsound unless a condition of actual disease 
exists, though in some cases, in which the family history has 
been known, consumption could fairly have been predicted : 
as, for example, in the case of one student, all of whose near 
relatives, as far as known, had died of phthisis. In such 
cases, phthisis would undoubtedly develop, sooner or later, 
under any circumstances. 

According to the condition of the Indian, as determined 
by examination, his trade is assigned, and special diet, when 
necessary, prescribed. From the time of arrival, instruction 
in the hygiene of every-day life is carefully given, — to the 
girls in their homelike " Winona Lodge," to the boys in their 
building, called the " Wigwam." It is easy to forget how 
great a problem to the Indian, common, every-day matters, 
which are second nature to us, may be. To learn to eat, drink, 
and sleep correctly, to wear clothes, and learn to adapt them to 
changing seasons, seems at first a simple matter; but it ceas- 
es to seem so when we have seen an Indian eat enough at one 
meal to last him all day, when we have seen him lie down, 
with his head tightly wrapped in a blanket, put on over all 
the clothes worn in the day, to sleep in a room admitting as 
little air as its construction will permit; or when we have 
known a boy, in some warm day of winter or early spring, to 
take off all his extra winter clothing, and lie upon a wet bank 
to sun himself. As for changing the clothing because it is 
wet, the idea is not a natural, but an acquired one. 

Provision has been made for the comfort and welfare of 
the sick by a convenient and pleasant hospital, given and 
furnished by King's Chapel Society, Boston, which also 



496 TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 

makes the gift perpetual by its promise to keep up all sup- 
plies of furniture, bedding, etc. The buildingis an inestimable 
blessing to the Indian and all concerned in the care of his 
health. 

It is an exceedingly encouraging and significant fact that 
students in our normal school classes have firmer health than 
those in the Indian school. The normal school Indians, us- 
ually from thirty to forty in number, — the present year fifty- 
seven, — have either been a long time at Hampton or have 
been in some Western school before coming East. Having 
learned in some measure to take care of their health, and 
having borne the transition period, they are able to bear any 
ordinary strain. 

A question often asked the doctor is, " What are the dis- 
tinguishing characteristics of the Indian temperament and 
nervous organization ? " The much vaunted stoicism of the 
Indian under pain I have seen, but it has not impressed me 
as being especially a race characteristic. Indian boys and 
girls are much like white boys and girls in this respect. Some 
are realheroes, while others will hardly bear the prick of a pin. 
Wounds are no mystery to them, and do not usually alarm 
them. They have witnessed many wounds and recoveries. Their 
stronger nature is not touched by such accidents; and super- 
ficial, personal peculiarities are what we observe. But serious 
illness and approaching death touch deeply the central fatal- 
ism of the Indian character. Here they show a really char- 
acteristic disregard of pain and the approaching change; and 
their peculiar stoicism, superstition, and fatalism step in, and 
play an important and sometimes decisive part in a serious, 
but not necessarily fatal, illness. For the Indian does not 
cling to life. " What is to be, will be," he thinks; and, not 
fearing to die, he gives himself up to death without a strug- 
gle. I have, however, seen an Indian, in whom was no super- 
stition or fatalism, but the purest Christian faith and, longing 
to live, face death consciously for weeks without flinching, 
saying, simply and bravely, "I am on either side: just what 
God wills." 

An Indian boy's "hysteric fit " — as, for want of a better 
term, we call it — is a unique phenomenon. These nervous 



OF HAMPTON INS'lII'UTE 4f7 

paroxysms into which the viciim is swept or into which, as it- 
sometimes seems, he throws himself, vary in detail; but in 
all cases there are pronounced hysterical symptoms. .Tlie pa- 
tient is sometimes violent, — howling, and hurling himself 
about the room, regardless of danger to himselt or others. 
In this state, he may seize any object, thrust it into his mouth, 
and try to swallow it. I have seen a glass in which water 
had been brought, crushed and chewed like a cracker. At 
other times, or alternating with the violent phases, the pa- 
tient will lie in a state of apparent unconsciousness for several 
hours. A boy in the hospital, with a convalescent's appetite, 
refused to begin his breakfast unless four slices of bread and 
butter should be put upon his plate at once. A new nurse 
who happened to be in attendance, told the boy to begin with 
two thick slices which he already had, and more would be 
brought. Whereupon the boy, with scarcely another word, 
turned his face to the wall, and did not speak, eat or drink, 
and scarcely moved, for thirty-six hours. The temperature 
and pulse were normal during this period, though previous 
to it and after it there was a daily rise of temperature. On 
coming to himself, the boy was as well as he had been. He 
asserted that he had no knowledge of anything which had 
happened or the efforts to rouse him. Nervous excitement, 
from any cause may bring on these attacks, which seem prac- 
tically the superlative degree of want of self-control. When- 
they occur from nervousness induced by a pulmonary hemor- 
rhage, the complication is especially unfortunate, and fright- 
ful to witness. I have never seen one of these seizures in an^ 
Indian of the better class. They indicate an unstable nerv- 
ous equilibrium. They also indicate a direct need in the ed- 
ucation of the Indian. Perhaps the Indian life of peril and' 
uncertainty has left this blot on the brain for the processes 
of civilization to efface. 

These fits are looked upon with great awe by the more 
superstitious Indians, and, indeed, with more or less awe by 
nearly all Indians; and, intheir camp life, those who are able 
to throw themselves into such conditions are reverenced ; as 
having peculiar relations with the spirit world, and, as "med- 
icine men," exercise a pernicious influence. No doubt the 



g TWENTY-TWO YEARS* WORK 

subjects are to some extent self-deceived, feeling the explo- 
sion of nerve force an impulse to chaotic action and uncon- 
scious of the subjective part played by themselves. The par- 
oxysms usually occur in students of noticeably nervous tem- 
perament, and'are often associated vv^ith weakness and instabil- 
ity of character. These students need a quiet and symmetri- 
cal physical and mental training, by regular exercise, togeth- 
er with strict mental discipline. They are interesting cases 
to subject to the Elmira Reformatory method of treatment 
by building up character by physical development. 

Within the past four years, but four boys have died at 
Hampton. All of these have died of phthisis, after long and 
painful illness. Three of them were unsound on arrival. Two 
had had severe hemorrhages before coming East. During 
the same period, one delicate little girl has also died of phthi- 
sis. She was not marked unsound on arrival; but, as symp- 
toms of tubercular disease developed within a few months, 
her soundness at that time is very improbable. The girls in 
school are less subject to sickness than the boys; probably 
owing to the fact that, in their own homes, they have been ac- 
customed to more regular exercise, have suffered less from 
exposure, and, therefore, have a sounder development. The 
full-blood Indians have less endurance than the half or mixed 
bloods; and, when attacked by tuberculosis or any form of 
scrofula, they perish more quickly. This is the reverse of 
the condition seen in the Negro race, in which pure bloods 
are less subject to phthisis than mulattoes and lighter shades. 
The Negro, whether full-blood or not, has greater physical 
stamina than the Indian, though much less than the Anglo- 
Saxon. 

The well-attested fact that consumption is the scourge of 
the Indian in the climate of Dakota, where pulmonary diseas- 
es among whites are almost unknown, points conclusively to 
the fact that there has been and is that, in the peculiar con- 
ditions of the Indian life, which engenders the disease. 
Those who best know what the home life of the Indian is, do 
not think that it is school or civilization. Western or Eastern, 
that kills him, but rather the cumulative effect of the vice and 
ignorance of generations. Christian civilization is the only 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE 



499 



cure for that inheritance. Yet when an Indian dies at the 
East, or a returned student dies, the fact is spoken of as if 
the effort to civilize and Christianize had destroyed. 

This is the testimony of Miss Collins, for ten years mis- 
sionary in Dakota, writing from there in regard to tliis mat- 
ter. " I think," she says, "if the matter is looked into fully, 
as many die in and from boarding schools and day schools at 
home as from Eastern schools. In my village, one returned 
student has died in three years. In that time, three children 
have died who attended the day school, and twenty-one per- 
sons who never attended any school. ' Five of these were 
grown young men, and one young woman, and the others of 
school age. Now, my experience is this,'' she adds, " that it 
is not the school nor the climate that kills. Fanny Crossbear 
(from Hampton) is dead. ' She went to school. While away, 
one brother here died. Since she returned, another died, and 
no.w a third half grown brother is suffering from epileptic 
fits, and will soon die. Those three never went to school. 
Harry Little Eagle returned from Santee school and died; 
but, while he was away, two ne-irly grown cousins and a five- 
year-old brother died, who never attended any school. It is 
now plain to our Indians who think, that it is not the school 
nor the climate that kills." 

The late Dr. Given, for years resident physician at the 
Carlisle School, and of wide experience in the West, says: 
"■ From extended observation, it is safe to say that one out of 
every ten, or four thousand of the forty thousand children of 
school age, are disqualified, either mentally or physically, 
from attending school, and the large majority of these are 
hopelessly diseased." Under the conditions, such testimony 
is not surprising. The testimony ot intelligent Indian par- 
ents at Hampton is that a very large proportion of feeble in- 
fants are born only to die, in the camps. Others, less feeble, 
survive, to becoine diseased adults. 

A marked deterioration in strength from the oldest to 
the youngest child is often seen, as the result of want of 
proper care of the mothers, who are early broken down and 
aged. 



c;oo TWF.NTY — TWO YEARS WORK 

If the Indian were not physically what he is, all the ac- 
cepted theories in regard to ihe generation and development 
of scrofula, tuberculosis, and other forms of disease, would 
be practically disproved. The semi-civiliza! ion which has 
been forced upon him, has given him the close cabin or hut,, 
with tight box- stove, in place of the airy wigwam and open 
fire. It has given him squalid poverty in place of a practical 
abundance. No wonder if all are tainted with constitutional 
w^eakness, if not disease; that even the best physical speci- 
mens of the race succumb, and that disease often lurks under 
an apparently magnificent physique. The last fact is of not 
infrequent occurence. To it may be attributed many mis- 
takes in bringing East unsound Indians. The outward ap- 
pearance is often completely deceptive; the fine proportions 
inherited from some stalwart ancestor having survived the 
health of an organism poisoned from babyhood. 

The conditions of the Indian life have also developed 
physical peculiarities of another nature. The muscular 
strength of the Indian is far in excess of that of his vital or- 
gans; as the death of many a boy who has won in a race or 
wrestling match, and then paid the penalty with his blood, in 
a fatal hemorrhage, could testify. 

Other conditions pave the way for disease. The skin of 
the camp Indian is seldom bathed for purposes of cleanliness, 
and, whether with or without the careful painting, which is 
occasional, it can but imperfectly fulfil its share in the func- 
tion of excretion which skin and lungs legitimately perform 
together. The Indian reminds one of the child which was 
covered with gold-foil to personate an angel, and died in a 
few days from pulmonary inflammation, caused by stopping 
the action of the glands of the skin. The Indian has been slow- 
ly poisoned, generation after generation, by the same cause, 
and is daily dying from it. What the effect of this partial 
loss of function of the skin may be upon the lymphatic sys- 
tem is an interesting question. 

The skin of the Sioux Indian is naturally delicate and of 
fine texture. Its treatment by filth and paint has reduced it 
to almost pathological sensitiveness. Sensitiveness of the mu- 



OF HAMPTON INSTITUTE 501 

cous membrane follows, as a natural consequence; and con- 
gestions from slight causes pave the way for disease. 

There is reason to rejoice in the suggestion of General 
Morgan, that elementary physiology and hygiene should be 
taught in the government schools. If such instruction is giv- 
en and practiced in all Indian schools, among the children 
and growing youth, the present generation will possess a 
weapon of defence against the inherited enemy. 

Education in living; correct moral standards, — this is 
what the Indian needs, this is what he is dying for the want 
•of, and this the Indian educated at the East is carrying back 
to his people. 

In Eastern schools, with their full staff of workers and all 
agencies for good, embracing the summer outing in an intel- 
ligent family, there is, in addition to the regular discipline 
and instruction of the school, a sort of education by insensible 
absorption of ideas and the common sense of every-day life, 
which, to tlie Indian pupil, is of inestimable value. Those 
who come from Western schools, are on a plane where noth- 
ing is lost. Western training enhances the value of every op- 
portunity at the East; and the Indian, on his part, at the 
East, has wonderfully taught and interested thousands, 
whose ideas, kindly, but vague, would otherwise have borne 
no fruit of helpfulness. 

With the majority of Indian pupils, there is an earnest 
desire to help their people. How rapidly they may be fitted 
for their work, the number and excellence of Indian schools 
will determine. Many are alread}^ equipped, and doing with 
their might what their hands find to do. The fact that forty- 
two Hampton girls are already well married — twenty-five of 
them to Hampton boys — suggests a solid foundation for and 
impetus to the Indian work such as it has never had before. 
The first thought of these married pupils is for their children, 
and they know how to think. 

The more thoroughly the contagious nature of tubercu- 
losis is established, the more terrible the present condition of 
the Indian appears. It is stated on good authority that tub- 
erculous cattle are constantly sold to and consumed by the 



502 TWENTY-TWO YEARS WORK 

Indians. Their only hope is in a common knowledge of ev- 
ery-day affairs, which shall protect them from their enemy^ 
the unscrupulous white man, and in knowledge of physical 
and moral laws, with the improvement of home conditions 
which must follow. To withhold education is to condemn to 
death. 

I believe that the Indian has shown sufficient capacity, 
not only for mental and moral, but also for physical improve- 
ment, to stimulate our best efforts. The doom which threat- 
ens his extinction is the same which swept from the earth the 
ancestors of our race, by hundreds of thousands annually, by 
the Black Death, — no mysterious providence or predestina- 
tion, but ignorance of physical and moral laws and the strain 
of a transition period. Having forced upon him the evils of 
civilization, we owe him its good part. As has been truly 
said, " The only expiation of an old crime is a new virtue." 



INDEX 



O F 



INDIAN STUDENTS. 



GIRLS 

Alexander, Carrie 402 

All Yellow, Jane Eagle Face. 467 

Anderson, Carrie 342 

Antone, Mary 480 

Arrow, Hannah 437 

Baird, Ellen 470 

Barnaby, Josephine 415 

Bear, Cora 479 

Bear Bird, Julia 421 

Bear Face, Rosa 380 

Begs-for-her, Nancy. 41^ 

Bell, Cora (see Little Black 

Foot 417 

Bird, Mary 448 

Blake. Rosa 397 

Bowed Head, Mamie 404 

Buck, Hannah ... 419 

Bull Head, Louisa 350 

Bull Head, Maggie 392 

Burt, Ellen 410 

Burt, Susan . . 416 

Carpenter, Susan 368 

Charley, Mary 473 

Cook, Hattie 398 

Conger, Mercy 375 

Cordier, Angelique 479 

Councillor, Katie 394 

Cox, Eva 464 

Cross Bear, Katherine 449 

Cross Bear, Fanny 449 

Currier, Madeline 449 

Davis, Ziewie 337 

Dawson, Anna . . 330 

Dawson, Mary 330 



Decora, Angel 403 

Decora, Grace 403 

De Sheuquette, Susan 434 

Eagle, Annie 449 

Earth, Fanny 403 

Elbow, Carrie 439 

Ellis, Ellen 435 

Fallis, Margaret 420 

Fallis, Emma 393 

Fire Cloud, Emma . . 422 

Fire Thunder, Sarah (see 

White Cow) 399 

Fremont, Nettie 415 

Fuller, Annie 43° 

Fuller, Elsie 429 

Fuller, Emma 43° 

Goodform, Emma 404 

Goodwood, Maggie 426 

Goulet, Maggie .. 351 

Goulet, Mary • . 352 

Giay, Mabel (see Thrown 

Away) 405 

Half, Carrie 457 

Hamilton, Minnie.... 430 

Happy Road 45° 

Henderson, Kate 47 ^ 

High Bird, Irene 484 

Hinman, Mary 352 

Hotoninyankewin, Margaret 

(see Fallis) 420 

Huhana, Lucy. 425 

Inez, Melisse 362 

Kathleen. Julia 45° 

Keeler, Lizzie 376 

Keokuk. Nellie 3^5 

Ketile, Mary 342 



504 



INDEX 



K lag, Mary Adeline 

La Flesche, Lucy 

La Flesche, Marguerite 

La Flesche, Susan 

Larrabee, Maggie ... 

Laundet, Sophie 

Lays-out-doors, Rosa 

Lee, Nellie , , 

Leeds, Sarah 

Leming, Stella 

Lemont, Kate 

Levering, Nancy 

Little Bear, Sophia 

Little Black Foot, Corabelle. 

Little Eagle, Lucy 

Long Girl. Louisa ... 

Lyman, Annie 

Lyman, Mary 

Malnourie, Josephine 

McCarthy, Josephine 

McCoy, Cassie 

Mazakute, Rebecca 

Medicine Rock, Sarah 

Miller, Mary 

Miles, Hattie 

Mitchell, Eva (see Cox) ... 

Mitchell, Lucy 

Mitchell, Ida 

Monroe, Lydia 

Moore, Alice 

Nagle, Susie 

No Ears, Jenny 

No Ears, Lucy 

Palmer, Lizzie 

Palmer, May ... . . 

Pamani, Celeste 

Paypay, Antoinette . . 

Phelps, Ellen 

Pilcher, Etta 

Pilcher, Grace 

Place Together, Agnes .• 

Pleats, Rosa 



• 385 

■ 388 

• 413 

• 414 

■ 367 

• 397 

• 350 
420 

393 
431 
352 
416 

357 
417 
458 
426 

353 
42 [ 

331 

382 

455 
368 

350 

465 
3S6 
464. 
464 
464 
455 
455 
379 
381 

45 f 
485 
485 
406 
457 
456 
464 
430 
350 
333 



Pretty Bird 

Ramsey, Alma 

Red Cane, Annie 

Red Eagle, Agnes 

Rencontre, Ida ... 

Rivers, Felicia 

Robertson, Elizabeth 

Rulo, Cora 

Rulo, Zallie 

Running Girl, Kate 

Sacred Iron, Alice . . 

Scott, Madeline 

Selwyn, Lizzie 

Skenandore, Amelia 

Smith, Lottie 

Snow, Mamie (see Bowed 

Head) 

Spider, Lizzie 

Stabler, Minnie 

St. Cyr, Julia 

Stone, Ida 

Strieker, Jeanette 

Swift, Bessie 

Tasagyemaniwin, Louisa. . . , 

Thrown Away, Mabel 

Tiaokasin, Rosa (see Fleets) 

Traversie, Edna 

Traversie, Mary 

Unspesni, Lizzie 

Upiwin, Julia 

Virgin, Clara * ,. 

Walker, Mary 

Walker, Sarah 

Walking Medicine, Fidelia. . 

West, Emily 

White Cow, Frances 

White Cow, Sarah 

White Crow, Mary jane 

Wilgus, Minnie ... 

Wizi, Amy 

Yellow Star 

Ziewie, (see Davis) 



406 
425 

451 
426 

393 
392 
479 
439 
376 

439 
411 
429 

353 
470 
481 

404 
341 
389 
356 



353 
405 

333 
391 
35*^ 
398 

353 
450 

379 
331 
381 

354 
381 
399 
473 
485 
405 
406 
337 



5^5 



BOYS. 

Agna, Louis 335 

A huka George 332 

Alford, Thomas 345 

Alford, Thompson 442 

All Yellow, James 467 

Agard, Louis 509 

Archambeau. fohn 369 

Archambeau, Joseph 509 

Archambeau, Pierre ... ... 459 

Arihotchkish 333 

Arpan, Claymore 433 

Arrow, Joseph 407 

Ashley, Edward P 339 

Ashley, Thomas (see Paseca). 369 

Ashley, Wallace 484 

Avery, David (see Bad Fish) 455 
Ayger.oughwea, Louis (see 

Agna) 335 

Azul, Antonito 359 

Azul, Harry 360 

Bad Fish, David 455 

Baldan, Robert 440 

Bdttice, Walter 386 

Baxter, Samuel 415 

Bean, William 376 

Bear, John 432 

Bear Bird, Baptiste 371 

Bear Robe, James. . .. .... 445 

Bear Heart, Peter 478 

Bears Heart, James 328 

Beaupre, Joseph 421 

Beecher, Henry Ward 472 

Benoist, Felix 354 

Benoist, William 392 

Bernie, Jesse 354 

Big Mane, Philip 485 

Big Mane, Robert 478 

Bishop, Edmund 343 

Black Hawk. Frank 382 

Black Hawk, Peter 467 

Block, John 481 



Blue Boy, Jack 440 

Bonaparte, Charles 433 

Bourassa, Peter 480 

Bow, Claude 446 

Bowman, Thomas 396 

Brazeau, Peter 371 

Brown, Harry 335 

Brown, Oscar 342 

Brown, Samuel 354 

Bruyier, John 459 

Bubuna, Daniel 421 

Buck. Louis, Eugene and 

Eddie 419 

Buffalo, John 413 

Bushotter, George 340 

Cadocte, John 334 

Caesar, Julius 453 

Cetan, Samuel 370 

Cedar Boy Albert 409 

Cante Wanica, Daniel (see 

No Heart) . . 336 

Charging Thunder (see Ti- 

akan) ... 468 

Charleton, Howard 328 

Chilson, Daniel ,441 

Chisholm, Frank 358 

Cihila, Benedict 407 

Clark, Homer 477 

Clay, John 465 

Clifford, Charles 427 

Conalez, Robert 359 

Conolly, Charles 454 

Cook, Joseph 344 

Councillor, Philip and Char- 
lie 394 

Crow, Alfred 411 

Crow Boy, .Arthur 409 

Crow Feather, James 484 

Crowman, John 483 

Culbertson, Moses 463 

Decora, Walter 466 

De Fond, Samuel -. 436 



5o6 



INDEX 



Delay, Daniel 473 

Deloria, George 343 

Deluska 380 

De Marsh, Joe (see Marsh). 367 
De Rockbrain, Antoine.... 446 

De Sheuquette, Leon 434 

De Smit, Joseph , 478 

Doffit, James 419 

Downing, John .... 329 

Doxson, Charles 395 

Dupuis, Edward . 417 

Eaton, Oliver 364 

Eknainyanke, Louis (see Ag- 

na) 335 

Elk, Paul 447 

Ellis, Joseph 435 

Estes, George 437 

Estes, Joseph 376 

E-tahd-le-uh 325 

Farmer, John 396 

Fire Cloud, Daniel, Thomas 

and Walter 422 

Fire Cloud, James 419 

Fire Elk, Cassimir. 447 

First Hail, Eugene 412 

Fisherman, Henry 335 

Fly,Thomas,(seeUhakiumpa) 334 

Fontenelle, Albert 431 

Fontenelle, Eugene 431 

Foreman, Amos 441 

Foreman, Charles 441 

Foreman, Frank 454 

Foul Star, Samuel 343 

Four Swords 424 

Fox, Andrew 338 

Fremont, Samuel 358 

Frost, Thomas 433 

Gabe, Baptiste 368 

Garfield, James 460 

Garfield, Juan . . 365 

.Garreau, John 397 

Gautier, Frank 456 



Gokey, Antoine 386 

Goodboo, Frank 395 

Goodfur, Benjamin 483 

Good Road, James 394 

Green, Augustus 486 

Green, George 391 

Grey Cloud, George 476 

Goodwood. Thomas 384 

Good Voice, (see Ho-waste). 425 

Hamilton, James . 430 

Harris, William Henry 466 

Haus, John 440 

Hawk, Martin 447 

Heustice, Jonathan 346 

High Bird, John 484 

Hill, George .. 482 

Hoop Cloud, Charles 400 

Hunter, Harry ...;... ,.. 454 

Hunter, William 357 

Huntsman, Wesley 435 

Ho-waste 425 

Icato, Moses 458 

Ikinicapi, Thomas 366 

Industrious, Lawrence 407 

Iron Bear, Jerome 448 

Iron Necklace, Eugene 407 

Jackson, Kistoe 361 

Jacobs, Henrj' . 469 

Johnson, Andrew-. . . , 454 

Johnson, Charles 422 

Jones, Charles 437 

Karunach, Henry 332 

Kawhat 333 

Kealer, Charles 460 

Kennedy, Van Metre 434 

Keokuk, Frank 455 

King. John 346 

Kill Crow. (See Crowman,.. 483 

Kistoe, (see Jackson) 361 

Kobe 326 

Kohoe •■ 328 

La Flesche, Noah 388 



iNDKX 



5°7 



Lambert, Baptiste 460 

Lariat, John 476 

La Roche, Joseph 458 

La Rochelle, Fred 461 

Larrabee, William 367 

Laughing Face . 332 

Le Clair, Charles 412 

Le Clair, Joseph 443 

Lee, Edgar, 420 

Lee, Thomas 476 

Left Hand, John 468 

Leming, Irish ..., 431 

Levering, Milton 416 

Little Boy, Theodore 397 

Little Chief 327 

Little Eagle, Henry 370 

Little Eagle, Edward. ...... 458 

Looking Eagle 400 

Longfeather, Henry 469 

Lushbaugh, Ernest 444 

Lyman, Henry 461 

Matches, Walter 378 

Mcintosh, Robert 363 

McBride, Charles , 412 

Mandan, Daniel 355 

Mandan, Isaac 355 

Many Birds Charles 380 

Maquimetas, Michael 348 

Marsh, Joseph 367 

Martin, Maurice 474 

Marshall, Albert 428 

Marshall, Charles 418 

Matthews, Charles 361 

Mato, Benjamin 372 

Masters, William 443 

Medicine Bull, Samuel 372 

Miles, Thomas . .... 387 

Miller, George, Eddie and 465 

John 

Miller, Theodore (see Little 397 
Boy) 



Monroe V.'lsoi 472 

Moore, William 472 

Morgan, .^Ib.-rt 445, 

Murie, Alfred . . . . . 45:;, 

Murie, [ames R. y.jy 

Myers, Garry 416 

Moncravie, Charles 452 

Moncravie, Henry 452 

Moncravie, Fred 465 

No Heart, Daniel 336 

Ohettoint, Charles 326 

Ohitika, Benjamin 373 

Omaha, Felix ... . 400 

Oshkeneny, Michael 349 

Ota Akdi, Charles 424 

Pamani, Frank. 338 

Parker, George 452 

Raseca, Thomas 369- 

Pattee, John 477 

Paypay, James 457 

Perry, Samuel 443 

Peters, Alexander 349 

Phelps, Edwm, Gideon and 

Matteos 456 

Picotte, Charles F ... . 355 

Pleets, John 334. 

Pleets, Joseph 468 

Poor Elk, John 428 

Porcupine, Paul 475. 

Powless, Lyman 471 

Powlcss, Richard. 444 

Prairie Chicken, Paul 428 

Pratt, Thomas 471 

Pretty Flute, Charles, 440 

Pretty Hand, Joseph 411 

Rabbit, Charles 408 

Ramsey, George 416 

Rattling Rib, Louis 409 

Red Bear 401 

Red Fish 40 c 

Red Hawk, John 469 

Red Stone, Barney 467 



5o8 



INDEX 



Rencontre, Henry 340 

Rencontre, James 394 

Rencontre, Lezedo 339 

Rice, Reuben Daniel 466 

Rich, Benjamin 443 

Rios, Paul 363 

Rios, Santiago - 363 

Roberts, Andrew 400 

Roberts, Rush 444 

Roberts, William 365 

Robertson, Gabriel 479 

Robertson, Norman 479 

Roman Nose, Henry 327 

Rulo, Charles 461 

Running- With, John 44S 

Sagyeonkte, Andrew 401 

Saul, David 395 

Saul, William 377 

Shield, Lucas 40S 

Shield, V\ahacanka 418 

Shot Twice, James 448 

Simmons, David 342 

Single Feather, Santee . . . 398 

Skenandore, James 483 

Skenandore, Jonas 471 

Skanandoah, Nicholas 483 

Sky, William 485 

Sloan, Thomas 45 [ 

Smith, Thomas 333 

Soaring Eagle 328 

Soman, Charles 349 

Spider, Logan 438 

Spotted Eyes, Charles 410 

Squint Eyes (see Tichke- 

matse) 328 

Stabler, Guy ... 391 

Stabler, Philip 389 

Stago, Benjamin 364 

Standing Crow 424 

St. Cyr, David 365 

Stevens, Willftm 438 

Stone, Charles 337 



Strieker, David 378 

Strieker, George 355 

Sun Chief, Petet ... 453 

Sunkaska, Joseph 366 

Shutaschnay, Leroy 336 

Soaring Eagle 328 

Tatankaska, Charles (See 

White Bull; 336 

Tatiah, Charles 385 

Tebo, Frank 466 

Tompkins, George 434 

Tompkins, Thomas 434 

Thompson, Reuben, 478 

Thompson, Joseph W. (See 

Winnebago) 340 

Tiakan, Martin 468 

I Tich-ke mat-se 328 

j T iyowicakte 374 

I Tiaokasin 384 

To-un-ke-ah 327 

Townsend, Reuben 442 

Tuttle, Thomas 378 

Uhakeumpa 334 

Van Meter, Luther 419 

Voice of the Cloud, Stephen. 401 

Voorhees, Telma 364 

Voice, John 470 

Walker. John T 438 

Wahacanka. (See Shield ) . . 418 

Wankicun, Frank 467 

Wallace, Henry 442 

Watson, William 358 

Welsh, Herbert 474 

Wahn, Joseph 336 

Wannapin, George. 374 

White Breast 332 

White Bear 327 

White Man 328 

White Bull, Charles 336 

Wells, David 415 

Winnebago, Joseph.... .. .. 340 



INDEX 509 



Wilson, Cooper 472 ' Yellow Bird, Edwin .437 



White Plume, Joseph 475 

Whistler, John 481 

Wosica, Jerome 408 

Woodface, Harry 410 



Yellow Bird, Frank 344 

Yellow Hawk, Solomon.... 435 
Young Eagle, Matthew.... 423 
Yuxpu 410 



The following records were accidentally omitted from page 382. 

Joe Archambeau, half-blood, age 10. An exceedingly bright little 
fellow who returned May 26, '84. We hoped he would con- 
tinue a school life which opened so promisingly, but he found 
a mother and sister at home who needed his help, and a good 
position as clerk in the trader's store all ready for him. He 
soon put up a nice two-roomed log house with floor and all 
necessary conveniences, and had a comfortable and pleasant 
home there with his mother for years. In '90, he married 
and went to Grand River, where he started a new home on 
his own allotment and has there a good farm and consider- 
able stock. In industry, character and influence, he has al- 
ways been highly spoken of by all, white and Indian, old and 
young. 

Scholarship given by the Morgan children and 2nd Cong 
S. S,. West Winsted, Conn. 

Louis Agard, half-blood, age 17, son of a white cattleman of the 
same name. He was returned June '83, lor bad conduct, and 
soon after took up his old trade of horse-breaking and herd- 
ing. Bright and enterprising he meant to do well, but drink 
and the wilder habits of cow-boy life had a hold upon him 
too strong to be broken without greater effort than he was 
capable of making. His record has been changeable, good 
and bad, in keeping with his instability of character. 
Scholarship given by Mrs. C. A. Holbrook. 



N D E X 



FOR 



DONORS OF SCHOLARSHIPS 



Donors of scholarships for students named in this book, will find 
the names of those they have thus helped to an education, on the 
pages indicated below. It is to be remembered that this is not a rec- 
ord of the thousands of Hampton's Negro students who have receiv- 
ed the benefits of such help from generous friends of the School, but 
only of those cf them who are graduates (classes of '71-go) and a few 
others. (See remarks on this point, page 21) The " Record of Return- 
ed Indian Students " is complete up to date given. For explanation 
of Indian " scholarships," see page 290. 

In examining records of twenty years or more, mistakes are likely 
to occur, The name of one person may sometimes be repeated because 
found with different spelling or initials, and it is possible that some 
may be inserted as donors of scholarships to whom copies only of 
scholarship letters have been sent, as matters of interest to those who 
have given to the School in other ways. We hope that what errors 
we have made are on the side of over-fullness from some such reason. 
If any more serious ones, of commission or omission, shall be noticed 
by any one, we shall be extremely grateful for information of them. 

We would again request attention to the full explanations on 
pages 21 and 290, mentioned above. 



Abbe, Mrs. Fred R i77> 214 

Adamson, Wm 130 

Aitken, Mr. and Mrs. John 

115, 184, 250 

Alexander, Miss [anetta. 260, 266 

Alexander, Mrs. "S. M 268 

Alexandria, Va, Theological 

Sem 282, 385, 422, 435, 46r 

Allen, G. W 260 

Allen, the Misses 267 

Alley, John B 40 

American Miss'y Association 

332. 333.347, 34§, 349 

Ames, Rev.Chas. G 58 



Anderson, Miss Anne 142 

151, 168, 205. 
Andover, Mass. S. S. of South 

Church 443 

Ansonia, Ct. S. S., Congrega- 
tional Church 260, 264 

Astor, Mrs. C. A 377 

Atherton, Wm 214 

Athol, Mass., Evangelical S.S. 357 

Atterbury, Miss M. D 353 

Auchincloss. Henry B 272 

Bacon, Joseph N. 30, 49, 109, 175, 
287. 



INDEX 



5" 



Bacon, Miss Mabel 402, 422 

Baker, J. W 221 

Baker, Mr. and Mrs. Weaker. 
39. 43. 17^ «6, 97, 99. 133. 151. 
132, J 55, 194, 201,204,257,264. 

Baldwin. C t^ 109 

Barnes, W. E, 100 

liarney, A. H 17 8, 181 

Barrows, H. F "143 

Bartol, B. H.45, 138, 151, 195, 272, 

274,401, 407, 445. 
Bartol, Mrs. C. A, (or E. H.) 29, 97 
192. 

Bassett, C. W 117 

Batchelder, Mrs. N. S Z^i 

Bcebe, E Pierson 128213,241 

Beebe, Mr. and Mrs. Jas. M..30, 
52, 173. 278 

Benedict, Charles 167 

Benedict, Mrs , Bible Class of. 166 

Benson, Misi ridrriet S 125, 

156, 181. 

Benson, Mrs. H. F 95 

Bent. =). f 34 

Beverly, Mass , Cong. S. S. 281, 396 
Bishop, Mrs. and Ladies. ... 33 

Bishop, Mrs. Harriet 376 

Blair, John I. Jr 238,272 

Blair, Airs. M. A 214 

Blakesley, A. M 133 

Bloomfield, N. J., First Presb. 

s. s 363 

Blojmfield, N. J , Westmin- 
ster S. S 284, 285 

Borden, M. CD 283 

Borden, (Shortbridge, B, & 
Co.) 73 

Boston, " First (Unitarian) 
Church." 246, 250,253, 259, 263, 
265, 278, 282, 287, 462. 

Boscon, Park Street S. S., 
Class of Boys 374- 443 

Boston, Triniiy Church and 

s. s 341. 354-461 

Boston, " West Boston Char- 
ity School " 277 

Boston, " West Church " 225 

Boston, Sanitary Commis - 
sion, Ladies of (thro. M'ss 

Abby May) 46, 176 

Boswell, Charles 165 

Bowditch, Dr. j. IngersoU. . 186, 
283, 452. 



Bowler and Merrill, Messrs... 

Bradley, N. L 

Bramwell, Mrs. G. W 

Brayton, Miss Harriet 

Brewer, Mrs. Chas 

Bridgeport, Ct., " Boys' Mis- 
sion Circle " 

Bridgeport. Ct.. First Cong. 
Church S, S 

Bridgeport, Ct., North Cong. 
Church S.S 194. 202, 

Brigham, Hon. L. F. ... 93, 

Bright, LMr. and Mrs. Wni E, 

Brimmer Hon. Martin ...97. 
215., 

Bronson, Miss Mary ... 105, 

Brookfield, Mass., Cong S. S. 

Brookline, Mass., " Young 
People's Benevolent Soc, . 

Brooklyn, N. Y., Atlantic 

Ave., Cong. S, S 

Br .oklyn. N. Y., Bethany 

Chapel of Ref. Ch 384, 

Brooklyn, N. Y., Bethany- 
Mission 332. 

Brooklyn, N. Y\, Church of 
the Pilgrims 

Brooklyn, N. Y., First Presb. 
Ch. S. S 137. 138. 

Brooklyn, N. Y., Lafayette 
Ave. S S 217, 

Brooklyn, N. Y., Miss. Soc, of 
Second Presb, Ch 

Brooklyn, N. Y., Olivet Mis- 
sion 

Brooks, Rt. Rev. Phillips, 
D. D 28, 47.63. 141. 

Brown, Mr. and Mrs. James 
M 339- 371. 

Brown, Mrs. Theodore 

Brown, Mrs. Wm. S. 223, 329, 

351- 

Browning, Eddie 

Browning, Miss Florence.. 

464. 

Browning, Mrs 

Bruce, Mi-=s Mollie E 

Bryce, Misses Mary and Edith 

349, 366, 385, 418, 428, 472, 

484. 
Bryn Mawr College ...449' 



290 

268 

440 

392 

37 

465 

290 

205 
158 
207 
170. 

182 
188 

174 



216 
478 

339 

470 

245 
280 
288 
446 
173 
453 
330. 

440 
286. 

469 

475 

474. 
467 



512 



Bryson, Mrs. P. M. . 38, no, 160, 
242. 

Buffalo. N. Y., First Presb. 
Church 280 

Buffalo, N. Y., Harbor Mis- 
sion S. S 270 

Bull, Mrs. S. R. and Miss 
Anne 284 

Burnside, the Misses. 59, 82, 158, 
222. 

Butler, Miss Eliza 146 

Butler, Nathan 193 

Bvington, Miss Alice. . 205, 240, 
"286. 

Callender, Mrs. Henry ' 102, 289 
Cambridge, Mass., " The Mar- 
garet Shepherd Soc", 449 

Campbell, Mrs. Archibald 62, 82 
Campbell. Mrs. Harriet A, 440, 476 

Camp, C. J 289 

Camp, Mrs. W. H 471 

Canandaigua N. Y., " Ladies' 

Home Miss'y Soc.'' 275 

Candler, Miss E 473 

Canfield, Mrs ... 35 

Canfield, Mrs..P. S. L 48 

Canfield, Mrs. P. W. S... . 44, loi 

Capen, S. B 187, 260 

Capen's Miss, School 277 

Carpenter, foseph.. .. ... 218 

Carr, Samuel 194 

Carter, Mrs. R. W 1 1 5 | 

Catlin, Miss '. . 87 { 

Catskill, N. Y., Presb. S. S.. 409 I 

Chapin, Mrs. CO 332 

Charleston, Mass., Winthrop 

Ch. and S. S 265 

Chase, Geo. W ...... iio, 148 

Chase, A 101,151,260 

Chase, S. E. (Supt. of S. S. at 

Newton, Mass.)..' 117 

Chicopee, Mass., Second 

Cong. Ch 424 

Child, Mrs. Lydia Maria, 70, 117, 

128. 
Claflin, Hon. Wm.. 29, 51, 78, 79 

Clarke, B. G 258 

Clarke, C. H 259 

Clarke, Mrs. A. L ... 91 

Clark, Miss Esther C 375 

Clark, Mr. and Mrs. E. W . . 47, 58. 

86, 170. 



Clark, Mrs. Henry W . . 117, 135 

Clarkson, Banyer 391 

Cieaveland, Miss A. E 221 

Cleveland, Ohio, " Workers 

and Winners' Soc".. 247,286 
Clinton, Mass., Cong. Ch. S. 

S 215 

Clinton, Mass., " First Evan- 
gelical Church" S. S . . 181 
Coates, Benjamin. 61, 108, 151, 196 
Coates, Miss Beulah .. 66, 163 
Coates, Miss Mary. . 173, 206, 284. 

Cobb, H. E '95.231 

Coburn, Geo. W . . 128 

Cockroft, Miss C, H. V ... 470^ 

Coffin, Mrs. C. F 42 

Coffin. W. E 88 

Coageshall, H. E 128,172 

Coggswell, Miss Frances H . . 267 
Cole, Mrs. Thomas. . 61, 123 , ^3, 

209. 
Coleman, Mr. and Mrs. G. D. 

357. 397 

Collins, Erastus 135, 

Collins, Mrs. Eliza 43.98- 

Collins, Misses Ellen and 

Margaret . . .... 443, 483 

Collins, Miss Mary A 28 

"Concord Friends," .. .... 231 

" Connecticut lady, a (thro. 

J. and S. Ferguson),.. .. 353 
Constantinople, Turkey, 

Children's Soc , " Fishers of 

the Bosphorus " 439 

Coolidge, A. L . 184 

Coolidge, J. Randolph 275 

Cooper. Mrs 54 

Cope, M. C 90 

Cope, Miss Carolme E 403 

Corliss, Geo. H 185 

Crosby, Rev. Arthur . . . 148, 171 

Grouse, Mrs. Daniel 382 

Cummings, John. 39, 104, 199,242 
Curtis. Mr. and Mrs. Geo. 40, 54, 

147, 155, 216, 256, 280. 
Curtis, Mrs. J. S. and Miss C. 

J 485 

Curtis, Mrs. Mary E. H ... 254 

Curtis, Mrs. Solomon 146 

Cutting, R. Fulton. 226, 277, 289 

Daggett, H. L ... 38 

Dana, Rev. J. Jay 261 



INDEX 



5'3 



251, 460 
.... 178 
(42, i( " 



Danbury, Ct., First Cong. Ch. 

" Y. P. S. C. E." 472 

Danforth, Mr 273 

Danvers, Mass., First Cong. 

S S 267 

Davenport, Miss E. W. 225, 439, 

457. 464. . 
" David Livingstone Scholar- 

siiip" 14, 

Davis, J. W.. 186, 241, 252, 337 

338, 414- 
" D. B. C." (thro. Miss M. A. 

Longstreth) .. 164,358 

Dean, Ciias. (Geo. C. Lord 

and — Executors) 

De Forest, Benjamin . . 
De Forest, Dr. John.. 
De Forest, Mrs. Geo. B. 379, 418 

Delano, Capt, J. C 62 

Denison, Rev. John H . . 228, 249, 

255, 290. 

Dennison, J. M 39, 86, 188 

Dennis, Rodney .. 166 

De Wolf, Miss C 156 

Denny, Mrs. L. B.. . 280, 334, 381 

Dexter, Mr.-^. Henry ....,461 

Dexter, Mrs. Theodnsia M. . . 220 
Dickerman, Mrs. J. A . 146, 187, 

T94. 263. 
Dickson, Mrs. C. L. S . . . . . 400 
Dixwell, Arthur. . . .467, 475, 476, 

477, 479- 485- 
Dixwell, Mrs E. B. LB.... 274 
Dodge, Arthur Murray. . 237, 243, 

254, 280. 
Dodge, Hon. Wm. E. 42,76, 84, 

98, 142, 145. 195. 273- 45 
Dominick, H, Blanchard 
Dornian, Mrs. Mary . 

Downes, W. E 

Downing, Chas . . 
Downing, fames W. . . 
Dwieht, Miss M. B.'s 



Franklin St. Church. . 177, 

East Somerville, Mass,, Wo- 
men's Home Missionary 
Soc 280, 

Eldredge, John 

Eliot, Samuel 

Ellis, Chas 

Ellison, Miss Mary D... 334. 

Ely, Z. Stiles 

Emerson, Miss Ellen 

Endicolt, Wm . . 28, 68, 98, 
]8_7, 2i8. 

Endicott, Wm. Jr., 

Eustis, Mrs. Wm 

Everett, Miss Anna S . . . . 



184 

381, 450 

. - 84 

. . . , 271 

84 



Bible 
Class 365 

Easthampton, Mass., " Pay 

son Church " 365, 444 

Eastman, Ml, 37 

East Orange, N. J., First 
Presb. S. S. 369, 400. 459. 

East Orange, N. J., •' Wilhng 
Workers " 425, 471 

East Somerville, Mass , 



232 



438 

91 

267 

75 
451 
272 
191 
166, 



-J- 
176 
172 



Fairchild, Miss Sallie 478 

Fall River, Mass , Central 

Cong. S. S 365-437 

Farmington, Ct., Cong. Ch. 

and S. S 286 

Farnsworth, Ezra.. 56,115, 128, 

174. 
Farnum, Henry W 274, 282, 465 

Farnum, Miss A R 176 

Fainum, Miss Elizabeth 89 

Farnum, Mrs. Eliza H.. 79, 159 
Faulkner, Mr. James R.. 115, 135, 
176. 

Faulkner. Mrs. Geo 224 

F"earing, Mrs. Albert 50 

Fellows, Kichard S 272 

Felton, S. M... . 50, 100, 176. 205, 
251. 

Ferguson, E. and S 369 

Ferguson, Miss Edith 244 

Ferguson, Mr. and Miss 355 

Field, John W Si, 182, 235 

Fisher, J. E 441,443 

Fiske, Mrs. Geo. J 141, 237 

Fitchburg, Mass , Cong. Ch. 

S. S 180, 202 

Fitch Jonas 49 

Fitch, Mrs. William 373,415. 

473- 

Flower, Roswell P 421, 472 

Forbes, John M 64, 135, 171, 

186, 201. 
Ford, (Messrs. Hough and F.) 

... , 267, 283 

Foster, Hiram 16- 

Fountain. Gideon 20^ 

Fowler, Mrs. Jeanette 167 



5H 



INDEX 



"Friend".. 179,269,281,431,454 

Frissell, A. S 279,290 

Frost, Ruf us S 247 

Furness, Rev. Dr. W. H 41 

Gale, Miss Margaret E... 282, 379, 
421, 461, 

Gammel, Mrs. Win 148 

Gardiner, T. B 3S4 

Gates, Isaiah, (Messrs. Sam- 
uel Horn and — ) 59 

Germantovvn, Pa., Second 

Presb. S. S . 287 

Germantown, Pa., Unitarian 

S. S .. 453 

Gibb, John 108 

Gibbs, Miss Georgia Barker. . 221 
Gibbs, Mrs. T. K.... 178, 229, 289 
" Gilbert, S. E 's Scholarship" 264 

Gill, E. T 385 

Ginna. Daniel F. and Miss 

Bessie T 277 

Goodv-vin, Chas. C 198 

Goodwin, Wm. P 215 

Great Barrington, Mass. 

Cong. S. S 342, 407 

Great Barrington, Mass., Ind- 
ian Assoc , 468 

Greenbaum, Messrs 93 

Green, Samuel 137 

Griffeth, Miss M. F 386 

Griffith, Miss M 404 

Griffith, Miss Susan D ..... . 260 

Griggs. Mrs. Stephen 109 

Grover, Mr. and Mrs. W. O. 
,39, 7 I, 83, 89, 90, 127, 161, 176, 
IS2, 193. 



Halstead, W. M 140 

Hamilton, John L 270 

Hardwick, B. C 245 

Hardy, Alpheus. .... 86, 186, 197 

Hardy, E. E 445 

Hare, Rt. Rev. Wm 343 

Harris, Mrs I.Campbell 288 

Hartford, Ct., Fourth Cong. 

Ch. and S. S 44. 152 

Hartford, Ct., Park Church S. 

S 270 

Hartford, Ct., Pearl St. Cong. 

S. S 409 

Harvard Annex, " Hampton 

Indian Assoc, of. . 283,452,483 



Hastings, Edward 54 

Hathaway, E. S 123 

Haverhill, Mass., Centre 

Cong. S. S 353 

Hawk, Samuel... , 288 

Hawk, Wm. S 288 

Hawley, Miss Emeline 254 

Hawley, P. K and M. M 74 

Hayes, Mrs. Rutherford B.. , . 124 

Hazard, Mrs. Annie 134 

Hazard, Roland 211 

Heffelfinger, Jacob 341 

Hemenway. Augustus... 29, 135 
Hemenway, Mrs. Mary.. 33,555 

76, 129, 214, 22S, 256, 257, 280,, 

282, 283, 286, 2S7, 289. 
Hemenway, Miss Edith.. 37,53, 
Hemenway, Mrs. C. P.. 36,63, 

155, 183. 
Henry, Mrs. Pauline. .. . 119, 173 

Herring, Mrs. Mary B 207 

" H. H. Club" . 405,426,449 
Hillhouse, Miss Josephine . 391 
Hills, Miss S. B..., 284, 287, 28S 

Hills, Mrs. Ellery.... 231 

Hilton, Wm 42 

Holbrook, Mass:, " Winthrop 

S. 6." „ . . 403, 469 

Ho' brook, Mrs. C. S 334 

Holbrook, Mrs. E, M 219 

Holden, Jas. C ....: 86 

Holland, Nelson 290 

HoUister, E. H. (Estate of) 

260, 269 

Holman, Rev. W. H. . . 395 

Hooper, Miss Alice S 124,164 

Hooper, Miss AnnS.. 185, 349 
Hooper, Mrs. Anna S. . 198, 276, 

385.393- 
Hopkinson, Miss Leslie W. . 447 
Horn, Samuel, (V. essrs. H. 

and Isaiah Gates) .... 59 

Hotchkiss, Justus. . 282, 367,420, 

461, 481. 
Hotchkiss, Mrs. Maria H . . . . 289 
Hough and Ford, Messrs. . . 267, 

283. 

Houghton, W. S 193,216 

Houston, J. B 454 

Howard: E. H 265, 285 

Howe, J . C. and Co 34 

Howell, M., Children of . . . 268 
Howe, Mrs. Geo. 117, i2g 



INDEX 



515 



Howland, Edward . , 91 

Rowland, Geo 16 

Hoyt, -Mrs. Geo. A 440 

Hubbard, Mr. and Mrs. C. T. 

■• 243 

Hubbell, Mr 273 

Hungerford, T. L 154 

Hunting's, Mrs. Bible Class... 397 
Huntington, Mr. and Mrs. C. 

P . 113,247, 261, 262, 278, 279, 

Hulburt, W 96 

Hurtt, B. Scott, and Mrs. S. 

J 259, 273, 459 

Hyde, Park S. S 117 

Hyde, VVm 234 

Ireson, The Misses . . 240, 284 
Irving, Mrs. Theodores 

School 430 

Ivison, Blakernan and Taylor, 

Messrs , . , 370, 409, 434 

JamaicaPlains,Mass Central 

Cong. Ch 36 [ 

Jesup, Morris K. . . . 138, 169, 264 

Johnson, Francis H 267 

Johnson, Mrs, 58 

Johnson. Mrs. C. A.. 31, 59, 201 
229, 250, 267. 

Johnson, Samuel 28,93,343 

Jones, Edward C 29 

Jones, F 28, 54 

Jones, Frederick .. ... 172, 183 
[ones, Mrs. Gulielma ...82, 123 

Jones, Jacob P 74, 162 

Jones, J, M... 29, 112 

Joy, Mrs. Mary Louise. 380, 400 
409, 411. 

Justice, V/. W 88, 134 

Kendall, Chas. S 185 

Kendall, H. L 71, 184 

Kendall, Miss H. W 226,276 

Kidder, Henry P. 39, 48, 87, 11 j, 
145, 165, 208, 241. 

Kimber, A.M 54 

Kimber, Marmaduke C. (Me- 
morial Scholarship) 287 

King, H. M. 280 

Kinsley, Mrs. E. W 198 

Kirtland, Mrs. A. T. E 458 

Kittredge, Mrs. C. J. ...49, ic6 
Kittredge, Rev. Dr., Children 



,°^ -■■■■■■• 364, 391 437. 

Knapp, H. M 395.455 

Knevals, C. B 441 , 44^ 

Knowles, F. B 404 

Knox, Mrs. J. S. B 105 

Lamb, Miss Rose 349, 366 

'Lana Ac Tela Society," N. Y. 

, „ 424.457458- 

Lane, L Kemson 257 

Land, Mrs. C 416 

Lawrence, Amos, A.. 34. 95, 139 
Lawrence, A. A. Estate of. . 282 
Lawrence, Mass. Y. M.C. A. 

Sunday-school 396,, 

Lawrence, Mrs. Samuel. 449, 451 

Lawrence, Wm, R , . 35 

Learned, Miss Grace H. 2,70 399, 

440, 454. 478. 

Learned, Miss Mabel 475 

Leavitt, James T 229, 284. 

Leavitt, Rev. G. R loZ, 116. 

Lent, Wm. B 257,271- 

Lewis, Enoch. 128: 

Lewis, Miss E. W 6S, 224, 231- 

' Lewis, Miss Maiy 160, 205 

Lewis, Miss Sarah. 132, 207, 278 
Liberty, Va. Children's Aid 

Soc and S. S, of St. John's 

Church 287 

Lilley, R. D 225 

Little, James A 31 

Little, Mr. and Mrs. James L. 

31, 161. 
"Little Pilgrim Missionary 

Society " 212 

Little, Samuel 2^0 

Lodge, Mrs. John E. 179, 28r, 460 
Longfellow, Miss Alice M. 

179, 187, 208, 256, 346, 3S7, 394, 

463- 

Longstreth, Miss Mary An- 
na. 43, 55, 141, 178, 255. 

Longstreth, MissM. A. Estate 
of 27& 

Longstreth, Miss M. A.'s 
School 62 

Longstreth, Miss Susan. 182, 329,. 
391, 429, 455. 

Lord, Geo. C, and Chas. Dean, 
Executors ...251, 460. 

Low, W. G. .....356,401,428 

Lowell, Mass ; "Happy Help- 
ers .. 376. 42s 



5i6 



INDEX 



Lowell, Mass., S. S. of Uni- 
versal ist Church 200 

Lowell, Miss Anna C. 56, 70, 171, 

273, 386, 404, 464. 
"Lucy Osgood School".... 128 

Lyman, C. C 172 

Lyman, Mrs. David 276 

Lyman, Theodore 63, 243 

Lyon, Mrs. John E 91 

Mackey, Henry 434,455 

Mackie's, the Misses, Young 

Ladies' School 277, 285 

Mack, Miss Esther C. 364, 376, 

410. 
Magie, Miss Phoebe T. 144, 284, 
285. 

Mandell, Edward C 28, 71 

Manning, Mrs. R. H,... 356, 368 
Marlboro, Mass. Union S. S. 395, 

463. 
Marshall, Mrs. Benjamin. 74, 114, 

125. 
Marquand, Frederick 72, 167, 

-^4. 359- ^ ^^ ^ 

Mason, Miss Ellen F. .51, 86, 162 

Mason, Miss Ida 180 

Mather, Roland i33- -or 

Maxwell, Dr. W. H 236 

May, Miss AbbyW 147.461 

Mayo, E. R 207, 229, 243, 285 

"Mc Adoo Scholarship" (from 
guests at Ocean Side, Mag- 
nolia, Mass.) 287 

McDougall, Mr 273 

Mclntyre, A- W. 106, 126, 141, 

156, 196, 288. 
McWilliams, Miss Susie W. 

409, 463 

Mead, Chas. L 227 

Means, Mrs. Charlotte H.. . . 112 
Means, Rev. Jas. H. 74, 157, 200, 

232. 
Meriden. Ct, First Cong. Ch. 

392, 430- 

Merrill, E. H 98 

Merrill, (Messrs. Bowler and 

M)... ; 290 

Metcalf, Mrs. W. H 188 

Miller. Mr. and Mrs. Chas.A. 

278, 366, 383. 398.433- 

Mills, Andrew 429, 448 

Minturn, Mrs. A. M 123,176 



Miskey, Wm. F 41 

Moen, P. L 182,234 

Monroe, Mr. and Mrs. El- 
bert B. 124, 164, 248, 255, 342 
Montclair, N. J. Cong. Ch. 

and S. S. 174, 362, 430. 
Montclair. N. J. First Cong. 

S. S. . . 260 

Montclair, N. J. Presb. S. S. 

362 (Kistoe Jackson). 
Montclair, N. J., S. S. of St. 

Mark's M. E. Ch 275 

Montclair, N. ]., Y. P. S. C. E. 

of Trinity Presb. Ch. . . . 484 

Moore, E. J. .. 406 

Moore, W. H 183 

"Morgan Children, The" 

200, 419, 473. 509 

Morgan, Dr 354 

Morgan, F. E 288 

Morgan, Griffiths 33. 5^ 

Mossman, Mrs. M. E 485 

Mower, Miss C . 42 

Mudge, E. R. — Sawyer & Co. 

32, 60, 141. 
•'Murray Fund," (thro' D. S. 

Taber) 217, 453 

Nashua, N. Y. First Cong. 

Ch 46 3 

Natick, Mass. Cong. S. S. 

218, 283. 
Nettleton, John H. 277, 366, 39i> 

392, 39S. 431. 480- 

Newell, Clarence D 257 

New Haven, Ct., Davenport 

S. S 230 

New Haven Ct., United Cong. 

Ch 277 

Newlin, Mrs. Thomas 179 

Newlin, the Misses. 61, 62, 114, 

124, 228, 264, 290. 

Newman, the Misses 38 

New Milford, Ct. Cong. S. 

S. 185, 280, 365, 383, 441, 460, 

467, 468. 
New Orleans, La. Parish Aid 

Soc. of Christ Church, 370, 

422, 458, 484. 
Newton, Mass. Channing S. 

S 65 



INDEX 



517 



Newton, Mass. Eliot Church 
S. S. 1S9, 195, 218. 

New York. All Souls' Church 
and S. S. 175, 178, 234, 260, 
268, 288. 

New York, Bethany Mis- 
sion S. S 285, 416,448 

New York, Broadway Tab- 
ernacle and S S. 338, 353, 372, 

453- ■ 
New York, Calvary (Baptist) 

Ch. and S. S 270, 431 

New York, Calvary (Episco- 
pal) Ch. and S. S. 338, 359, 367, 

369, 374, 4' I. 
New York, Fifth Ave. Presb. 

Ch 416 

New York, Fourth Ave. 

Presb. S. S . . . 394 

New York, Holy Trinity S S. 

352, 378. 41 r. 
New York, Memorial Church 

and Youths' Miss'y Soc. 

231, 364, 417 
New York, Park Ave. Presb. 

Ch 278 

New York, St. George's Ch. 

286, 3S4, 434. 461 
New York, St. Thomas Ch. 

363. 422 
New York, Trinity Chapel 

S. S 339 

New York, University Place 

Ch. Bethlehem Miss'y S. S. 472 
New York, Westmifister Be- 
nevolent Assoc .. 173 

Nichols, Geo A 44 

Nichols, Mrs. Louisa .. .. 368 
North Adams, Mass., Cong, 

S. S 216, 277 

Northampton, Mass.. 'Girls' 

Classical School," 241, 406, 455, 

479 
Northampton, Mass., Miss 

Capen's School 277 

Northampton, Mass , Mis- 
sionary Society 226 

North Brookfield.Mass Cong. 

S. S 174, 284 

Notman. Peter 270 

Noyes, Richard K.. .. 415,437 
Nye, Mr. and Mrs. A. H. 

415. 437 



Orange, N. J. First Presb. 

S. S 454 

Orange Valley, N. J. Cong. 

Ch ". 247 

Osgood, Mrs. Sarah R. 286, 404 

485. 
Owens, Miss J. A's S.S. Class. 

392. 397 
Pame, Mr. and Mrs. Robert 

Treat, 136, 195, :^6o, 287, 335, 

341, 460. 

Paine, Mrs.' C. J . 85, 146 

Parker, R. H 191 

Parker, S. E 136 

Parish, Dillwyn, 70, 113, 127, 143, 

154. 169, 218. 

Patterson, Miss C 87 

Peabody, Frank in, 148 

"Pennsylvania Abolition So- 
ciety." 81,87,117,166,180,189. 

201, 217. 256, 272. 
Perkins, Mrs. Geo. C . . 176, 185 
Perkins, Mrs. Henry .... 175 
"Petersburg Convocation." 

Va .' 344 

Philadelphia, Pa. "Church of 

Our Saviour" 374 

Philadelphia, Pa. Green Hill 

Presb, Ch 287 

Philbrick, Lieut. [. H, (U. S. 

A) 367 

Phillips, Mrs M. B 4^4 

Pickering, Mrs. Henry. 142, 289, 

352,416,450. 

Pierce, Mrs. Moses 480 

Pierson,Gen. and Mrs. W. S. 

168, 181, 243, 
Plainfield, N. J. Crescent 

Ave, S. S 384, 463 

Pollard, Hon. J. G. 7S, 128, 161 

Pond, F. L 112 

Pond, Mrs. C. T 118 

Porter, Miss Helen. 86, 172, 251, 

442, 467. 
Portland, Me. Young Peo- 
ple s Aid Soc 445 

Ponsmouth, Va. St. John's 

Church ..... 340 

Post, Mrs. D. H 290 

Potter, Howard 115, 213 

Potter, Howard, Permanent 

Scholarship" ... 286 

Pouhkgeepsie, N. Y. First 



5i8 



INDEX 



Presb. Ch. S. S .416, 467 

Poughkeepsie, N. Y. "Lyn- 
don Hall School " 450 

Powers, Thomas H 104 

Pratt, Pascal P . 280 

Prescott, Judge and Mrs. Oli- 
ver. 61, 160, 184, 210, 290. 
"Prout's Neck Scholarship." 255 
Piovidence, R. I. Indian Aid 

Soc. in Episcopal C h. 400, 411 
Providence, R, I. "Little 

Dorcas Soc' 468 

Putnam, Ct, Second Cong. 

Ch. S. S 232, 3S8 

Putnam, Mrs. B. W.'s School 

and Friends 246, 381,415 

Putman, Mrs. Mary Lowell. 

90, 196 

Putnam, Mrs. M. S 42 

Quincy, Hon. and Mrs. Jo- 

siah . 44, 66 

Quincy, 111., First Cong. Ch. 

425 
Quincy, Mass., First Cong. 

S. S ... 241 

Rainsford, Mrs. Rosa E ... 368 

Rathbun, Mrs. John T 288 

Reed, Mrs. Amos 174 

Reed, Mrs. Martha C. . 142. 180 
Rhinelander, Miss Julia 427,430 
Rhinelander, Miss Serena.. 426 

Rice, A. H 196 

Rice, Mr. C. B 79 

Richardson, Mrs. Hannah. 

7i.79 

Rich, Gen. G. B 273 

Richmond, Miss Caroline. 

120, 284 

Richmond, Mrs Anna 120 

Rickrood, C. S ... 191 

Ridgeway, Thos 43 

Riley, Gen. A. W .... 257,270 

Robbins, S P 191 

Roberts, Mrs. Geo. and Son. 226 
Rochester, N. Y., Brick Ch. 

Missy Soc 403 

Rochester, N. Y. , Emmanuel 

Missy Soc 426 

Rochester. N. Y., First Presb. 

Ch. and S. S . . 257, 4S3 
Rochester, N. Y. Plymouth 

. S. S ". 447 

Rochester, N. Y., bt. Peter's 



Presb Ch 272 

Rockefeller, Miss Alta ..... 282 
Rockefeller, Miss Bessie... 248 
Rockefeller, Miss Edith .. 404 
Rodman, Miss Susan ... 70 
Rogers, Mrs. Maria De W. 

97, 156. 
Rogers, Prof. Fairman. 107, 230 

Rogers, Robert 73 

Ropes, Miss 49 

Ropes, Mrs 35 

Rose, Mrs. Henry. 174, 191, 207, 

220, 263, 353, 375. 
Rotch, Mr. and Mrs. Wm. ]. 

35> 263. 
Russell, Mrs. Geo. R. 48, 118, 

127, 128, 150, 176, 210, 282, 342, 

40 J, 410. 
Sage, Mrs. Dean. 22S, 356, 431, 

464. 
Salem. Mass., South Cong 

S. S 288 

Salem, Normal School . ... 382 

Salisbury, Stephen.. ...... 137 

Saltonstall, Nathaniel .... 346 

Sanitary Commission, Ladies 

of (thro. Miss Abby May). 

4.6, 176. 
Sawyer (Mudge, S — and Co.; 

32, 60, 141, 
Scoville, Rev. Samuel , .... 437 
Scudder, Rev. Evarts.. 114, 156 
Scull, David — Sons of ... . 49 
Scull, Moses p. and E. 109, 134 

Sears, Mr 42 

Sellew, Mrs. T. G '. 218 

Severance, S. L ... 209 

Seward, Samuel H 335 

Shannon, MiSs Mary C. 267, 278 

Sharpless, Chas, L. . 105, 183, 186, 

Shaw, Mrs. Geo. H. 62. 83, 85. 

113, 161. 188, 192, 199 209, 350, 

380. 
Shaw, Mrs. Quincy A. 140, 141, 

145, 189.326. 
Shaw, Mrs. Robert G. 170, 176, 

210. 
Shekomeko, N. Y. "The 

Happy Pilgrims " 474 

Sherman. Roger 79 

" Shortbridge, Borden and 

Co." 73 

Shumway, Mrs ... 336 



5^9 



Silliman, H. B 478 

Sill, the Misses 457,482 

Simons, H. K 334 

Simpkins, Mr. and Mrs. John 

184. 222. 

Simpson, M. H 168, 212 

Simijson, Mr. and Mrs... 59,76 

Skidmore, W. L 243, 274 

Skinner, Mrs Mary L. . . 158, 178 
Slater, John F. — Fund. 209,211, 

220. 221, 229, 234, 243. 247, 256, 

261, 278, 280, 282. 

Slater, L. H 336 

Slosson. Mrs. Anna T 160 

Small, Rev. A. C 114 

■"'Smart Scholarship," the.. 271 
Smith, College. 241, 265, 414, 463, 

469, 473. 

Smith, C. S 220 

Smith, Elizur 233 

Smith, Rev. and Mrs. J. A. 

•Jt47, 343. 362. 
Smith, Wellington . 99, 201, 263 
Smith, William Alexander.. 247 

.Sm u Her, Miss Ciirrie F 279 

Snow, Mrs. C W 416 

Southington, Ct. First Cong. 

Ch. and S. S. 181, 244, 259, 281, 

431. 
Southport, Ct. Cong. S. S. 394. 

413,442. 
Southworth, Mr. and Mrs. 

John 331, 382 

Sparhawk, John, Jr 476 

Spaulding, Mrs. H. M 192 

Spear, Mrs. C. V 173 

Spencer, Chas 45, 130 

Spencer, Mrs, C. L . . ... 99 
Spjoner, Wm. B. . . . 45, 102 
Springfield, Mass., "Hamp- 
ton Club" 367, 393, 457 

Springfield, Mass., South 
Cong. Ch. "Wide Awake 

Soc." 281, 396 

Springfield. Mass., State St. 
Baptist "Bible School." 

453. 465. 472. 

Stanley, Henry 242 

Stanley, Miss Laura F 179 

Starr, C. j . . 100, 195 

Stearns, Dr. H. P 289 

Stevens, Mrs. Elizabeth B.. 466 
Stewart, Lispenard 286 



St. Johnsbury, Vt., North 

Cong. S. S 246, 41 5 

Stokes, Mrs. Anson P.— Chil- 
dren of 33 r , 420 

Stokes, the Misses Caroline 

and Olivia E. P 439 

Stone, Mrs. Amasa 235, 244, 251, 
288. 

Stone, Mrs. A.J 284 

Strawbndge, |ustus C. 185,279 
Stiiker, Mrs. M. W., Sunday 

School Class of 401 

Strong, David 268 

Sturgis, James 47 

Sufiield, Ct. First Cong. S. S. 

341. 367, 437 
Summit, N. J. Central Pre>b. 

S. S 227, 376 

Swan, C L 111,286 

Swan, Mrs Benjamin 396 

Swords, A. S 290 

Syracuse, N. Y. Presb. S. S. 468 
Syracuse, N. Y. S. S. of In- 
dependent (Unitarian) Ch. 369 
Talbot, Hon. C. P . . 65, 172 

Talcot, James. 166 

Tapley, Mr. and Mrs. Amos 

P. . . 4r, 67, 1 1 1, 170, 198, 274 
Tappan, Miss iVl. A. 382, 421, 455 

Tappan, Mrs. M. A 46 

Tatum, Edward 94, 335 

Terry, M rs Valeri a 167 

Terryville, Ct., Cong. S. S . 133 

Thompson, W. H 54 

Thorpe, Mr. and Mrs. ] H. 

165, 361. 
Thorpe, Mrs, Annie L. 438, 464, 

470 
Thurston, the Misses. 379, 406, 
415. 449.471. 

Tileston, Mrs 35,86,143 

Torry, Elbridge 147 

Towne, M iss 142 

Towne, Mrs. Maria R . 103 

Townsend, Mrs. Robert and 

Friends 455 

Treat, Atwater 215 

Truesdale, John P 102 

Tudor, Mrs. Fcnno 224 

Twombly, Rev. Alexander S. 

91, 126, 176, 191 
Utica, N. Y. First Presb. Ch. 
Miss'y Soc 280 



520 



INDEX 



Ullman, August 366 

Vail, Rev. R. P. H 280 

Van Ingen, Miss Alice .. . . 339 
Van Santvoord, Mrs. Anna 

M 260, 439 

Vassar College. . . . 263, 278, 279 
Vaughan, Miss Bertha . . . 447 
Waite, Miss Ella R. and 

Friends 237 

Wakeman, Mrs. C. A 417 

Walbridge, Mr 273 

Waldron, D. A 56, 107 

Wain, Miss Annie. 131, 190, 221 

258, 416. 
"Wales, Miss M. A. 120, 126, 187, 
Wappinger's Falls, N. Y. Bi- 
ble Class of Zion Church. 344 

Ward Samuel S 100,157 

Ware, Mass., East Cong. S. S. 216 

Warner, Redwood 46 

Warren, Mass., Cong S. S.. 290 
"Warren Scholarship" the.. 469 

Warren, S. D 107, 167 

Washburn, Miles 210 

Washburn, Mrs. Israel. 133, 205 
"Washburn Scholarship" the 276 
Washington, Ct. Cong. S. S. 389 
Waterbury,Ct Cong. S.S. 177, 279 
Waterbury, Ct Sec^md Cong. 
Church and S. S .... 180, 182 

Waterston, Mrs. R. C 54 

Wayland, Mrs. M. W. R ... 264 

Webster, J, K 103 

Wellesley College. 365, 409, 443, 
469. 

Wells, Edward 129, 167 

Wells, Miss Mary W. .. . 129,167 
Wendell. Miss S. H . . . . 123, 176 

Weston, D. IVl 53 

Weston, Hon. Byron— Per- 
manent Scholarship. . 280, 482 

West Point, N. Y , S.S 408 

West Winsted, Ct Second 
Cong. S. S. 408, 467, 509. 

W. F. A 457, 482 

Wheeler, F.D 386 

Wheeler, Mrs. T. D 231 

Whitall, Mr. and Mrs. James. 

127, 134, 237, 284, 335, 354 

Whitcomb, Henry 56 

White, Mr. and Mrs. James, 

* 37, 92, 1 15, 251 



White, Mrs "'79 

White, Mrs. Joseph M 137 

White, S S 74 

Whiting, J. J 262 

Whiting, Mrs., Bible Class 

o{ _ 454 

Whitin, John C 147 

Whitney, A. R 263 

Whittemore, Mrs. J. H 281 

Wigglesworth, the Misses. 95, 105 

Wilcox, Miss Minnie 475 

Willetts, Edward 287 

WMlletts. Samuel 104 

Williams, E. A . 472 

Williams, John E 98 

Williams, Miss Clara 42 

Williams, Miss M. Josepha. . 267 

Williams, Rev. W. W 336 

Wilmarth, Mrs. H. D 284 

Winch, Mr. Geo. F 465 

Windsor,Ct Cong.S S. 168, 221, 231 
Win slow, Mrs Myron ("For 

a Boston lady.") 224 

Witherbee.Mrs. Frank S. 228, 276 
Woburn, Mass., First Cong. 

S. S . . 174 

Wolcott, H. F 143 

Wolcott, Mr and Mrs. ]. 
Huntington. 74, 94, Ji6, 138, 
222, 257, 279. 
Wolfe, Miss Charlotte D . . . 97 
Wood, Frank. 241, 281, 359, 389, 
460. 461. 

Wood, Gen. D. P . . 396 

Wood, Miss Juliana.... 122,262 

Wood, Mrs. George 251 

Wood, Mrs. George. S. S. 

Class of 335, 435 

Wood, Mrs. J.B 39 

Wood, Richard D. 44, 74, 136, 234 
Worcester, Mass., All Saints' 

Parish . ... 278 

Worcester, Mass., First Uni- 
tarian Ch 431 

Worcester, Mass., " Indian 

Association " 466 

Worcester, Mass., "May- 
flower Mission" 392 

Worcester, Mass , Union Ch. 

S. S 172 

Worcester, Mass., Young La- 
dies of 263 

W^right, James A. 92, 149,230, 265. 



iNdex of cL/\ss records 



Class of 



71 
'72 

73 

74 
75 
76 

77 
78 

79 
80 



83 

84 

85 
86 

87 
88 

89 
'90 



Younsf 



women 5 

" 8 

" 4 

" 1 1 

" 9 

" 1 1 

" 20 

" 19 

" 1 1 

" 20 

" 18 

" 26 

" 1 1 

" 17 

" 20 

" 6 

" 23 
10 

" 14 

" 17 



Total 'yi-'go "' 
Class of '91 
' '■ " 92 



men 14 

" 15 

" 15 

" 9 

" 32 

" 30 

" 30 

" 34 

" 28 

" 18 

" 23 

" 34 

" 19 

" 20 

" 21 

" 8 

" 15 

" 28 

" 24 

" 27 



2S0 

13 
18 



Page 
Total 19) .... 23 



23)- 
19) 
20) . 

40 

40. 

50). 

53). 
39)- 
38). 
41). 
60). 
30), 
37)- 



• 34 

39 

45 

61 

79 

99 

119 

141 

157 

173 

190 

202 

4() 22a 



14) 

38). 

38). 

38). 

44)- 



444* " 724* 
22 35 
20 38 



239 
245 
262 
277 
284 



291 



Total '71-92 " " 3fi " 486 " 797 

*The final award of a diploma to a young man from whom it was 
withheld for a time, but who redeemed it by a subsequent good record 
adds one to the number counted in the summing up of the (Jradu 
ate's Record on page 293. 

Of the class of '92, which has gone out since these Records were 
finally closed, 5 (2 girls, 3 boys) were Indians, making our Indian 
Normal School graduates 37 in number, up to date of publication. 

H. W. L. 



SO|\lGS Of JVJO Fi/\CES 

FROM 

'CABIN aNd plantation soNgs as sUNg bY 
tHe Hampton students." 

A book of 117 pages cf Negro, Indian and other race songs. Published (1891) by G. P. 
Putnam's Sons, New York. On sale also at School : sent postpaid on receipt of price, 5octs. 




glo - ry Ha] - le - lu - jah ! 1. 'Tis the old ship of Zion, Hal - le 












-1^ 



-r9- 






\e 's /I te_f !s 

h — h — h — h — h — h 

]/—\/^—\^—U—]/—]/ 




— N ;:- 



-^- 



— 1-5 1 — 

~i « — 






jah, 'Tis the old ship of Zi - on, Hal - le - lu - jah. 



ig — « — — I 

■F y — y— t— = 



V — ^ — ,>-^-f5*- 



2 what ship is this 

That will take ns all home ? 
glory Hallelujah ! — Cho. 

3 She has landed many thousand. 
And she'll land as many a more. 

O glory Hallelujah \—CTxo. 



4 T)o you think she will be able 
For' to take ns all home ? 

glory Hallelujah \—Cho. 

5 yes, she will be able 
For to take us all home. 

glory Hallelujah \—Cho. 



CABIX AXB PLANTATION SONGS. 



a 



Wn% Wm, s'mttt ^Ijariot. 



^^eE,;tij^i~^^g^:|§~:i^i==eli==^ii 



-0- -iS>- 

Ol\ swing low, sweet clia - ri - ot, Svring low, swret clia - li - ot 



^se: 



\-0- -IS- 






p'' 



f ' p. w 



-i — r 



f ' ^, ,5? 
I J I 






-^ .-<£>• -*■ -^ 



t;^ -^- 



Swiug low, sweet elia-ri - ot, Itlon'twaut to leave me be-li!n.'!. 

r^---S — f " -T"- - i ^ — ' — ■"- -r'5'-r- 



4 -^ : — » — ^ — 9 I ®- -.--* — 9 —'- & — - 



^ ^ 



^jipH 



A ^_ _v_ 



a 



-A— - 



-0--.-0- 



-*- -^ -^ -S"- 
Oh cle good ole chariot swing so lov.-, Good olc cliariot swing so low, 

1 » . -9- ' -0- ~ ^•#--*-'-*- 

;i_N' |»- - - g ||g g - • - 19 » g — <5> j 1 ^ — - ®— J 



7 a^ vg' i»~ 



1*- -#■ t9- 



Ai^: 



Oil de good ole chariot swing so low, I don't want to leave mo behind. 



« — * — -a 

)n' 



--^_ 



D.C. 









2 Oh de good ole chariot will take ns all home, 

I don't want to leave me behind. 
Cho. — Oh swing low, S7.eet chariot, &c. 



HAMPTON AND ITS STUDENTS. 



SBalfeing in M iLigi)t. 



BEFBAIN. 



-Moderato. 
if; 1^"^ S w S w 




^:=r^ 



—J -h — f<-iJ-3 — N 






-- N- 

-•— 
-* — 



We are 



A. 



walk - ing in de light, We are 

1^" ^ 1^ f^ ^ 1 h 1^ 

£■ -^ _g_ "fi S I "^ -*" 






walk - ing in de 

t J:^:^ A^ 



Walk- ing 



±^ 



in de light, Walk - ing 



-^-^--^^ 




ri ^^-1— r-^-- ^— ^— ^^— -^n 

— \- g — ^ — — N — ^ — N — N-* I—f 



light. We are walk - ing in de light, We are walking in de light of 

s' N 1^ S 
^ K N S 



1 ^ ^ 

-0- -»■ S- 

-0 



-»■ d I -9- -»■ 






fc ^ ^ ^ 



± jL jL-± A. 



=ifib: 



,_y. 



:p-?»^ 






in de light Walk-ing 






V— 1^- 



V_[^: 



in de light, Walk in de Light of 




rt 



2. FINE. 



SOLO. 



-^— ^- 



:=^ 



God, 



*We are 



God. 



\ 2. If re 
i 3. But 



Hal 



e - lu - jah 
li-gion was a thing dat 
I thank God it 



§:* 



God. 



-m — 0. 



Chil-dren,we are 



IHi: 



CHOJtzrs. 




de Lamb 
money could buy 
is not so. 



Wearewalkina in de lis 



( Je-sus died for 
it. A De rich would live and de 



'^ 



i:zt=rtz:^- 

L pffi ff. 



^ M. .s. .&. 



{ De rich and poor to 



CABIN AND PLANTATION SONGS. 



SSEalliing hx Ije %l\%\}X,—Ooncluded. 



CHORUS. 




D. S. after each verse 

-N- 



g — a — I — e^^^^g — -9 « 1 — I — « « 






eb - erj man, ) 
poor would die, > We are walk 
gether must go, ) 



-^ #. 

--:^^%i 

--^^^- 



t--=t 



ing in de light. "We are 
^ ^ .^ ^ V -^ 



:Kt 



-'7-5: 




liEFIiAIlsr.—Moderato. 



±=.-A~:^zr~ 



-J^A^ 



« — # a — L — — L 

Stay in de field, Stay. in de 



— N- 

— I— 
-«L— 



war-rior, 
N N \ 



is=ij==^: 



field, 



^^'-H 



:r: 



:t 



un-til 



-^ -I— 4— 



life: 



war-rior, 

^ i*^ s 



stay in de 



-\ 

field. 






^^: 



SOLO.— Chanting rapidly. 



CHORUS. 



'tilde war is ended. 1. 



jv 



g±=±: 



— h«-r-»-^— J^' 



Mme eves are turnd to f x-i -i„^„, • 
- T TT 'i 1 1 J. - tii de war is 

I de Hebbenly gate un- - \ 



;tg=rt^ 






# — 19 







^ 



To Refrain. 



*f?=^^Jt 



end-ed. I'! 



3 _ 



keep on my way or I'll be [ , ., 
too late, un"- - - - ^ "^ 

■»- ' -9- -^ 



end-ed. 



-b- 



de war is 

■*■__ ■*■_■ 

U I ■ i^ I 

2 De tallest tree in Paradise, nntil de war is ended, 

De Christian call de Tree of Life, until de war is ended. — Bef. 

3 Green trees burning, why not de dry ? until de war is ended, 
My Saviour died, why not I ? until de war is ended. — Ref. 



-^; 



CABIN AND PLANTATION SONGS'. 






Ij Figlit-ing on, Hal-le - lu - jtili ! Wo tire al-moit down to clo hhorc. 









Jli:VRAIN. 



— M-F/^-H-d- 



i^i? - --'g-Fgg Eg?- n~^~g^i'M~^' H~n ~^"Fg^~,'^~r^rg~g- 



_i2.- 



, I ^ , /^ /^ t:^ .tsi. ./i^ii. rf". raj. .<&<. c^ 

Fighting: on. 

Fighting on, Hal-le - In - jah ! We are almost down to do ;^ hore. 




jlc-,7 



@ — g 



?^^^=E=SE!^E^fe£^i=l=3=i 



1. Ilal-le-lu-jah to the Lamb, Je-sus died for eb-'ry man.? y',-, 
i^'. lu my room right by my bed, Jesus take mc wiisn I'm dead. C 



:g 



SOLO. 



=d: 









-b-1,^— -^ 



^; H^ 



-^ ^- — ^- 



, , T J- 1 I, i He died for you. He died for me. 11 

al - n_iost dojni t^o de^shore.j ^^j^^^^ j ^^/^^^ -^^^ ^^j^.^„^, shore.i'll 



__ .5? — I ^^ — I 1 — 



t ^' 



r- 



:k^^^ 



— I 1 ,nj — r — 

- g<— ^ — ^— — 



CHonvs. , I . -^ 
■ — I ^— I — '■ 1^- 



To He f rain. 



_3_t:^ — L„il — «ii_L^. — S— '^(S' — 0— ^-T-^<S'-.- 



,±±ifez 



fb'ed to save <1e whole world free. ) ^^ ^^^ .^^ _ ^^^^^ ^^.^^^ ^o de shore. 



bless ray Lord for ev - er - more 



-I I » — r-i^ ' r*^ r^ 33 



CABIN AND PLANTATION SONGS. 



i^oi)i3l!i) \\xfM^ Xre trouble I'bc Seen. 

( This song was a ftivorite in the Sea Islands. Once when there had been a good deal of ill 
feeling excitetl, and trouble was ajDi^reheuded, owing to the uncertain action of the C4overnnient 
in regard to tUe couhscated lauds ou the Sea Islands, Gen. Howard wat; cailed iipou to aildress the 
colored people earnestly. To prepare theni to listen, he asked them to sing. Immediately an old 
woman ou the outskirts of the meeting began " IS obody knows the trouble I've yeen," and the 
whole audience Joined in. The General was so affected by the iilaintive melody, that he foimd it 
d.iiiciut to maiuiain his otScial dignity.) 




d^ mi;;" t''z • 'g — a* s> r v~ 



"I^- 



'^ t t ~^ ' ^ 

lo trou-blo I've seoD, l\o -boJ- y knoTi-a bi^t 



Kf?- 



" -^ -^- -a- 

Je - iAis, Nobod - y know J tiJ (rouble I've seen. Glory Hal-ie -hi- jan! 

'^^ — &. — ^—:::~zz — zziiz — — '■ ^ — ^ 



^i- - — & ^H s—i 



T^ ~0 




Bom3 - times Tin al - most to de grouu', 0:2, yes, 
I have my tri - als liera be - low, Oil, yes, 



Lord. 
Lord. 



2 One ("lay when I was wiilkin' aloug, Oh yee, Lord- — 
De element opened, ;in' de liove came down, Oil yes, 
I never sball forget dat day, Oh yes, Szc. 
When JesiLS washed my sins away, Oh yes, &c. 

Cho. — Oh, nobody knows do trouble I've seen, &c. 



&c. 



AUegro. 



CABJN AND PLANTATION CONGS. 

i>\mx ^^ISrigljt Mmitz'' SDng/-- 
^. > > > _> 



-^- -<»■ -+ -iS^ -(5'- 



lia. 



> > > > 






Repeat ad libitum. 



=:q=q=z^z=:^=n- 



3=3=3El£E3=3E5 



Ha. 



Swwx '' aMar S^m\%'''- 




KH/ ' ~* g 



:t:=J 



J^w . 

--»—0 ^__j-^J_^— - 



Repeat ad libitum. 



3^3E^3; 



-S- -iS- 



Ha. 



)lCitlX *'?i 



r^ 


> > 


> 
— ^ — *— 


^ 


1* 


f 


,'?^ 


_^ ^- 


T ^» 


:^ 


5 t ^ 


-r-~F= 




-t= 


t 


— « 9 — 


— « 9 — 


* t: 



.si ce wo tan na ma ni na 



-S>- 






tau na mo ni na ni ya kna ya kna wa ii kta Si 

/^ i^;^,__^ Repeat ad libitum. 






3= 



ce o Avo tan na ma ni ma ni ya kna wa ii kta. 

Translated— Brother-in-law^ zoalk straight forward^ I will try and follow you. 

Note.— I have indicated as far as possible the actual tones of the above song's. It is impossi- 
ble to put in notation the literal manner in which they are sung, as it depends entirely on the 
singer to ch:inge as his fancy dictates. 

•' Sing throughout to the tone produced by saying Ha through the nose, and as throaty as 
poseible.,^ 9 01 'i 



■^^ts^^v 






\V ^ 







"^ 










o^ 



^■(yl 



c-o^:. 






?:^ -n^- 



\' 



Oo. 



1^ 



o 



^•n 















